THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 
NORTH  CAROLINA 


ENDOWED  BY  THE 
DIALECTIC  AND  PHILANTHROPIC 
SOCIETIES 


PA208T 

.M28 

1857 


JUW  "81976 


UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C.  AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


00036530218 


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Dean's  Stereotype  Edition. 

M  AIR'S 
INTRODUCTION 

TO 

LATIN  S  Y  N 1 


FROM  THE  EDINBURGH  STEREOTYPE  EDITION 
REVISED  AND  CORRECTED 
BY 

A.  R.  CARSON, 

E£CTOR  OF  THE  HIGH  SCHOOL  OF  EDINBURGH. 


TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED, 

COPIOUS  EXERCISES  UPON  THE  DECLINABLE  PARTS 
OF  SPEECH: 

AND 

AN  EXEMPLIFICATION  OF  THE  SEVERAL  MOODS  AND  TENSES. 
BY 

DAVID  PATTERSON,  A.M. 

LA.TE  SECTOR  OF  THE  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL  OF  KIRKWALL,  AND 
TEACHER  OF  LANGUAGES  IN  N  E  VV  YORK. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
J.  B.  LIPPINGOTT  &  CO. 
1857. 


/£5  7  - 


FAX. 


V 


Exterep, 

According  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  v?ar  1827,  by 
WILLI  AM  E.  DEAN, 
Im  th«  Clerk's  Office  oj'  the  District  Court  of  the  Southern  District  of 
New  Youk. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


Mr.  Stewart,  Printer  to  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
having,  in  the  year  1815,  proposed  publishing  a  Stereotype 
edition  of  Mair's  Introduction,  requested  me  to  undertake 
the  correction  of  the  proof-sheets.  The  pains  bestowed 
upon  the  work  may  be  in  some  degree  appreciated,  when 
it  is  known,  that  almost  every  sentence  was  traced  to  its 
original  author,  by  which  means  several  important  changes 
were  introduced,  and  the  Stereotype  edition,  I  trust,  ren- 
dered considerably  more  accurate  than  any  other  late  edition 
of  the  same  book.  Soon  after  this,  a  Company  of  Book- 
sellers in  Edinburgh  also  published  an  edition  of  this  work, 
in  which  they  not  only  adopted  the  changes  which  with 
much  labour  I  had  been  enabled  to  make,  but  had  even  the 
hardihood  to  copy  such  notes  as  I  had  subjoined,  and  that 
too  with  my  initials  (A.  R.  C.) ;  by  which  I  was  made 
answerable  for  whatever  errors  this  spurious  edition  might 
happen  to  contain.  In  these  circumstances,  it  appears  ne- 
cessary to  declare  to  the  public,  who,  from  these  initials 
occurring  in  different  parts  of  the  work,  and  from  the  still 
ampler  notices  exhibited  in  the  catalogues  of  booksellers, 
and  advertisements  in  newspapers,  are  generally  aware  of 
its  having  passed  through  my  hands,  that  the  Stereotype 
edition  printed  by  Mr.  Stewart  is  that  alone  in  which  I 
had  any  concern,  and  that  any  copy  from  it  is  a  daring  at- 
tempt to  impose  a  fraud  upon  the  Teachers  of  the  country, 
under  the  sanction  of  a  signature  to  which  it  has  no  claim. 
This  declaration  I  make  with  the  greater  confidence,  be- 
cause I  neither  have  now,  nor  ever  had,  any  share  what- 
ever in  the  profits  arising  from  the  sale  of  the  book,  and  be- 
cause my  sole  object  in  superintending  the  impression,  was 
to  furnish  my  own  Class  and  Teachers  in  general  with  a 
more  correct  edition  of  a  book  much  used  in  our  public  se- 
minaries, and  which,  from  the  numberless  errors  with  which 
it  was  disfigured,  had  been  rendered  almost  wholly  unfit  for 
the  purposes  of  education. 

A.  R.  CARSON. 

Edinburgh,  ) 
August,  1817.  J 

7G5X95  Wi<JUA 


EDITOR'S  PREFACE. 


The  ordinary  editions  of  Mair's  Introduction  abound 
so  much  in  errors,  that  this  popular  school  book  has 
been  thereby  rendered  almost  unfit  for  use.  A  few 
years  ago  it  was  revised  and  corrected  by  A.  R.  Car- 
son, Rector  of  the  High  School  of  Edinburgh,  and  ste- 
reotyped. From  this  edition,  the  most  accurate  and 
valuable  which  has  yet  appeared,  the  present  work  has 
been  printed. 

But  Mair's  Introduction  affords  us  merely  an  exem- 
plification of  the  Rules  of  Construction.  It  has  always 
appeared  to  the  editor  that  an  exemplification  of  the 
Moods  and  Tenses  of  the  Verb  was  no  less  necessary 
than  the  former.  For  certainly  few  tasks  can  be  more 
dry,  unmeaning,  and  repulsive  to  the  young  student, 
than  the  tabular  forms  of  nouns  and  verbs  as  exhibited 
in  our  Grammars.  To  supply  this  defect,  the  editor 
has  compiled  suitable  exercises  on  the  Declinable  Parts 
of  Speech,  and  an  exemplification  of  the  Moods  and 
Tenses. 

This  division  of  the  work,  if  properly  understood, 
will  form  an  admirable  introduction  to  translating :  and 
will  prepare  the  student  to  enter  on  that  business  with 
intelligence. 

DAVID  PATTERSON. 

New-York,  November,  1827. 


PREFACE. 


The  rules  of  Syntax,  here  exemplified,  are  taken  from 
the  Rudiments,  composed  and  published  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Ruddiman,  being  generally  allowed  to  be  the  most  accurate 
and.  best  system  of  that  kind.  And  as  the  rules  are  of  two 
kinds,  viz.  primary  or  fundamental,  to  which  all  the  rest  are 
reducible  ;  and  secondary  or  elliptical,  which  are  by  far  the 
most  numerous  ;  these  latter  rules  are  distinguished  from 
the  former  by  an  asterisk  on  the  margin. 

To  make  the  young  scholar  comprehend  the  meaning 
and  extent  of  the  rules  with  greater  ease,  each  of  them  is 
illustrated  with  one  or  more  examples  of  construed  Latin : 
and  where  it  is  necessary,  grammatical  terms  are  explained, 
and  lists,  or  catalogues  of  the  words  belonging  to  the  rules, 
given.  To  which  is  subjoined,  a  pretty  large  collection  of 
explanatory  notes,  exhibiting  the  exceptions,  the  varieties, 
the  elegant  phrases  and  modes  of  expression  that  occur  in 
authors,  and  pointing  out  the  method  of  supplying  the  ellip- 
tical constructions,  and  reducing  them  to  the  primary  or  fun- 
damental rules.  Some  few  of  the  notes  are  exemplified  ; 
the  proper  time  of  teaching  the  rest  is  left  to  the  discretion 
of  the  master. 

After  the  notes,  follow  the  examples  ;  which  are  of  two 
sorts.  The  first  go  only  the  length  of  this  mark  %  ;  and  are 
generally  short,  being  intended  purely  for  the  exemplifica- 
tion of  the  rule  to  which  they  are  subjoined.  The  second 
sort,  which  begin  at  the  aforesaid  mark,  are  longer ;  wherein 
not  only  the  rule  to  which  they  are  annexed,  is  exemplified, 
but  the  preceding  rules  are  again  brought  upon  the  field,  in 
order  to  render  them  more  familiar  to  the  mind,  and  fix  them 
more  effectually  in  the  memory. 

Most  of  the  examples,  whether  of  the  first  or  second 
sorts,  are  excerpted  from  the  Latin  authors,  being  such  sen- 
tences as  would  admit  of  a  literal  translation,  and  are  adapt- 
ed to  our  purpose,  with  little  or  no  variation.  Some  of  them, 
indeed,  for  the  sake  of  enriching  the  exemplification,  are 
a  !j 


vi 


PREFACE 


patched  or  made  up  of  sentences,  coupled  together  ;  but  the 
expressions,  separately  taken,  are  generally  classical  ;  and, 
it  is  hoped  no  great  impropriety  will  be  found  in  the  mannei 
of  their  junction. 

To  the  examples  ar*e  subjoined  on  each  rule  a  few  Eng- 
lish exercises,  intended  as  another  piece  of  recreation  to 
the  young  student,  as  well  as  a  further  trial  of  his  skill. 
In  the  examples,  the  Latin  words  being  laid  to  his  hand, 
he  needs  only,  in  order  to  make  good  Latin,  attend  to  the 
declensions,  conjugations,  and  rules  of  syntax ;  whereas, 
by  these  exercises,  he  will  be  obliged  to  go  in  search  of 
vocables,  and  so,  by  degrees,  learn  to  distinguish  the  words 
that  are  proper  for  his  purpose  from  such  as  are  not  so. 
And  here  I  may  add,  that,  could  boys  be  persuaded,  by  a 
careful  use  of  their  dictionary,  to  acquaint  themselves  tho- 
roughly with  the  signification,  derivation,  composition,  and 
proper  use  of  the  Latin  words  that  occur  in  the  several  parts 
of  their  studies,  they  would  soon  find  the  benefit  of  it :  their 
proficiency  would,  in  this  case,  do  more  than  reward  their 
pains.  To  a  neglect  on  this  head,  is  frequently  owing  the 
small  progress  boys  make,  and  the  difficulty  they  find  in 
speaking  and  writing  Latin  ;  being  equally  puzzled  for 
want  of  words,  and  at  a  loss  how  to  apply  them. 

The  rules  in  the  Rudiments  being  ranged  according  to 
the  order  of  the  parts  of  speech,  it  was  impossible  to  exem- 
plify them  in  that  order,  without  a  medley  of  antecedent  and 
subsequent  rules,  which  by  all  means  was  to  be  avoided. 
The  reader,  therefore,  is  desired  to  begin  with  No.  2.  ;  then 
proceed  to  No.  28.  ;  from  that  to  No.  45.  He  next  turns 
over  to  No.  68.  69.  70.  71.  72. ;  then  to  No.  75,  76. ;  and 
on  each  of  these  rules  he  is  to  read  till  he  come  to  this  mark 
*[f,  except  No.  28.  ;  in  which  he  is  to  read  only  the  first 
four  paragraphs.  After  this,  he  is  to  return  to  the  beginning 
of  the  book,  and  go  straight  on  to  the  end,  omitting  only  what 
was  read  on  the  above-mentioned  rules  ;  and,  by  proceed- 
ing in  this  manner,  he  will  find  no  posterior  rule  anticipated. 
The  English  exercises,  too,  are  so  chosen,  that  they  may 
be  turned  into  good  Latin  without  recourse  to  any  subse- 
quent rule. 

As  the  governed  words  in  the  exemplification  of  several 
rules,  viz.  No.  12.  21.  29.  62.  64.  and  73.  may  be  put  in 
different  cases  ;  and  though,  generally  speaking,  the  Latin 
will  be  grammatical  and  good  in  either  of  them  ;  yet,  to 
prevent  any  doubt  that  may  arise  in  the  learner's  mind  on 


i 


PREFACE. 


vii 


this  head,  and  to  enable  him  to  use  with  certainty  the  case 
used  by  the  author  the  example  is  brought  from,  I  have 
given  the  following  mark  of  distinction,  viz.  in  No.  12.  21. 
62.  and  64.  when  the  governed  word  is  put  in  the  ablative, 
it  has  the  figure  6  before  it ;  and  in  No.  29.  when  the 
governed  word  is  to  be  put  in  the  accusative,  it  has  the 
figure  4  before  it.  In  like  manner,  in  No.  73.  the  governed 
word  has  the  figure  1  or  4  before  it,  according  as  it  is  to  be 
put  in  the  nominative  or  accusative.  But  in  the  exempli- 
fication of  each  of  these  six  rules,  when  the  governed  word 
has  no  figure  prefixed,  it  is  then  to  be  put  in  the  other  cases 
mentioned  in  the  rule.  Nor  are  these  distinctive  figures 
applied  thus  in  the  exemplification  of  the  above  rules  only, 
but  also  in  all  the  subsequent  places  where  these  ambiguous 
constructions  recur. 

The  examples  and  English  exercises  contained  in  this 
Introduction,  being  of  a  select  kind,  consisting  generally  of 
moral,  historical,  and  mythological  sentences,  the  perusal 
of  them  will,  accordingly,  be  attended  with  peculiar  advan- 
tages. The  first  sort  have  a  natural  tendency  to  form  and 
dispose  the  mind  to  virtue,  and  to  produce  such  impressions 
as  will  influence  the  temper  and  behaviour  of  youth,  not 
while  at  school  only,  but  through  the  whole  course  of  their 
life.  By  the  use  of  the  second  and  third  sort,  boys  will  ac- 
quire a  stock  of  ancient  history  and  mythology,  and  so  get 
acquainted,  in  some  measure,  with  the  Roman  writers  be- 
fore they  begin  to  read  them. 

To  the  Introduction  is  subjoined  an  Epitome  of  Ancient 
History,  containing  a  succinct  account  of  the  most  memo- 
rable transactions  and  events  that  occur,  from  the  creation 
to  the  birth  of  Christ.  And,  whereas,  several  things  sus- 
pected of  fiction  or  romance,  especially  with  respect  to  the 
Assyrian  and  Babylonian  monarchies,  were,  in  compliance 
with  the  commonly  received  opinion,  admitted  into  the  first 
edition  ;  these  are  now  either  thrown  out,  or  taken  notice 
of  as  fabulous,  and  the  accounts,  that  by  the  best  judges  are 
esteemed  genuine,  introduced.  These  alterations,  it  is 
hoped,  will  render  this  epitome  more  perfect,  and  conse- 
quently a  fitter  system  for  initiating  youth  in  the  useful  study 
of  history.  And,  as  the  Latin  of  this  epitome,  is  for  the 
most  part,  taken  from  an  historian  much  admired  for  con- 
ciseness, delicacy,  and,  purity  of  language,  it  will  serve  to 
exercise  and  improve  the  learner,  not  barely  in  the  know- 
ledge of  grammar,  but  even  in  the  elegance  and  beauties  of 


viii 


PREFACE. 


the  Latin  tongue.  The  chronology  here  used  is  the  same 
with  that  adopted  by  the  writers  of  the  Universal  History. 
Several  chronological  mistakes,  which  had  escaped  obser- 
vation in  the  first  edition,  are  here  rectified. 


J  M. 


EXERCISES 

UPON  THE 

DECLINABLE  PARTS  OF  SPEECH 


View  or  scheme  of  the  five  modes  of  declension ;  ex- 
cept that  Greek  words  and  neuters  are  omitted  ;  the  nomi- 
native singular  also  does  not  appear  in  its  various  forms. 


L 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

Sing. 

Nom. 

Gen.  ae 

I 

Is 

us 

el 

Dat.  ae 

0 

I 

ul 

el 

"Acc.  am 

um 

em 

um 

em 

Voc.like  Nom. 

like  Nom. 

like  Nom. 

like  Nom. 

like  Nom. 

Abl.  a 

0 

e 

u 

e 

Plur. 

Nom.  ae 

I 

es 

us 

es 

Gen.  arum 

orum 

um 

uum 

erum 

Dat.  Is 

Is 

Ibus 

ibus 

ebus 

Acc.  as 

OS 

es 

us 

es 

Voc.  like  Nom. 

like  Nom. 

like  Nom. 

like  Nom. 

like  Nom. 

Abl.  like  Dat.  (like  Dat. 

like  Dat. 

like  Dat. 

Qike  Dat. 

Exercises  upon  Nouns  and  Adjectives,  through  all  the 
degrees  of  Comparison.* 

FIRST  DECLENSION. 


Dura  penna,  a  hard  pen. 
Mollis  penna,  a  soft  pen. 
Formosa  puella,  a  beautiful 
girl. 

Pauper  casa,  a  poor  cottage. 
Humilis  casa,  an  humble  cot- 
tage. 

Impiger  agricola,  an  active 
husbandman. 

Ferox  athleta,  a  fierce  wrest- 
ler. 


Gravis  injuria,  a  heavy  in- 
jury. 

Nigra  umbra,  a  black  shade. 
Tristis  lacryma,  a  sad  tear. 
Dulcis  rosa,  a  sweet  rose. 
Ferox  insula,  a  fertile  island. 
Justa  dea,  a  just  goddess. 
Suavisjilia,  a  sweet  daughter 
Nigra  asina,  a  black  she-ass. 
Celeris  mula,  a  swift  she-mule 
Niger  talpa,  a  black  mole. 


*  The  Comparative  degree  is  formed  from  the  first  case  of  the  positive  in  t,  by 
adding  the  syllable  or  for  the  masculine  and  feminine,  and  us  for  the  neuter.  The 
Superlative  is  formed  from  the  first  case  of  the  positive  in  t,  by  adding  ssimus. 
Ezcep.  If  the  positive  end  in  er,  the  superlative  is  formed  by  adding  rimus  to  the 
nominative  singular  masculine. 


2 


DECLINABLE  PARTS  OF  SPEECH. 


Rule. — Filial  daughter;  Nata,  a  daughter;  Dea,  a  god- 
dess ;  Anima,  the  soul ;  Famula,  a  female  servant ;  Liberia, 
a  freedwoman  ;  Asina,  a  she-ass  ;  Mula,  a  she-mule  ;  and 
Equa,  a  mare  ;  have  more  frequently  abus,  than  is,  in  their 
Native  and  ablative  plural,  to  distinguish  them  in  these 
cases  from  masculines  in  us  of  the  second  declension. 

NOUNS  OF  A  GREEK  ORIGIN. 

Pius    JEneas,    the  pious 

iEneas. 
For  lis   Achates,  the  brave 

Achates. 
Clarus  comet es,  a  bright  co- 
met. 

SECOND  DECLENSION. 


Casta  Penelope,  the  chaste 
Penelope. 

Tota  epitome,  the  whole 
abridgment. 

Latus  tiaras,  a  broad  tur- 
ban. 


Carus  gener,  a  dear  son-in- 
law. 

Sagax  vir,  a  sagacious  man. 

Prudens  socer,  a  prudent  fa- 
ther-in-law. 

Procax  puer,  a  forward  boy. 

Mollis  puer,  an  efTeminate 
boy. 

TJtilis  liber,  a  useful  book. 
Feriilis  ager,  a  fertile  field. 
Longusgladius,  a  long  sword. 
Crudelis  tyr annus,  a  cruel 
tyrant. 

Tristis  rogus,  a  sad  funeral- 
pile. 

Rapax  lupus,  a  rapacious 
wolf. 

Mitis  Zephyrus,  a  mild  west 
wind. 

Felix  regnum,  a  fortunate 


a  strong 
propitious 


kingdom. 

THIRD  DECLENSION. 


Flor ens  regnum,  a  flourishing 
kingdom. 

Grave  jugum,  a  heavy  yoke. 

Breve  adagium,  a  short  pro- 
verb. 

Forte  vinculum, 
chain. 

Felix  genius,  a 
tutelar  angel. 

Felix  fdius,  a  fortunate  son. 

Clemens  Deus,  a  merciful 
God. 

Felix  Albion,  happy  Albion. 

Canorus  Orpheus,  musical 
Orpheus. 

Velificatus  Aihos,  Athos  sail- 
ed over. 

Vaga  Delos,  wandering  De- 
los. 

Georgtca,  The  Georgicks. 


Miser  rex,  an  unhappy  king. 
Pulcher,  or  formosus  pavo,  a 

beautiful  peacock. 
Sacra  lex,  a  sacred  law. 
Gelidus    Aquilo,  the  cold 

north  wind. 


Carus  pater,  a  dear  father. 
Dulcis  odor,  a  sweet  smell. 
Acer  miles,  a  brave  soldier. 
Piger  homo,  a  lazy  fellow. 
Pius  David,  pious  David. 
Bonus  pecten,  a  good  comb. 


DECLINABLE  PARTS  OF  SPEECH. 


3 


Aspera  rupes,  a  rugged  rock. 
F era  gens,  a  savage  nation. 
Asper  lapis,  a  rough  stone. 
Tenerum   caput,    a  tender 
head. 

Ligneum  sedlle,  a  wooden 
seat. 


Tutum  mare,  a  safe  sea. 
Dulce  carmen,  a  sweet  song. 
Fallax  iter,  a  deceitful  jour- 
ney. 

Crudele  animal,  a  cruel  ani- 
mal. 

Longum  calcar,  a  long  spur. 


NOUNS  OF  A  GREEK  ORIGIN. 
(See  Adam's  Grammar,  page  35.) 


Difficile  (Enigma,  a  difficult 
riddle. 

Pretiosum  diadema,  a  pre- 
cious crown. 

Magnanxmus  heros,  a  mag- 
nanimous hero. 

Nocturna  lampas,  a  night 
lamp. 

Clara  lampus,  a  clear  lamp. 
Impia   heresis,  an  impious 

heresy. 
Misera  Troas,  a  wretched 

Trojan  woman. 
Audax  Tros,  a  bold  Trojan. 


Formosa  Phillis,    the  fair 

Phillis. 
Trojanus  Paris,  the  Trojan 

Paris. 

Pulchra  chlamys,  a  beautiful 
military  cloak. 

Velox  Argo,  the  swift  Argo. 

Rex  Capys,  King  Capys. 

Altera  metamorphosis,  an- 
other metamorphose. 

Vocalis  Orpheus,  the  tuneful 
Orpheus. 

Infelix  Dido,  unhappy  Dido. 


FOURTH  DECLENSION. 


Novus  Jructus,  new  fruit. 
Tener  fructus,  tender  fruit. 
Dulcis fructus,  sweet  fruit. 
Durum  cornu,  a  hard  horn. 
Minax  cornu,  a  threatening 
horn.  . 

Fortis  exercitus,  a  brave  ar- 
my. 

Capax  portus,  a  capacious 
harbour. 

Acuta  acus,  a  sharp  needle. 

Mitts  Jesus,  the  meek  Je- 
sus. 


Longum  vcru,  a  long  spit. 
Gravis  ictus,  a  heavy  stroke. 
Magnus  fiuctus,  a  large  bil- 
low. 

Fortis  manus,  a  strong  hand 
Pulchra  manus,  a  fair  hand. 
Mollis  manus,  a  soft  hand. 
Tutus  portus,  a  secure  har- 
bour. 

Tensus  arcus,  a  bent  bow. 
Magna  domus,  a  large  house. 
Humilis  domus,  a  low  house. 
Alius  lacus,  a  deep  lake. 


Rule.— Some  nouns  have  ubus  in  their  dative  and  abla- 
tive plural ;  viz,  Arcus,  a  bow  ;  Artus,  s,  joint ;  Lacus,  a 
lake  :  Acus,  a  needle  ;  Portus,  a  port  or  harbour  :  Partus, 


4 


DECLINABLE  PARTS  OF  SPEECH. 


a  birth  ;  Tribus,  a  tribe  ;  Vcru,  a  spit ;  Genu,  the  knee  ; 
Specus,  a  den ;  and  Quercus,  an  oak  ;  but  partus,  genu% 
and  vent,  have  likewise  ibus. 

FIFTH  DECLENSION. 


Bona  res,  a  good  thing. 
Tenera  res,  a  tender  thing. 
Omnis  res,  every  thing. 
Res  nova,  a  new  thing. 
RespubUca,    the  common- 
wealth. 
Res  secundcs,  prosperity. 
Res  adverse,  adversity. 


Res  aspera,  difficulties. 
Brevis  dies,  a  short  day. 
Felix  dies,  a  happy  day- 
Vana  spes,  a  vain  hope. 
Fallax  spes,  a  fallacious  hope. 
Levis  spes,  a  light  hope. 
Nulla  jides,  no  faith. 
Spes  una,  hope  alone 


Pronouns,  Adjectives,  and 
tog< 

Hie  bonus jilius,  this  good  son. 
H(bc  felix  Jilia,  this  fortunate 

daughter. 
Hoc  molle  pratum,  this  soft 

meadow. 
Ille  clarus  vir,  that  famous 

man. 

Ilia  magna  urbs,  that  great 
city. 

Illudferum  animal,  that  wild 

animal. 
Ille  ecler  equus,  that  swift 

horse. 

Hoc  tenerum  caput,  this  ten- 
der head. 

Illud  durum  sedile,  that  hard 
seat. 

Is  ma  gnus  liber,  that  large 
book. 

Ea  alta  rupes,  that  hard  rock. 
Id  utile  carmen,  that  useful 
song. 

Quis  benignus  deus,  what 

kind  god. 
Qu<b  benigna  dea,  what  kind 

goddess. 


Substantives,  to  be  declined 
ther. 

Quid  divinum  numen,  what 

divine  deity. 
Qui  beatus  agricola,  which 

happy  husbandman. 
Qu(B  utilis  epitome,  which 

useful  epitome. 
Quod   longum   iter,  which 

long  journey. 
Aliquis  magnus  error,  some 

great  error. 
Aliqua  parva    pars,  some 

small  part. 
Aliquid    magnum  nomen, 

some  great  name. 
Quidam  clarus  vir,  a  certain 

famous  man. 
Qumdam  casta  mulier,  a  cer- 
tain chaste  woman. 
Quoddam  utile  ju gum,  a  cer- 
tain useful  yoke. 
Idem  parvus  liber,  the  same 

small  book. 
Eddem    magna  regio,  the 

same  great  district. 
Idem  utile  calcar,  the  same 

useful  spur. 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


I. 

Filius  amat  patre?n. 
Filii  amant  patres. 
Pater  amatur  a  filio- 
Patres  amantur  a  filiis. 
II  ' 

Prcecepfor  docet  discipulum. 
Praceptores  doceni  discipulos 
Discipulus  docetur  aprcecep- 
tore. 

Discipuli  docentur  a  precep- 
tor ib  us. 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 
Ne  insulta  miseris.  Noli  insultare  miseris. 

Ne  insultes  miseris.  Nolis  insultare  miseris. 

Ne  insultaveris  miseris.  Cave  insultes  miseris. 

Ne  insultabis  miseris.  Cave  insultare  miseris. 

EXERCISES  UPON  THE  INFINITIVE  ACTIVE. 


III. 

Puer  legit  librum. 
Pueri  legunt  libros. 
Liber  legitur  a  puero> 
Libri  leguntur  a  pueris. 
IV. 

Homo  audit  sermonem. 
Homines  audiunt  sermones. 
Sermo  auditur  ab  homine. 
Sermones  audiuntur  ab  homi- 
nibus. 


Dicit  me  scribere, 
Dixit  me  scribere, 
Dicit  me  scripsisse, 
Dixit  me  scripsisse, 
Dicit  me  scripturum  esse, 
Dixit  me  scripturum  esse, 
Dicit  me  scripturum  fuisse, 

Dixit  me  scripturum  fuisse, 

 te  scripturum  fuisse, 

 ilium  scripturum  fuisse , 

 nos  scriptures  fuisse, 

 vos  scripter os fuisse, 

•        ilhs  scripturos  fuisse, 

—  homines  scripturos  fuis- 


He  says  that  I  am  writing. 
He  said  that  1  was  writing. 
He  says  that  I  have  written. 
He  said  that  I  had  written. 
He  says  that  I  will  write. 
He  said  that  I  would  write. 
He  says  that  I  would  have 

written. 
He  said  that  I  would  have 

written. 
 that  thou  wouldest 

have  written. 
 that  he  would  have 


written. 

 that  we  would  have 


written. 

 that  you  would  have 

written. 

.  that  they  would  have 


written. 

 that  men  would  have 


se9 


-fmminas  script uras  fu- 


written. 

  that  women  would 


issef  &c. 


have  written,  &c. 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


INFINITIVE  PASSIVE. 


Dicit  litems  scribi, 
Dixit  literas  scribi, 
Dicit  literas  scriptas  esse. 
Dixit  literas  scriptas  esse, 
Dicit  literas  scriptas  fuisse, 
Dixit  literas  scriptas  fuisse, 


He   says  that  letters  are 

writing. 
He  said  that  letters  were 

writing. 
He  says  that  letters  are  writ- 
ten, (finished). 
He  said  that  letters  were 

written. 
He  says  that  letters  have 

been  written. 
He  said  that  letters  had  been 

written. 
He  says  that  letters  will  be 

written. 
He  said  that  letters  would 
be  written. 


Dicit  literas  scriptum  in,  or 

scriptas  fore. 
Dixit  literas  scriptum  iri,  or 

scriptas  fore. 

Obs.  1.  Scriptum,  when  joined  with  iri  in  the  future 
inrin.  pass,  is  the  former  supine,  and  therefore  not  varied, 
whatever  the  accusative  may  be  that  goes  before  it. 

Obs.  2.  When  a  verb  wants  the  supine,  the  future  infi- 
nitive must  be  expressed  by  a  periphrasis  or  circumlocu- 
tion. This  form  is  often  used  in  verbs  that  have  the  su- 
pine ;  as, 


Sciofore,  or  futurum  esse  ut 
scribant — ut  litera  scri- 
bantur. 

Scio  fore,  or  futurum  esse  ut 
scriberent — ut  liter  a  scri- 
berentur. 

Scivi  futurum  fuisse  ut  scri- 
berent— ut  litera  scribe- 
rentur. 


I  know  that  they  will  write 
— that  letters  will  be  writ- 
ten. 

I  knew  that  they  would 
write — that  letters  would  be 
written. 

I  knew  that  they  would 
have  written — that  letters 
would  have  been  written. 


Obs.  3.  To  prevent  ambiguity  in  the  case  of  two  accu- 
satives, it  is  often  necessary  to  change  the  active  into  the 
passive  voice  ;  as, 


Dico  me  amare  patrem, 

Aio  te,  JEacule,  Romanos  vin- 
cere  posse. 


I  say  that  I  love  my  father, 
or  that  my  father  loves  me. 

Descendant  of  iEacus,  I  say 
that  you  may  conquer  the 
Romans,  or  that  the  Ro- 
mans may  conquer  you. 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


7 


EXERCISES  ON  GERUNDS  AND  THE  FUTURE 
PARTICIPLE  PASSIVE. 


Mihi  petendum  est  pacem. 
Tempus  petendi  pacem. 
Cupidus  petendi  pacem. 
Aptus  petendo  pacem. 
Venit  ad  petendum  pacem. 
Rediit  a  petendo  pacem. 


Mihi  petenda  est  pax. 
Tempus  petenda  pads 
Cupidus  petenda  pads. 
Aptus  petendce  pad. 
Venit  ad  petendam  pacem. 
Rediit  a  petendd  pace. 


Defessus  sum  ambulando. 

Mihi  scribendum  est  literas,  or  Scribendce  sunt  Uteres. 

 scribendum  erat  literas,  or  Scribenda  erant  liters. 

 scribendum  fuit  literas,  or  Scribenda  fuerunt  liters. 

 scribendum  fuerat  litems,  or  S  crib  enda  fuer  ant  liter  a. 

 scribendum  erii  literas,  or  Scribenda?  erunt  liter®. 

Dico  mihi  scribendum  esse  lit  eras,  or  Dico  mihi  scribendas 

est  literas. 

 mihi  scribendum  fuisse  literas,  or  mihi  scribendas 

fuisse  literas. 
-  mihi  scribendas 


■  mihi  scribendum  fore  literas,  or- 


fore  literas. 

The  meaning  of  the  Former  Supine  may  be  variously 
expressed. 


Misit  legatos  petitum  pacem. 

•  ad  petendum  pacem-. 

■  — —  ad  pelenda.m  pacem. 

 petendi  pacem. 

causa,  or  gratia. 
 petendce  pacis. 

causa,  or  gratis. 
 ut  peter ent  pacem. 


Misit  legatos  qui  peter  ent  pacem. 

 pacem  petituros. 

 pacem  petentes. 

 de  petendo  pacem. 

 depcienda  pace. 

 de  pace. 

 petere  pacem. 

 pact  petendce. 


He  comes  to  beg  aid, 

He  came  to  beg  aid, 

They  came  to  beg  aid, 

Also  of  the  Latter  Supine. 

Res  digna  cognitu  Res  digna  qua  cognosedtur. 

 cognitione.   quarn  cognoscamus. 

 cognosci.  Res  facilis  ad  credendum. 


Venit  ut  opem  oret,  or  opem 

oraturus. 
Venit  ut  opem  oraret,  or  opem 

oraturus. 
Venerunt  opem  oraturi,  <$c. 


8 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


P 

o 
o 

m 

w 


ZD 

c/2 


i 


•        -si  P 

■     '2  § 


^         ^  2  p 


|  ^  |  g  g  g 

Of)  v  _  jo  •* 

-X)  be  bfi  <o  v>  v> 

53  S  <u      «  <3  <3 


I  3 


2  ^  J  ^ 
^  ft  -^S  -13 

a  a  £  a 

C5   ^   5>  5> 


is.  5^  <-«  Vs  v  <- 

•o  s  b?  v  w  .s>  « 


•S  'Z  £  "2  -B  *  * 

5  ill  s  §  I 


CD 
„  > 

G  n  — 

5?  « _o  -a  ~3 

h,  ra      -*  --h  o  o 


lUqXi  JOU  AOU^  I       }nq  JOU  jqiiop  J      0J9qM  inj;qnop  si }] 


In  like  manner,  dubito  an,  utrurn  audiat,  &c.  &c  &< 


PASSIVE  IMPERSONALS. 


1.  An  Impersonal  passive  maybe  elegantly  used  for 
person  active  of  the  same  mood  and  tense. 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


0 


Regmo,  I  reign.  Rcgnatur  (a  me.) 

Regnaverunt,  They  reigned.    Regnatum  est  (ab  Mis.) 
Venerunt,  They  have  come.    Ventum  est  (ab  Mis.) 

2.  Verbs,  which  in  the  active  voice  govern  the  dative 
only,  must  be  used  impersonally  in  the  passive,  with  the 
same  dative. 

Mihi  imperatur,  .  I  am  commanded,  [not  impe- 

ror.) 

Mihi  nocctur,  I  am  hurt,  [not  noceor.) 

Mihi  par citur,  1  am  spared,  (not  parcor.) 

Mihi  servitur,  I  am  served,  (not  servior.) 

Obs. — These  verbs  potest,  c&pit,  incipit,  desinit,  debet, 
and  solet,  are  used  impersonally  when  joined  with  imper- 
sonal verbs. 

Mihi  non  potest  noceri,        I  cannot  be  hurt. 

Tibi  non  debet  parci,  You  ought  not  to  be  spared. 

Four  Rules  for  the  Construction  of  Qui  with  the  Sub- 
junctive. 

The  Relative  Qui  takes  the  subjunctive, 

h  When  the  antecedent  clause  is  oblique,  an  author 
detailing  or  referring  to  the  sentiments  of  another. 

N.  B.  The  Subjunctive  and  Infinitive  only  are  admissible 
in  a  narration,  which  is  purely  oblique  or  indirect. 

2.  When  it  has  the  force  of  ut  ego,  ut  tu,  ut  Me,  &c.  or 
of  quanquam  is,  eisi  is ;  si  modo,  or  dummodo  is,  &c. 

3.  When  it  serves  to  account  for  what  is  stated,  in  the 
antecedent  or  principal  clause. 

4.  When  it  is  used  in  a  periphrasis  after  the  verbs  sum, 
reperio,  invenio,  habeo,  &c.  or  after  an  Interrogative,  Ne- 
gative, Restrictive,  or  Indefinite  clause. 

N.  B.  When  the  antecedent  clause  is  the  predicate,  or 
when  it  refers  to  a  definite  person  or  thing,  we  must  use 
the  indicative  after  Qui* 

All  Interrogates,  when  placed  indefinitely,  require  the 
Subjunctive.f 

N.  B.  Qui  for  quis  indefinite  requires  the  Subjunctive, 
Rule  1. — Plato  dicit  deum  esse,  qui  omnia  vide  at. 
Rule  2. — Pyrrhus  misit  legatos  qui pacem  peterent,  (i.  e. 
ut  peter ent).    Puer  dignus  est,  qui  ametur,  (i.  e.  ut  Me  ame- 

*  The  subject  of  a  proposition  is  that  concerning  which  any  thing-  is  afiirmod 
or  denied;  the  predicate  is  that  which  is  affirmed  of  the  subject. 

t  An  Interrogative  is  a  word  which  asks  a  question,  and  is  said  to  be  used 
Indefinite! v  when  preceded  bv  such  words  as        nescio,  qmvro,  o'ubito. 

b  2 


10 


EXERCISES  UPON*  VERBS. 


tur).  Tu  aquam  a  pumice  postulas,  qui  ipsius  sitiat  (i.  e. 
etsi,  &c.)  Nihil  molestum,  quod  non  desideres  (i.  e.  dum- 
modo,  Sic.) 

Rule  3. — Err  as  qui  censeas  (i.  e.  quod  censes).  Male 
fecit  Hannibal,  qui  Capua  hie?naverit,  (i.  e.  quod  hiemavit). 
Periphrasis.  Without  Periphrasis. 

Rule  4. —  Sunt  qui  scribant.  \ 

Non  desunt  qui  scribant.      f    Nonnulli,  or  aliqui  scri- 

Reperiuntur  qui  scribant.      t  bunt. 

Jnveniuntur  qui  scribant.  j 

Habeo  quod  scribam.  Habeo  scribere. 

Quis  est  qui  scribat  ?  Quis  scribit  ? 

Nemo  est  qui  scribat.  Nemo  scribit. 

Solus,  or  unus  est  qui  scribat.    Hie  solus,  or  unus  scribit. 

Nescio  quis  sit  qui  scribat.  Nescio  quis  scribat.  Scri- 
bat, because  quis  is  indefinite,  and  all  interrogative s,  when 
placed  indefinitely,  require  the  Subjunctive. 

Notes. • — Qui  sit  da  Tityre  nobis.  Nemo  liber  est,  quis 
corpori  servit. 

Notes  to  Rule  2. — 1.  Quantus  and  qualis,  when  they 
have  the  force  of  ut  tantus,  ut  talis,  require  the  Subjunc- 
tive. 2.  Unde  for  ut  inde ;  ubi  for  ut  ubi  ;  quo  for  ut  eo,  re- 
quire the  Subjunctive. 

Note  to  Rule  4. —  Ubi  and  cur  are  sometimes  used  in- 
stead of  the  relative  ;  so  quin  after  a  negative  clause. 

GENERAL  OBSERVATION. 
A  present  or  future  tense  is  followed  by  the  present  sub- 
junctive, a  past  tense  by  the  imperfect. 
Suadet  puero  ut  studeat,  He  advises  the  boy  to  study. 

Suasit  puero  ut  studeret,  He  advised  the  boy  to  study. 
Sunt  qui  dicant,  Some  say. 

JErunt  qui  dicant,  Some  will  say. 

Fuerunt  qui  dicerent,  Some  said. 

FORMATION  OF  THE  TENSES. 
The  Principal  Parts  are  marked  xcith  an  Asterisk. 

FIRST  CONJUGATION.  SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

Active.  Passive.    Active.  Passive, 

♦Indie,  pres.  Am-o,  Am-or,     *Doc-eo,  Doc-eor, 

 imperf.  Am-abam,  Am-abar,  Doc-ebam,  Doc-ebar, 

 future.  Am-abo,  Am-abor,  Doc-ebo,  Doc-ebor, 

Subjunc.  pres.  Am-em,  Am-er,     Doc-eam,  Doc-ear, 

Particip.  pres.  Am-ans,  Doc-ens, 

Gerunds.  Am-andnm,  Doc-endum, 


EXERCISES  UPOX  VERBS. 


11 


FIRST  CONJUGATION. 


SECOND  CONJUGATION. 


Active.         Passive.  Active.  Passive. 
Particip.  fut.  pass.                    Am-andus,  Doc-end is, 

♦Infinit.  pres.  Am-are,       Am-ari,  ♦Doc-ere,  Dcc-eri, 

Subjunc.  imperf.  Am-arem,    Am-arer,  Doc-erem,  Doc-ere? 

Imperat  pres.  Ara-a,         Am-are,  Doc-e,  Doc-ere, 

♦Indie,  perf.  Amav-i,  ♦  Docu-i, 

lndic  pluperf.  Amav-eram,  Doeu-eram, 

Subjunc.  perf.  Amav-erim,  Docu-erim, 

 pluperf.  Amav-issem,  Docu-issem, 

 future.  Amav-ero,  Docu-ero, 

Infinit.  perf.  Amav-isse,  Docu-isse, 

Former  supine,  Amat-um,  *Doct-um, 

Latter  ,  Amat-u,  Doct-u, 

Particip.  fut.  act.  Amat-urus,  Doct-urus. 
Particip.  perf.  pass.                   Amat-us,  Doct-us. 


THIRD  CONJUGATION. 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 


♦Indie,  pres.       Leg-o,  Leg-or,  *Aud-io,  Aud-ior, 

 imperf.        Leg-ebam,  Leg-ebar,  Aud-iebam,  Aud-iebar, 

 future.         Leg-am,  Leg-ar,  Aud-iam,  Aud-iar, 

Subjunc.  pres.     Leg-am,  Leg-ar,  Aud-iam,  Aud-iar, 

Particip.  pres.     Leg-ens,  Aud-iens, 

Gerunds,  Leg-endum,  Aud-iendum, 

Particip.  fut.  pass.  Leg-endus,  Aud-iendus, 

♦Infinit.  pres.      Leg-ere,  Leg-eri,  ♦Aud-ire,  Aud-iri, 

Subjunc.  imperf.  Leg-erem,  Leg-erer,  Aud-irem,  Aud-irer, 

Imperat.  pres.     Leg-e,  Leg-ere,  Aud-i,  Aud-ire, 

♦Indie,  perf.        Leg-i,  ♦Audiv-i, 

— —pluperf.        Leg-eram,  Audiv-eram, 

Subjunc.  perf.     Leg-erim,  Audiv-erim, 

 pluperf.       Leg-issem,  Audiv-issem, 

 fut.  Leg-ero,  Audiv-ero, 

Infinit.  perf.        Leg-isse,  Audivr-isse, 

♦Former  supine,  Lect-um,  *Audit-um, 

Latter  ,         Lect-u,  Audit-u, 

Particip.  fut.  act.  Lect-urus,  Audit-urus, 

 perf.  pass.  Lect-us,  Audit-us. 


AN  EXEMPLIFICATION  OF  THE  MOODS  AND  TENSES. 


INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
Present  Tense. 


I  praise  thee,  Thou  art 
praised  by  me.  Thou  de- 
sirest  wisdom,  Wisdom  is 
desired  by  thee.  God  go- 
verns the  world,  The  world 


Ego  laud  are  tu,  Tu  laudan 
a  ego. —  Tu  expetere  sapien- 
tia,  Sapientia  expeti  a  tu. — 
Deus  guhernare  mundus 
Mundus  guhernari  a  Deus  --• 


1J 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


is  governed  by  God.  We 
write  letters,  Letters  are 
written  by  us.  You  get 
riches,  Riches  are  gotten  by 
you.  All  men  blame  un- 
grateful persons,  The  un- 
grateful are  blamed  by  all. 

DEPONENT  VERBS. 
I  confess.    Thou  deserv-    Ego  fatcri.    Tu  mereri  lavs, 


Ego  scribvre  liter  a.  Liter  a 
scribi  a  ego. — 
Tu  parare  diviticc,  Divitia 
parari  a  tu. — 
Omnis  culpare  ingrati,  In- 
grati  culpari  ah  omnis. 


est  praise.    The  sun  rises. 
We  agree  to  thee. 
You  forget  injuries. 
Men  die. 


Sol  oriri. 
Ego  assentiri  tu. 
Tu  oblivisci  injuria 
Homo  mori. 


Obs.  Through  the  whole  of  the  Indicative  mood  the 
scholar  should  turn  the  examples  into  questions ;  first  in 
English,  by  putting  the  sign  of  the  verb  before  the  Nomi- 
native case  ;  and  then  in  Latin,  by  putting  An  or  Num  be- 
fore the  first  word,  or  Ne  after  it ;  likewise  putting  Annon 
or  Nonne  first,  where  there  is  Not  in  the  English. 

IMPERFECT  TENSE. 
It  refers  to  a  certain  past  time,  signifying  a  thing  which 
was  then  doing,  or  present  and  unfinished.    Or  it  speaks 
of  a  thing  as  present  at  some  certain  time  past. 

I  wrote  (did  write)  let-  Ego  tunc  scribere  liter  a, 
ters  then,  Letters  were  then    Liters  tunc  scribi  a  ego. 


written  by  me. — At  what 
time  thou  soughtest  for  me, 
I  was  sought  for  by  thee. — 
When  Numa  held  the  king- 
dom, When  the  kingdom  was 
held  by  Numa. 

At  that  age  we  gave  our 
minds  (endeavour)  to  learn- 
ing ;  You  always  gave  your 
minds  to  play. 

While  the  fields  did  flour- 
ish. 


Quo  tempore  tu  qu&rere  ego, 

Ego  qu&ri  a  tu. 

Ubi  Numa  obtinere  reg- 
num,  Ubi  regnum  obtineria 
Numa. 

Ego  is t  hue  <b  tat  is  dare 
opera  litera ; 

Tu  semper  dare  opera  lusus. 
Dum  arvum  jlorere. 


DEPONENTS. 
I  was  glad,  so  long  as  thou       Ego  Icetari,  donee  tu  sec* 
didst  follow  virtue  ;  and  so    tari  virtus ;  et  donee  ille  re- 
Ion*  as  he  reverenced  his    vercri  parens  suus. 
parents. 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


13 


Whilst  we  hunted  hares, 
you  followed,  they  talked  in 
the  mean  time. 


Dum  ego  venari  lepus,  tu 
sequi,  ille  fahulari  inter  ea. 


PERFECT  TENSE. 

It  speaks  of  a  tiling  as  now  past,  and  is  either  Definite 
or  Indefinite. 

1 .  The  Perfect  Definite  respects  a  certain  past  time,  and 
speaks  of  a  thing  which  happened  and  was  finished  or  com- 
pleted then. 


I  sought  (did  seek)  for 
thee  yesterday,  Thou  wert 
sought  for  by  me  yesterday. 
Thou  didst  well,  It  was  well 
done  by  thee. 

God  created  the  world, 
The  world  was  created  by 
God  out  of  nothing. 

Pompey  got  great  praise. 
We  went  away  presently. 
You  saw  it.  They  did  not 
believe  these  things,  These 
things  were  not  credited  by 


Ego  queer  ere  tu  heri, 
Tu  qu&situs  esse  a  ego  heri, 

Benefacere,  Benef actus  esse 
a  tu. 

Deus  creare  mundus,  Mun- 
dus  creatus  esse  a  Deus  ex  ni- 
hilo. 

Pompeius  adeplus  esse  laus 
magnus.  Ego  statim  ahire. 
Tu  videre.  Ille  non  credere 
hoc,  Hoc  non  creditus  esse  ab 
ille. 


them. 

2.  The  Perfect  Indefinite  either  speaks  of  a  thing  as  but 
just  now  past,  or  at  least  does  not  refer  to  any  particular 
time  that  it  happened  at. 


Sccpe  queerer e  tu,  Tu  scepe 
qu&situs  esse  a  ego. 
Tu  locutus  esse  bene,  et  meri- 
tus  esse  laus. 


I  have  often  sought  for 
thee,  Thou  hast  often  been 
sought  for  by  me.  Thou 
has  spoken  well,  and  hast 
deserved  praise. 

She  has  found  her  parents. 
We  have  made  trial,  Trial 
has  been  made  by  us.  You 
have  kept  your  promise, 
(Your)  promise  has  been 
kept  by  you.  All  men  have 
sinned,  and  have  deserved 
punishment. 

PLUPERFECT  TENSE. 

It  refers  to  some  former  time,  and  speaks  of  a  thing 
which  happened  before,  and  was  past  then. 


Ilia  repenre  parens.  Fa- 
cere  periculum.  Periculum 
f actus  esse  a  ego,  Tu  sol- 
vere fides,  Fides  sclutus  esse 
a  tu. 

Omnis  peccare, 
esse  pcence. 


et  meritus 


u 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


I  had  sought  for  thee  be- 
fore, Thou  hadst  been  sought 
for  by  me  before.  Thou 
hadst  promised  the  day  be- 
fore. 

The  master  had  often  for- 
bidden that,  That  had  often 
been  forbidden  by  the  mas- 
ter. 

We  had  dined  long  be- 
fore.   You  had  asked. 

Their  fathers  had  taken 
care  of  that,  That  had  been 
taken  care  of  by  their  fa- 
thers. 

FUTURE  TENSE 


Quarere  tu  antea, 
Tu  qucesitus  esse  a  ego  antea* 
Tu  promittere  pridie. 


Magister  scepe  prchibere 
id,  Id  scepe  prohibitum  esse  a 
■magister. 

Prandere  multo  ante.  Tu 
rogare 

Pater  curare  id,  Id  cura~ 
tus  esse  a  pater. 


1.  Importing  will  or  purpose 
sign  will,  the  rest  shall. 

I  will  write  letters,  Let- 
ters shall  be  written  by  me. 
Thou  shalt  hear  the  whole 
matter.  He  shall  suffer 
punishment.  Punishment 
shall  be  suffered  by  him. 
We  will  do  our  endeavour, 
Endeavour  shall  be  used  by 
us. 

You  shall  know, 
The  boys  shall  play 


The  first  person  has  the 

Scribcre  liters,  Liter  &  sort' 
bi  a  ego. 

Audlrs  res  ojnnis. 
Ille  dare  pcence,  Pana  dare 
ab  ille. 

Ego  dare  opera, 
Opera  dari  a  ego. 

Tu  scire. 
Pueri  ludere. 


IMPERATIVELY. 


Venerari  Deus,  reveren 
parens,  et  imitari  bonus. 


Thou  shalt  worship  God, 
reverence  thy  parents,  and 
shalt  imitate  the  good. 

Thou  shalt  beware  of 
passionateness,  govern  thy 
tongue  and  follow  peace, 
neither  shalt  thou  do  injury 
to  any  one. 

We  shall  use  diligence.  Adhibere  diligentia. 

2.  Signifying  bare  future  event.  The  first  person  has 
the  sign  shall,  the  rest  will. 


Cavere  iracundia,  mode- 
rari  lingua,  et  colere  pax, 
neque  facere  injuria  quis- 
quam. 


EXERCISES  UroX  VERBS. 


15 


I  shall  see.  Thou  wilt 
oblige  him.  He  will  give 
thanks  to  thee,  Thanks  will 
be  given  to  thee  by  him. 

We  shall  obtain  leave, 
Leave  will  be  obtained  by 
us. 

You  will  get  (make)  an 
estate.  They  will  get  friends, 
Friends  will  be  gotten  by 
them. 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD 


Ego  videre.  Facer e  ille 
gratum.  Agere  gratia  tu, 
Gratia  agi  tu  ab  ille. 


Impetrare  venia, 
impetrari  a  ego. 


Venia 


Tu  facere  res. 
Ille  invenire  amicus, 
Amicus,  inveniri  ab  ille. 


Learn  thou  good  arts,  Let 
good  arts  be  learned  by  thee. 
Shun  thou  sloth.  Let  the 
victor  have  a  horse.  Beware 
you  of  passionateness. 

Call  ye  me.  Let  scholars 
obey  their  masters.  Let 
them  suffer  themselves  to  be 
taught. 

The  Present  Subjunctive  is  often  used  instead  of  this 
mood,  especially  in  forbidding  after  ne,  nemo,  nullus,  &c. 


Discere  bonus  ars,  Bonus 
ars  disci  a  tu. 

Fugere  segnities.  Victor  ha- 
bere equus.  Cavere  tu  ira- 
cundia. 

Vocareme.  Discipulus  ma- 
gister  parere.     Doceri  sui 


Try  that,  which  thou  canst 
(do). 

Love  a  parent  if  he  is 
kind,  if  otherwise,  bear 
(him). 

Don't  thou  covet  other 
men's  goods. 

Do  not  thou  injury  to  any 
one. 

Do  not  hurt  any  one. 

Give  not  up  thyself  to  la- 
ziness. 

Give  not  yourselves  whol- 
ly to  pleasures  ;  but  rather 
give  yourselves  to  learning. 


Quod  posse,  id  tentare. 

Amare  parens,  si  aquus 
esse  ;  si  aliter,  ferre. 

Ne  concupiscere  alienum. 

Ne  facere  injuria  quis- 
quam. 

Ne  cui  nocere. 

Ne  tradere  tu  socordia. 

Ne  dedere  tu  totus  volup- 
tds ;  quin  potius  doctrina  tu 
dedere. 


ALSO  THE  FUTURE  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Remember  thou.  See  thou  Tu  meminissc.  Tu  videre. 
to  it.    Don't  say  it.    Do  not    Ne  diccre.  Ne  facere  injuria. 


16 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


ihou  do  injury.    Make  not  Ne  fcstinaire  loqui. 

haste  to  speak.    Deride  no-  Nemo  irredere. 

body.  Give  not  up  thyself  to  Ne  tradere  in  ignavia. 

idleness.  Let  him  look  to  it.  Ille  videre. 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 

This  Mood  has  always  before  it  another  verb  in  the  same 
sentence,  as  also  some  Conjunction,  Adverb,  Indefinite  or 
Relative  expressed  or  understood. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

1.  With  some  Conjunction,  Adverb,  Indefinite,  or  Rela- 
tive, expressed;  englished generally  as  the  Indicative. 

Seeing  I  am  in  health.        Cum  valere. 
Have    a    care    what  thou    Videre  quid  agere. 


doest ;  What  is  done  by  thee. 
There  is  no  covetous  man 
who  does  not  want. 

Stay  till  we  return.  Ycu 
do  not  know  for  whom  you 
get  money  ;  For  whom  mo- 
ney is  gotten  by  you.  See- 
ing covetous  men  always 
want,  though  they  abound. 

I  wish  I  may  become  a 
scholar.  I  wish  thou  mayst 
recover.  I  wish  the  king 
may  live  long. 

2.  Without  any  Verb  and  Conjunction  expressed.  The 
signs  are  May,  Can,  Let,  Should,  Would. 

By  this  means  thou  may    Ita  invcnirc  laus  ; 


Quid  agi  a  tu. 

Nemo  avarus  esse,  qui  non 
eglre. 

Expect  are  dum  redire.  Nes- 
cire,  qui  pardre  pecunia  ; 
Qui  pecunia  parari  a  tu. 
Cum  avarus  semper  egeref 
etiamsi  abundare. 

Utinam  evadere  doctus. 
Utinam  tu  convalescere. 
Utinam  rex  vivcre  diu. 


g^t  praise  ;  Praise  may  be 
gotten  by  thee.  Thou  canst 
scarce  find  a  faithful  friend  ; 
A  faithful  friend  can  scarce 
be  found  by  thee.  Somebody 
may  say.  Let  us  live  piously. 
I  should  refuse.  She  should 
pray  for  help. 

INTERROGATIVELY. 


Laus  inveniri  a  tu. 
Vix  reperire  amicus  f. delis  ; 


Amicus  Jidelis  vix  repcrirt  a 
tu.    Aliquis  dicere. 
Vivere  pie. 

Recusdre.    Ordre  opis. 


Should  I  tell  it  ?  What 
ahould   I    think  ?  Whom 


Narrare  ?  Quid  putare  t 
Quern  rogare  t 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


17 


should  I  ask  ?  What  shouldst 
thou  do  here  ?  Who  can 
(could,  would)  believe  this  1 
Why  should  she  ask  this  ? 
Why  should  this  be  asked  by 
her  ? 


Quid  tu  hie  agere  ? 
Quis  hoc  credere  ? 

Cur  ilia  qu&ritare  hoc  ? 
Cur  hoc  quaritari  ab  ilia  ? 


3.  With  Conjunctions,  Indefinites,  and  Relatives,  and  the 
signs  May,  Can,  &c. 

TJt  verum  dicer  e. 
Nescire  quid  me  facer e. 

Dare  opera  ut  valere. 

Ut  amari,  amare. 
Velle*  (ut)  scribere. 
Cavere  (ne)  credere. 

Orare,  ut  venire. 
Curare,  ut  scire. 
Timere,  ut  credere. 

Si  quis  rogare.  Nihil  habere* 
quod  agere. 
Monere,  ut  studere. 
Etsi  ille  negare. 
Etsi  neorari  ab  ille. 


That  I  may  speak  the 
truth.  I  don't  know  what 
I  should  do  with  myself. 
Use  thy  endeavour,  that 
thou  may'st  be  in  good 
health.  Love,  that  thou 
may'st  be  loved.  I  would 
have  thee  write.  Beware, 
that  thou  dost  not  believe  it. 
He  begs  that  thou  wouldst 
come.  Take  care  that  he 
may  know.  I  am  afraid, 
lest  he  should  not  believe  it. 
If  any  one  should  ask.  We 
have  nothing  which  we  can 
(may)  do.  I  advise  that 
you  would  study.  Though 
they  should  deny.  Though 
it  should  be  denied  by  thern. 


IMPERFECT  TENSE. 

1.  With  Conjunctions,  Indefinites,  &c.  englished  as  the 
Indicative. 


Seeing  I  did  not  hear,  what 
thou  said'st ;  What  was  said 
by  thee.  If  he  knew  what 
we  were  now  doing ;  What 
was  doing  now  by  us. 
When  you  did  not  know,  for 
whom  you  got  money ;  For 
whom  money  was  gotten  by 
you.    I  stay'd  till  they  re- 


Cum  non  audire,  quid  di- 
cer e  ;  Quid  did  a  tu. 
Si  scire  quid  nunc  agere ; 
Quid  nunc  agi  a  ego. 

Cum  nescire  qui  parare  pe~ 
cunia  ;  Qui  pecunia  parari 
a  tu. 

Expectare  dum  redire. 


*  Note — TJt  is  often  understood  after  volo,  noloyfacio,  cen.teo,  jubeoy  opto,  nno, 
licet,  oportet,  &c.  and  ne  after  cavt 

c 


18 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


turned.  I  wish  I  were  in 
health.  I  wish  thou  spokest 
from  thy  heart.  I  wish  we 
were  wise  enough.  I  wish 
you  used  diligence  ;  I  wish 
diligence  was  used  by  you. 


Utinam  valere. 
U tinam  tu  loqui  ex  animus, 
Utinam  sapere  satis. 
Utinam  tu  adhibere  diligen- 
tia ;   Utinam  diligentia  ad' 
hiberi  a  tu. 


2  With  the  signs  Would,  Could,  Should,  Might,  either 
with  or  without  Conjunctions,  Indefinites,  &c. 


I  would  take  care.  He 
begged  that  I  would  come. 
Thou  wouldst  think  thyself 
happy,  if  thou  wert  rich. 

He  might  say  ;  It  mightbe 
said  by  him.  The  day  would 
fail  me,  if  I  should  reckon 
every  one. 

We  should  not  suffer  it. 
You  would  learn  willingly, 
if  you  were  wise.  Men  would 
follow  virtue,  if  they  were 
wise. 

INTERROGATIVELY. 
What  should  I  do  ?  Quid  facer e 

Wouldst  not  thou  think  thy- 
self happy  ?  Might  not 
(would  not)  he  say  1  What 
would  he  say  ?  Should  we 
not  do  it  ?  Would  you  suffer 
it  ?    Would  they  believe  1 


Curare.  Orare  ut  venire. 

Putare  tu  felix,  si  esse  dives, 

Dicere ;  Dici  ab  ille. 
Dies  defcere  ego,  si  enume- 
rare  omnia. 

N071  sinere. 
Discere  libenter,  si  sapere. 
Homo  sectari  virtus,  si  sa- 
pere. 


Nonne  putare  tu  felix  ? 
Nonne  dicere  ? 
Quid  dicere  ? 
Annon  facer  e  1 
Num  sinere  ? 
An  credere  ? 


PERFECT,  DEFINITE. 
1.  With  Conjunctions,  Indefinites,  &c.  englished  as  the 
Indicative. 

Though  I  sought  for  thee 
yesterday  ;    Though  thou 


wert  sought  for  by  me  yes- 
terday. I  do  not  knew  whe- 
ther you  went.  Who  can 
doubt  but  God  created  the 
world  ?  But  the  world  was 
created  by  God  ?  You  know 
how  great  praise  we  got. 
Though  many  did  not  bc- 


Licet  quaerre  tu  lieri ; 
Licet  qucBsitus  esse  a  ego  heri. 


Nesclre  quo  profcctus  esse. 
Quis  dubitare,  quin  Deus 
creare  mundus  ? 
Quin  mundus  crcatus  esse  a 
Deus  ?    Scire,  quantus  laus 
adcptus  esse. 

Quanquam  mulli  non  credere 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


19 


lieve  these  tilings  ;  Though 
these  things  were  not  be- 
lieved by  many. 

I  wish  1  satisfied  the  mas- 
ter. I  wish  thou  spokest  the 
truth. 

2.  Without  a  Conjunction, 
Perhaps  I  might  be  in  an 
error.  Perhaps  I  might  add 
more  kind  expressions.  Per- 
haps the  Sabine  (woman) 
might  be  unwilling.  Perhaps 
Ulysses  might  keep  his 
wife's  birth-day. 


hoc ;  Quanquam  hoc  non 
creditus  esse  a  mult  us. 

Utinam  satisfacere  pr<£« 
ceptor.  Utinam  dicere  ve- 
rum. 

the  sign  is  Might. 

Err  are  fortasfe. 
Forsitan    addere  blanditi<B 
plures.  Forsitan  Sabina  nolle. 


Ulysses  agere  forsan  dies  na- 
talis  conjuor. 


PERFECT,  INDEFINITE. 

1.  With  Conjunctions,  Indefinites,  &c.  englished  as  the 
Indicative. 


Though  I  have  made 
trial ;  Though  trial  has  been 
made  by  me.  Tell  me  what 
you  have  got.  I  know  the 
man  who  has  promised.  See- 
ing we  all  have  sinned.  I  am 
glad  that  you  have  escaped. 
I  desire  to  know,  what  they 
have  done  ;  What  has  been 
done  by  them.  I  wish  he 
hath  spoken  the  truth ; 
Truth  hath  been  spoken  by 
him.  I  wish  he  has  (may 
have)  obtained  leave. 


Etiamsi  facer e  periculum  ; 
Etiamsi  per  iculumf actus  esse 
a  ego.  Dicere  miki,  quid  nac- 
tus  esse.  Nusse  homo,  qui  pro- 
mittere.  Cum  omnis  pcccare. 
Gaudere,  quod  evader e. 

Avere  scire,  quid  agere  ; 
Quid  actus  esse  ah  Me. 
Utinam  dicere  verum ; 
Verum  dictus  esse  ab  Me. 

Utinam  ille  imvetrare  venia 


2.  With  the  signs  may  have,  should  have 


That  he  may  not  have  lost, 
the  gamester  does  not  cease 
to  lose.  Then  I  should 
have  saved  the  Capitol  in 
vain.  Thou  fearest  lest  I 
should  not  have  received 
thy  epistle  ;  Lest  thy  epistle 
should  not  have  been  receiv- 
ed by  me.  I  am  afraid,  lest 
he  should  have  taken  it  ill. 


Ne  non  perdere,  non  cessare 
perdere  lusor. 

Tunc  ego  nequicquam  Capi- 
tolium  servare. 
Vereri,  ul  accipere  tua  epis- 
tola  ; 

Ut  tua  epistola  acceptus  esse 
a  ego. 

Vereriy    ne    illud  gravius 

ferre. 


20 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERBS. 


Metuerc,  ne  frustra  suscipere 
labor  ;  Ne  excedere  modus  ; 

Ne  ilia  ha>c  audire. 


I  fear  lest  I  should  have  ta- 
ken pains  in  vain ;  Lest 
thou  shouldst  have  exceed- 
ed moderation ;  Lest  she 
should  have  heard  these 
things. 

3.  This  perfect  of  the  Subjunctive  sometimes  inclines 
very  much  to  a  future  signification.  The  signs  are,  should, 
would,  could,  may,  can. 


I  should  choose  rather  to 
be  poor.  I  would  not  do  it 
without  your  order.  Thou 
wouldst  choose  rather  to  be 
in  health,  than  to  be  rich. 
Who  would  say  that  the  co- 
vetous man  is  rich  ?  You 
would  play  more  willingly 
than  study. 

PLUPERFECT  TENSE. 
1.  With  Conjunctions,  Indefinites,  &c.  englished  as  the 
Indicative. 


Opiate  pauper  esse  potius. 
Nonjacere  injussu  tuus. 
Pr&ferre  valere,  quam  dives 
esse. 

Quis  dicer e  avarus  esse  dives  ? 
Ludere  libentius  quam  stu- 
dere. 


Because  I  had  received 
a  kindness  ;  Because  a  kind- 
ness had  been  received  by 
me.  If  thou  hadst  restrain- 
ed thy  passion  ;  If  passion 
had  been  restrained  by  thee. 
He  who  had  offered  injury ; 
By  whom  injury  had  been 
offered..  If  they  had  kept 
promise.  I  did  not  know 
whether  he  had  thanked  him 
or  not.  I  wish  I  had  obeyed. 
I  wish  you  had  made  trial. 


Quod  accipere  beneficium  ; 
Quod  beriejicium  acceptus  esse 
a  ego. 

Si  cohibere  iracundia ; 

Si  iracundia  cohibitus  esse  a 

tu. 

I  lie  qui  infcrre  injuria  ; 
A  qui  injuria  Hiatus  esse. 
Si  serv  are  promts  sum. 
Nescire  an  agcre  gratia  Hie 
necne. 

Utinam  par  ere.  TJtinam  fa- 
cere  periculum. 


2.  With  the  signs,  might  have,  would  have,  could  have, 
should  have,  ought  to  have,  and  had  for  would  or  should  have. 

If  he  had  (should  have) 
commanded  it,  I  would  have 
obeyed.  Thou  should  est 
(oughtest  to)   have  called 


Si  jubere,  par  ere. 
Vocare. 


me.  Cnesar  would  never 
have  done  this,  nor  sutTered 


Cmsar  nunquam  hoc  facere% 
neque  passus  esse 


EXERCISES  UPON  VERES. 


21 


Non  effugere  hoc  malum. 


it.    We  could  not  have  es- 
caped this  mischief. 

INTERROGATIVELY. 

Wouldst  thou  have  obey- 
ed ?  Wouldst  thou  not  have 
obeyed  ?  Would  Caesar  have 
done  or  suffered  this  1 
Would  not  Caesar  have  suf- 
fered this  1  Who  would  have 
done  this  !  Could  we  have 
escaped. 

3.  There  is  a  peculiar  use  of  this  Pluperfect  of  the  Sub- 
junctive, when  a  thing  is  signified  future  at  a  certain  past 
time  referred  to. 


An  par  ere  ? 
Annon  (nonne)  parere  ? 
An  Ccesar  hoc  facere  aut  pas- 
sus  esse  ? 

Nonne  C <Bsar  hoc  passus  esse? 
Quis  hoc  facere  ? 
An  effugere. 


Thou  promisedst  thou 
wouldst  write,  if  I  desired 
(should  desire)  it.  Thou 
saidst  thou  wouldst  come,  if 
thou  didst  (shouldst)  obtain 
leave.  They  decreed  a  re- 
ward if  any  one  should  dis- 
cover. 

Examples  of  this  kind  are  usual  in  recitals  of  Laws, 
Speeches  and  Predictions ;  the  future  tense  in  the  Law, 
Speech,  or  Prediction  being  in  the  recital  expressed  by  the 
Pluperfect,  which  is  to  the  future  as  the  imperfect  is  to 
the  present. 


Promittere  tu  scripturus 
(esse)  si  rogare. 
JDicere  tu  venturus  esse,  si 
impetrare  venia. 

Decernere  pramium,  si  quis 
indicare. 


Fut.  If  any  one  shall  make 
bad  verses  against  any  one, 
there  is  law. 

Pluperf.  The  twelve  ta- 
bles made  it  capital,  if  any 
one  should  compose  verses 
which  brought  infamy  to  an^ 
other. 

Fut.  They  promise,  that 
}  they  will  do  what  he  com- 
mands (shall  command). 

Pluperf.  They  promised 
that  they  would  do  what  he 
commanded  (should  com- 
mand). 


Si  mains  condere  in  quis- 
quis  carmen>jus  esse. 

Duodecim  tabula  capite 
sancire,  si  quis  carmen  con- 
dere qui  infamia  afferre  al- 
ter. 

Qua  imperarei  suifacturus 
(esse)  polliceri. 

Qua  imperare  suifacturus 
(esse)  polliceri. 


c2 


22 


EXEKCISE3  UPON  VERBS. 


FUTURE  TENSE. 

1.  With  Conjunctions,  Indefinites,  Sic.  the  sign  is  shall 
have ;  but  generally  the  have  or  the  shall,  and  frequently 
both,  are  omitted. 


When  I  (shall)  have  de- 
termined, I  will  write. 
When  you  (shall)  have  said 
all.  After  he  has  spoken 
with  Csesar.  When  we 
(shall)  have  written  letters  ; 
When  letters  (shally  have 
been  written  by  us.  When 
you  (shall)  have  performed 
your  promises  ;  When  pro- 
mises shall  have  been  (are) 
performed  by  you.  As  soon 
as  they  (shall)  have  heard. 
If  I  (shall)  ask.  If  thou  shalt 
obtain  (obtainest).  If  any  one 
(shall)  discover.  If  we 
(shall)  do  that.  If  you 
(shall)  make  me  consul. 
Unless  they  (shall)  come  to- 
morrow. 

2.  Without  Conjunctions,  &c.  the  sign  to  the  first  person 
is  shall,  to  the  rest  will. 


Cum  constituere,  scribere. 

Cum  dicer e  omnia. 
Postquam  convenire  Ccesar. 
Ubi  saribere  literce  ; 

Vbi  litcra  scriptus  esse  a  ego. 
Cum  prcBstare  promissum ; 

Cum  promissum  praslitus 
esse  a  tu. 

Cum  primum  (simul  ac)  au- 

dir. 

Si  rogare.    Si  impetrare 

Si  quis  indicate. 

Si  id  facer  e. 

Si  facer e  ego  consul. 

Nisi  eras  venire. 


I  shall  see.  Thou  wilt 
do  kindly,  if  thou  wilt  come. 
A  covetous  man  will  always 
want.  We  shall  obtain. 
You  will  conquer.  They 
will  get  friends. 

Note.  The  Participle  in  rus  with  sim  and  essem  is  often 
used  instead  of  the  Future  Subjunctive  or  Pluperfect,  viz. 
with  such  Indefinites  as  are  sometimes  also  Interrogative s  ; 
and  with  the  Conjunctions  cum,  quin,  quod,  quia,  qud,  ut. 


Ego  videre.  Facere  benigne, 
si  venire. 

Avarus  semper  egerc. 
Impetrare. 

Yincere.  Tile  invenire  ami- 
cus. 


AN 

INTRODUCTION 


TO 

LATIN  SYNTAX. 


Syntax  is  the  right  ordering  of  words  in  speech. 
Its  parts  are  two,  concord  and  government. 
Concord  is  when  one  word  agrees  with  another  in  some 
accidents. 

Government  is  when  a  word  governs  a  certain  case. 


7.  OF  CONCORD. 

Concord  is  fourfold. 

1 .  Of  an  adjective  with  a  substantive. 

2.  Of  a  verb  with  a  nominative. 

3.  Of  a  relative  with  an  antecedent. 

4.  Of  a  substantive  with  a  substantive. 

RULE  I. 

An  adjective  agrees  with  a  substantive,  in  gender,  num- 
ber, and  case. 

Fleeting  years  slide  awa)'.      Fngaces  anni  labuntur. 
Sluggish  old  age  approaches.    Tarda  senectus  subit. 
Time  past  never  returns.         Tempus   praeteritum  nun- 

quam  revertitur. 
We  all  hasten  to  one  end.       Nos  omnes  metam  propera- 

mus  ad  unam. 

Note  1.  The  substantive  is  sometimes  understood ;  and  in  this  case  the  adjec- 
tive takes  the  gender  of  the  suppressed  substantive  ;  as,  per  immortelles  ;  sc.  Deos. 
Laborare  tertiana  ; ;  sup.  febri.  Faucis  te  volo;  nempe  verbis.  Tristre  lupus  sta- 
bulis  ;  sup.  negotium.  Omnia  senescunt ;  sup.  negotia.  This  last  substantive  is 
seldom  expressed  ;  and  its  usual  sign  in  English  is  the  word  thing  or  things. 

Note  2.  Adjectives  are  often  put  substantively,  or  used  in  a  substantive  sense  ; 
and  may  then  have  other  adjectives  agreeing  with  them  ;  as,  Virg.  Fortunate 
senex.  CtC  Amicus  ccrlus.  And  sometimes  substantives  seem  to  be  used  in  an 
adjective  sense  ;  as,  Virg.  Populism,  late  regem,  for  regnanicm.  Cic.  Victor  exer- 
eitus.    Ovid.  Dardanides  matres. 

Note  3.  An  adjective  joined  with  two  substantives  of  different  genders,  gen- 
erally agrees  with  that  chiefly  or  principally  spoken  of;  as,  PJin.  Oppidum  Paes- 
turn,  Graecis  Posidonia  appellatum.  The  adjective,  however,  sometimes  neglect- 
ing the  principal  substantive,  agrees  with  the  nearest ;  as,  Cic.  Non  nmnis  error 
stultitia  est  dicenda.  But  if  the  principal  substantive  be  the  proper  name  of  a 
man  or  woman,  the  adjective  always  agrees  with  it ;  as,  Vopisc.  Bonosvs  Impera- 
tor  amphora  dictus  est ;  not  dicta.  Just.  Stmiramis ptter  esse  credita  est ;  not  creditus. 


24 


a:\t  introduction 


The  good  boy  learns,  the 
naughty  boys  play  ;  the  swift 
horse  conquers,  the  slow  hor- 
ses are  overcome. 

Proud  men  do  fall,  but  hum- 
ble men  shall  be  exalted  ;  high 
towers  fall,  whilst  low  cottages 
stand. 

Our  master  comes,  let  us 
read,  the  idle  boys  shall  be 
beaten,  my  books  were  torn, 
thy  brothers  were  commend- 
ed. 

Note  1.  We  always  rush 
upon  a  thing  forbidden,  and  we 
covet  things  denied.  Let  us 
despise  earthly  things,  when 
we  contemplate  heavenly 
things. 

TT  A  small  spark  neglected, 
often  raises  a  great  conflagra- 
tion ;  so  after  Sylla  had  settled 
the  commonwealth,  new  wars 
broke  out. 

The  general  triumphed  most 
splendidly  in  a  golden  chariot 
with  his  sons ;  two  princes 
were  led  before  his  chariot ; 
many  kings  came  to  this  sight. 

Caesar  returning  from  Gaul 
began  to  demand  another 
consulship  ;  but  he  was  order- 
ed to  disband  his  army  and  re- 
turn to  town ;  for  which  inju- 
ry he  came  from  Ariminum, 
where  he  had  his  soldiers 
drawn  together,  against  his 
country  with  an  army.  Caesar 
prevailed :  he  was  afterwards 
murdered.  Death  devours  all 
things. 


Bonus  puer  disco,  malus 
puer  ludo ;  celer  equus 
vinco,  tardus  equus  vinco 

Superbus  homo  cado, 
sed  modestus  homo  prove- 
ho ;  alius  turris  cado,  dum 
humilis  casa  sto. 

Noster  praeceptor  vc- 
nio,  lego  ego,  ignavus  puer 
caedo,  meus  liber  lacero, 
tuusf rater  laudo. 

Nitor  in  vetitus  sempe? , 
cupioque  negatus.  Con- 
temno  humcnus,  cum  spec- 
to  coelestis. 


Parvus  scintilla  con- 
temptus,  saepe  excito  mag- 
num  incendium ;  sic  cum 
Sylla  compono  respublica, 
novus  helium  exardeo. 

Irnperator  triumpho  mag- 
nificenter  in  aureus  cur- 
rus  cum  jilius  suus  ;  duo 
princeps  duco  ante  currus ; 
mult  us  rex  vcnio  ad  hie 
spectaculum- 

Ccesar,  rediens  e  Gallia, 
coepi  deposco  alter  consu 
latus ;  sed  jubeo  dimitto 
exercitus  et  redeo  ad  urbs  ; 
propter  qui  injuria  venio 
ab  Ariminum,  ubi  habeo 
miles  congregatus,  adver- 
sum  patria  cum  exercitus. 
Ccesar  vinco  :  postea  inter- 
ficio.  Mors  devoro  omnis 


Diligence  overcomes  all  difficulties.  Delays  often  ruin  the  best  design* 
Shame  attends  unlawful  pleasures.    One  bad  sheep  infects  a  whole  flock. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


25 


Industry  keeps  the  mind  clear,  and  the  body  healthful.  Prosperity  gains 
friends,  and  adversity  tries  them.  Where  no  law  is,  there  is  no  transgression. 
Vanity  makes  beauty  contemptible.    God  sees  all  things. 

When  men  neglect  God,  they  neglect  their  own  safety;  they  procure  theii 
own  ruin  ;  they  fly  from  their  own  happiness  ;  they  pursue  their  own  misery, 
and  make  haste  to  be  undone. 

RULE  II. 

A  verb  agrees  with  the  nominative  before  it  in  number 
and  person. 
I  read. 

Thou  writest. 
He  studies. 
The  girl  sings. 
We  teach. 
Ye  hear, 
They  learn. 
The  boys  are  praised. 


Ego  lego. 
Tu  scribis. 
Ille  studet. 
Puclla  canit. 
Nos  docemus. 
Vos  audit  is. 
IUi  discunt. 
Pueri  laudantur. 


Note  1.  Bgo  and  Nos  are  the  first  person,  Tu  and  Vos  the  second,  and  all  other 
nouns  are  the  third  person.  Here  observe,  that  a  nominative  of  the  first  and  se- 
cond person  is  seldom  expressed,  being  always  known  by  the  verb. 

Note  2.  This  rule  respects  only  the  indicative,  subjunctive,  and  imperative. 
The  infinitive  has,  indeed,  sometimes  a  nominative  before  it ;  but  then  coepit  or 
coeperunt  is  understood  ;  as,  Virg.  Aeneas  humeris  abscindere  vestem ;  sc.  coepit. 
Ter.  Omnes  invidere  mihi  ;  sc.  coeperunt.  Or  we  may  suppose,  as  is  usually  done 
in  this  case,  that  the  infinitive  is  put  for  the  perfect  of  the  indicative,  viz.  ab- 
scindere for  abscindcbaty  and  invidere  for  invidebant. 


I  call,  thou  dost  answer,  he 
taught,  we  did  study,  ye  have 
given,  they  have  received. 

I  had  gone,  thou  hadst  come, 
he  had  sent,  we  will  touch,  ye 
shall  taste,  they  will  drink. 

Do  thou  go  on,  let  him  make 
haste,  let  us  prepare,  proceed 
ye,  let  them  return. 

I  am  accused,  thou  art  blam- 
ed, he  was  praised,  we  were 
condemned,  ye  will  be  dismiss- 
ed, they  shall  be  punished. 

Be  thou  joined,  let  him  be 
separated,  let  us  be  instructed, 
be  ye  exalted,  let  them  be  dis- 
graced. 

The  cock  crows,  the  goose 
did  cackle,  the  parrot  spoke, 
the  magpies  had  chattered, 
ravens  will  croak,  let  hens 
cluck. 


Ego  voco,  tu  respondco, 
ille  doceo,  ego  studeo,  tu 
do,  ille  accipio. 

Ego  eo,  tu  venio,  ille 
mitto,  ego  tango,  tu  gusto, 
ille  bibo. 

Per  go  tu,  feslino  ille, 
paro  ego,  progredior  tu, 
redeo  ille. 

Ego  accuso,  tu  culpo, 
ille  laudo,  ego  condemno, 
tu  dimitto,  ille  punio. 

Jungo  tu,  separo  ille, 
erudio  ego,  exalto  tu,  vi- 
tupero  ille. 

G alius  canto,  anser  glo- 
cito,psittachus  loquor,  pica 
garrio,  corvus  crocito,  gal- 
Una  pipo. 


20 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


The  dog  barks,  the  sheep  did 
bleat,  the  hog  hath  grunted,  the 


Cards  latro,  ovis  baio, 
sus  grunnio,  equus  hinnio, 


horses  had  neighed,  asses  will    asinus  rudo,  leo  rugio,  bos 
bray,  let  lions  roar,  oxen  will    mugio,  lupus  ululo. 
bellow,  wolves  will  howl. 


shunned,  honour  was  sought,  to,  honos  quaero,  divitiae 

riches  were  acquired,  the  boys  paro,  puer  disco,  emo  li- 

will  learn,  let  books  be  bought,  her,   Pctus  ajfirmo,  quis 

Peter  affirms,  who  will  deny  ?  nego  ? 

The  men  did  shout,  the  bat-  Homo  clamo,  praelium 

tie  was  joined,  the  arrows  fly,  committo,  sagitta  volo,gla- 

the  swords  are  drawn,  the  sol-  dius  destringo,  milesp  ug- 

diers  have  fought,  the  horses  no,  equus  capio,  hostis  fu- 

are  taken,  the  enemy  will  be  go,    venio   victoria,  pax 

routed,  let  victory  come,  peace  peto. 
will  be  sought. 

%  In  the  mean  time,  all  Interea  omnis  Graecia, 

Greece  being  divided  into  two  divisus  in  duo  pars,  con- 

parties,  turned  their  arms  from  verto  arma    ab  externus 

foreign  wars,  as  it  were  upon  bellum,   velut   in  viscus 

their  own  bowels ;  wherefore  suus ;  igitur   duo  corpus 

two  bodies  are  made  out  of  one  jio  de   unus  populus,  et 

people,  and  the  soldiers  are  miles  divido  in  duo  hosti- 

divided  into  two  hostile  armies,  lis  exercitus. 

After  the  battle,  no  woman  la- '      Post  praelium  nullus 

mented  her  lost  husband ;  all  la-  mulier  Jleo  amissus  con- 

mented  their  own  hap,  because  jux ;  omnis  doleo  suus  vi~ 

they  had  not  fallen  for  their  cis,  quod  ipse  non  cado  pro 

country;  all  received  the  woun-  patria ;  omnis  excipio  sau- 

ded,  dressed  their  wounds,  re-  cius,  euro  vulnus,  reficio 

freshed  the  fatigued,  and  they  all  lassus,  omnisque  magis  lu- 

more  lamented  the  public  than  geo  publicus  quam  priva- 

their  private  fortune.  For  these  tus  fortuna.    Ob  hie  me- 

things  they  deserve  praise.  reor  laus. 

God  made  the  world,  and  all  things  in  it ;  he  created  the  light,  and  formed 
darkness  ;  in  him  we  live  and  move  ;  if  he  look  on  the  earth,  it  trembles  ;  if  he 
touch  the  hills,  they  smoko ;  I  will  bless  my  God  while  I  live  ;  he  alone  doth 
wondrous  works,  praise  ye  the  Lord. 


3.  Substantive  verbs,  verbs  of  naming  and  gesture,  have 
a  nominative  both  before  and  after  them  belonging  to  the 
same  thing. 


Virtue  is  praised,  vice  was 


Vurtus  laudo,  vitium  vi- 


ANNOTATIONS. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


27 


I  am  a  scholar. 
Thou  wilt  become  a  poet. 
Diogenes  was  called  a  philoso- 
pher. 

We  are  esteemed  wise  men. 


Ego  sum  discipulus. 

Tufas  po'eta. 

Diogenes  appellabatur  phi- 

losophus. 
Nos  existimamur  sapien- 

tes. 

Ilia  incedit  regina 
Milites  dormiunt  securi 


She  walks  as  a  queen. 
The  soldiers  sleep  secure. 

1.  Substantive  verbs  are  sum,  fo,  for  em,  and  existo. 

2.  Verbs  of  naming  are  these  passives,  appellor,  dicor, 
vocor,  nominor,  nuncupor ;  to  which  add  videor,  existimor, 
censeor,  habeor,  creor,  constitutor,  salutor,  designor,  cognos- 
cor,  agnoscor,  invenior,  reperior,  &c. 

3.  Verbs  of  gesture  are,  eo,  incedo,  venio,  cubo,  sto,  jaceo, 
sedeo,  evado,fugio,  dormio,  somnio,  maneo,  &c. 

Note  1.  The  nominative,  after  these  verbs  is  frequently  an  adjective,  which 
agrees  with  the  nominative  before  them  as  its  substantive,  in  gender,  number, 
and  case,  or  some  other  substantive  is  understood. 

Note  2.  Any  verb  may  have  a  nominative  after  it,  when  it  belongs  to  the  same 
thing  with  the  nominative  before  it ;  as,  Cic.  Adivi  hoc  puer.  Id.  Sapiens  ninil 
facit  invitus. 

Note  3.  When  a  verb  comes  betwixt  two  nominatives  of  different  numbers,  it 
usually  takes  the  number  of  the  first ;  as,  Ter.  Dos  est  decern  talenta.  Ovid.  Ossa 
Ijpisfiunt.  But  sometimes  it  takes  the  number  of  the  last ;  as,  Ter.  Amantium 
irae  amoris  integratio  est.    Luc.  Sanguis  erant  lachrymae. 


1.  The  lion  is  king  among  the 
wild  beasts,  the  ash  is  the  fair- 
est tree  in  the  woods,  and  the 
hr  in  the  lofty  mountains. 

Patience  often  offended  be- 
comes fury,  and  generals  after 
victory  are  sometimes  tyrants. 

2.  Virtue  is  often  called  vice, 
vice  too  is  often  called  virtue, 
and  poverty  is  sometimes  reck- 
oned a  disgrace. 

Varro  was  esteemed  a  learn- 
ed man,  Cicero  was  accounted 
eloquent,  Aristides  was  called 
just,  Pompey  was  named  great. 

3.  The  boy  sits  porter  before 
the  gate,  the  servants  walk  on 
foot,  the  master  stays  alone,  the 
soldiers  come  up  in  arms. 


Leo  sum  rex  inter  f era, 
fraxinus  sum  pulcher  ar- 
bos  in  sylva,  et  abies  in  al- 
tus  mons. 

Patientia  saepe  laesus 
jio  furor,  et  dux  ex  victo- 
ria interdum  existo  tyran- 
nus. 

Virtus  saepe  voco  viti- 
um,  victium  quoque  saepe 
appcllo  virtus,  et  paupertas 
nonnunquam  censeo  oppro- 
brium, 

Varro  existimo  doctus 
vir,  Cicero  habco  disertus, 
Aristides  dicojustus,  Pom- 
peius  nomino  magnus. 

Puer  sedeo  janitor  ante 
fores,  famulus  incedo  pe- 
des, herus  maneo  solus, 
miles,  venio  armatus. 


28 


AN  IXTKODUCTIOX 


Beauty  is  a  fair  but  fading  flower  Virtue  is  its  own  reward,  and  envy  is  its  own 
punishment.  Religion  is  the  greatest  wisdom,  honesty  is  the  best  policy,  and 
temperance  is  the  best  physic. 

Quarrelsome  persons  are  mischievous  companions.  A  false  friend  will  be  the 
most  dangerous  enemy.    Fraud  in  childhood  will  become  knavery  in  manhood. 

The  spring  is  a  plesant  time,  for  nature  then  seems  to  be  renew  ed,  the  trees  be- 
gin to  sprout,  and  the  gardens  bring  forth  herbs  and  llowers  ;  these  are  all  sweet 
things. 

4.  The  infinitive  mood  has  an  accusative  before  it. 

I  am  glad  that  you  are  well.        Gaudeo  te  valere. 
I  confess  that  I  have  sinned.      Fatero  me  peccasse. 

Note  1.  The  word  that  betwixt  two  English  verbs  is  the  usual  sign  of  this  con- 
struction. 

Note  2.  The  accusative  may  be  turned  into  the  nominative  with  quod  or  vt. 
Thus,  instead  of  gaudeo  te  valere,  we  may  say.  gaudeo  quod  tu  valeas  ;  and  instead 
of  opus  est  te  scire,  we  may  say,  opus  est  ut  scias. 

Note  3.  The  accusatives  me,  te,  sc,  ilium,  as  also  the  infinitive  esse  or fuisse,  are 
frequently  suppressed  ;  as,  Virg.  Reddere  posse  negabat,  sc.  se  posse.  Cic.  Exsr- 
citum  cacsum  cognovi,  sc.  fuisse  caesum. 

I  wonder  that  your  brother 
does  not  write  to  me  ;  I  cannot 
believe  that  he  is  well. 

Silius  boasted  that  his  sol- 
diers had  persisted  in  obedi- 
ence, when  others  had  lapsed 
into  sedition. 

When  Cresar  heard  that  the 
Helvetii  were  in  arms,  and  that 
they  designed  to  make  their 
way  through  his  province,  he 
made  haste  to  be  gone  from 
Rome,  and  come  very  speedily 
to  Geneva. 

The  ambassadors  complain- 
ed that  they  were  slighted,  and 
took  it  ill  that  they  were  order- 
ed to  depart  from  the  city  ;  but 
the  king  declared  that  he  would 
reckon  them  for  enemies,  un- 
less they  went  off  at  the  day 
appointed. 

Historians  tell,  that  Philip  Historicus  narro,  Phi- 
was  slain  by  a  young  man,  as  lippus  obtrunco  ab  adoles- 
he  was  going  to  the  public  cens,  cum  eo,  ad  Indus,  pub- 
games,  and  many  believed  that  licus,  et  multus  credo  Al 
Alexander  had  encouraged  him  exander  impello  is  ad  tan 
to  so  great  a  crime.  The  young  tus  /acinus.  Adolesccn 
man  was  called  Pausanias.         voco  Pausanias. 


Miror  tuus  frater  non 
scriboadego;  non  possum 
credo  isvaleo. 

Silius  jaclo  suus  miles 
duro  in  obscquium,  cum 
alius  prolabor  ad  seditio. 

Cum  Caesar  audio  Hel- 
vetii sum  in  arma,  et  is  sta- 
tuo  facio  iter  per  provincia 
suusf  maturo  proficiscor  a 
Roma,  et  venio  celcriter  ad 
Geneva. 

Legatus  queror  sui  ncg- 
ligo,  et  aegre  fero  suijubco 
discedo  ab  urbs  ;  at  rex  de- 
nuncio  sui  habeo  is  pro 
hostis,  nisi  proficiscor  ad 
dies  statu  tus. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


29 


Young  men  hope  that  they  shall  live  long  ;  but  they  ought  to  remember,  that 
they  were  sent  into  this  world  as  into  a  lodging,  not  as  into  a  home,  and  that 
they  will  soon  be  called  hence. 

While  Caesar  was  in  Hither  Gaul,  In  winter-quarters,  frequent  reports  were 
brought  to  him,  that  all  the  Belga?  had  conspired  against  the  Roman  people. 

5.  ESSE  hath  the  same  case  after  it  that  it  hath  before  it 
Or  more  generally  thus  : 

The  infinitive  of  a  substantive  verb,  verb  of  naming  or  ges- 
ture, takes  the  same  case  after  it  that  it  hath  before  it. 


Peter  desires  to  be  a  learned 
man. 

Thou  lovest  to  be  called  father. 
He  would  have  himself  made 

general. 
We  see  that  the  old  man  walks 

straight. 


Petrus  cupit  esse  vir  doc- 
tus. 

Tu  amas  dici  pater. 
Vult  se  creari  ducem 


Videmus 
rectum. 


senem  incedere 


Note  1.  The  noun  after  these  infinitives  is  frequently  an  adjective,  which  either 
agrees  with  the  substantive  before  them,  or  has  some  other  substantive  under- 
stood. 

Note  2.  When  a  verb  that  governs  the  dative,  such  as  licet,  expedit,  datur,  con- 
cedo,  and  the  like,  comes  before  these  infinitives,  the  case  after  them  is  com- 
monly the  dative,  but  sometimes  the  accusative  ;  as,  Non  datur  omnibus  esse  no- 
bilibus  et  opulentis ;  sed  licet  omnibus  esse  bonis,  si  velint.  Ter.  Expedit  vobis  esse 
bonos.  Cic.  Liceat  esse  miseros.  Which  may  be  supplied  thus ;  Expedit  vobis 
vos  esse  bonos.    Liceat  vobis  vos  esse  miseros. 

Note  3.  When  a  verb  that  governs  the  accusative,  such  as,  aio,  refer o,  puto, 
nescio,  and  the  like,  comes  before  the  infinitive  esse,  the  case  after  it,  in  prose  au- 
thors, is  always  the  accusative  ;  but  the  Poets,  sometimes,  in  imitation  of  the 
Greeks,  omitting  the  pronoun  me,  te,  or  se,  use  the  nominative  ;  as,  Ovid.  Quid  re- 
tulit  Ajax  esse  Jovis  pronepos.  Hot.  Uxor  invicti  Jovis  esse  nescis.  Id.  Paticns 
vocari  Ccesaris  ultor.  And  Virg.  Sensit  medios  delapsus  in  hostes  ;  i.  e.  Sensit  esse 
delapsut,  instead  of  sensit  se  esse  delapsum. 

Note  4.  This  rule  respects  only  the  nominative,  dative,  and  accusative,  and  is 
not  to  be  extended  to  the  genitive  or  ablative  ;  for  we  do  not  say,  Interest  Cice- 
ronis  esse  eloquentis  ;  but,  Interest  Ciceronis  esse  eloquentcm. 


The  old  Persians  believed 
that  the  sun  was  God. 

The  Nymph  complained 
that  her  arms  were  become 
long  boughs. 

If  thou  desirest  to  be  a  good 
man,  practice  charity  and  other 
virtues. 

Empedocles  affected  to  be 
esteemed  an  immortal  god. 

No  man  ought  to  be  called 
happy  before  death. 

Thou  art  become  an  old 
wife,  yet  thou  affectest  to  be 
thought  a  beauty. 

D 


Vetus  Persa  credo  sot 
sum  Deus. 

Nympha  doleo  suus  bra- 
chiumjio  longus  ramus. 

Si  tu  volo  sum  bonus 
vir,  colo  caritas  aliusque 
virtus. 

Empedocles  cupio  ha- 
beo  immortalis  deus. 

Nemo  debeo  dico  be  at  us 
ante  obitus. 

Tu  Jio  anus,  tamen  volo 
video  jormosus. 


30 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


Antigonus  orders  himself  to 
be  called  king  by  the  people, 
Ptolemy  also  is  styled  king  by 
the  army. 

Such  a  stupidity  seized  Vi- 
tellius,  that,  if  others  had  net  re- 
membered that  he  was  emperor, 
he  himself  would  have  forgot. 

If  you  would  be  happy,  fear  God,  and  li 
A  wise  man  may  be  thought  to  be  a  fool 
be  esteemed  a  wise  man,  if  he  hold  Ins  tor 
silence  is  often  great  prudence. 


Antigonus  jubeo  sui  ap~ 
pello  rex  a  populus,  Pto- 
lemaeus  quoque  cognomino 
rex  ab  exercitus. 

Tantus  torpedo  invado 
Vitellius,  ut,  si  caeter  non 
memini  is  sum  princeps, 
ipse  obliviscor. 

ve  according  to  nature. 

[,if  he  talk  too  much  ;  and  a  fool  may 

igue.   A  man  is  known  by  his  talk,  and 


RULE  It  I. 

6.  The  relative  qui,  quae,  quod,  agrees  with  the  ante- 
cedent in  gender  and  number. 

The  man  is  wise  who  speaks  Vir  sapit  qui  pauca  loqui- 
little.  tur. 

annotations. 

7.  If  no  nominative  comes  between  the  relative  and  the 
verb,  the  relative  shall  be  the  nominative  to  the  verb. 

The  covetous  man,  who  al-  Avarus,  qui  semper  cget, 
ways  wants,  cannot  be  rich.       non  potest  esse  dives. 

8.  But  if  a  nominative  comes  between  the  relative  and 
the  verb,  the  relative  shall  be  of  that  case,  which  the  verb 
or  noun  following,  or  the  preposition  going  before,  use  to 
govern. 

God,  who  governs  the  world,  Deus,  qui  gubernat  mun- 
and  by  whom  all  things  were  dum,  et  a  quo  omnia 
created,  is  a  spirit,  whom  creabantur,  est  spiritus, 
no  man  hath  seen,  or  can  quern  nemo  vidit,  aul 
see.  videre  potest. 

Note  1.  The  antecedent  is  commonly  some  substantive  noun,  either  expressed 
or  understood,  that  goes  before  the  relative,  and  is  again  understood  to,  or  some- 
times repeated  along  with  the  relative  as  its  substantive  ;  as,  cave  voluptatem, 
quae  est  pestis  ;  i.  e.  cave  voluptacem,  quae  voluptas  est  pestis.  Caes.  Erant  omnino 
itinera-  duo,  quibus  itineribus  dorno  exire  possent.  And  here  observe,  that  the  ante- 
cedent is  sometimes  omitted  in  its  proper  p'ace,  and  only  expressed  along  with 
the  relative  ;  as,  Ter.  Populo  ui  placercnt  quas  fecisset  jabulae  ;  for  fabulae,  quag 
fabulas.  Ovid.  Sub  qua  nuncrecubas  arbore,virga  fuit;  for  arbor,  sub  quaaroore* 
Virg.  Urbem,  quam  statuo,  vestra  est  ;  for  urbs,  quam  n^bcm,  <fcc. 


TO   LATIN  SYNTAX. 


31 


Note  2.  An  infinitive  or  a  sentence  sometimes  supplies  the  place  of  a  nomina- 
tive to  a  verb,  of  a  substantive  to  an  adjective,  of  an  antecedent  to  a  relative  ;  and 
in  this  case,  the  verb  is  in  the  third  person,  the  adjective  and  relative  are  put  in 
the  neuter  gender  ;  as, 

To  excel  in  knowledge  is  reckoned  a  In  scientia  excellere  pulchrum  puta- 

fine  thing.  tut. 

Peter  is  a  learned  man,  which  nobody  Petrus  est  vir  doctus,  quod  nemo 

denies.  negat. 

Note  2.  The  person  of  the  relative  is  always  the  same  with  that  of  its  antece- 
dent ;  as,  Ego  qui  doceo  ;  tu  qui  discis  ;  lectio  quae  docctur.  The  reason  is  plain, 
namely,  the  antecedent,  which  is  supposed  to  be  repeated  along  with  the  rela- 
tive, is  the  true  nominative  to  the  verb  ;  thus,  Ego  qui  doceo,  when  supplied,  is, 
Ego  qui  ego  doceo,  &c. 

Note  4.  When  the  relative  comes  betwixt  two  substantives  of  different  gen- 
ders, it  sometimes,  though  more  rarely,  agrees  with  the  last ;  as,  Cic.  Animal 
quern  vocamus  hominenu 

Note  5.  The  antecedent  is  sometimes  couched  or  included  in  the  possessive 
pronoun  ;  as,  Ter.  Omnes  laudare  foriunas,  meas,  qui  haberem gnatum  tali  ingenio 
praeditum. 

Note  6.  The  relative  sometimes,  instead  of  taking  the  gender  of  the  antece- 
dent, takes  the  gender  of  some  synonymous  word  suppressed  ;  as,  Sail.  Earum 
rerum,  quae  prima  mortales  dicunt  ;  sc.  negotia. 

Note  7.  The  interrogatives  or  indefinites,  qualis,  quantvs,  quotits*  quotuplex,  &c. 
sometimes  observe  the  construction  of  the  relative  qui,  quae,  quod ;  as,  Ovid.  Fa- 
des non  omnibus  una,  nec  diversa  tamen  ;  qualem  decet  esse  sororum. 

Amribal,  who  had  made  trial 
of  the  Roman  courage,  denied 
that  the  Romans  could  be  con- 
quered but  in  Italy. 

Caesar  first  conquered  the 
Helvetii,  who  are  now  called 
the  Sequani ;  after  that  he  sub- 
dued all  Gaul,  that  is  betwixt 
the  Alps  and  the  British  ocean. 

Many  find  fault  with  crimes 
which  they  will  not  forsake  ; 
but  let  us  pursue  virtue,  in 
which  true  glory  consists  ;  for 
gold,  which  is  so  eagerly  sought 
after  by  men,  often  hurts. 

They  are  good  boys  whom 
glory  encourages,  and  com- 
mendation delights  ;  they  will 
become  excellent  men. 

The  city  which  Romulus 
built  was  called  Rome,  the  in- 
habitants were  named  Romans, 
and  were  deservedly  esteemed 
very  brave  men. 

Note  2.  To  read  and  xiot  to 


Annibal,  qui  tento  Ro- 
manics virtus,  nego  Roma- 
nus  possum  opprimo  nisi 
in  Italia, 

Casar primo  vinco  Hel- 
vetii, qui  nunc  appello  Se- 
quani ;  deinde  domo  omnis 
Gallia,  qui  sum  inter  Alpes 
et  oceanus  Britannicus. 

Multus  corripio  crimen 
qui  nolo  linquo ;  sed  ego 
colo  virtus,  in  qui  verus 
decus  sum  positus ;  nam 
aurum,  qui  tarn  cupide  pe- 
to  ab  homo,  saepe  nocco. 

Hie  sum  bonus  puer  qui 
gloria  excito,  et  laus  delec- 
to ;  Jio  egregius  vir. 

TJrbs  qui  Romulus  condo 
voco  Roma,  incola  nomino 
R07 nanus,  et  merit o  habeo 
fortis  vir. 

Lego  et  non  intelligo, 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


understand,  is  to  neglect ;  to 
sow  and  not  to  reap,  is  to  lose 
your  labour. 

Not  to  know  what  happened 
before  thou  wert  born,  is  to  be 
•ilways  a  child. 

To  see  is  pleasant,  but  to  dis- 
cover truth  is  more  pleasant  ; 
philosophy,  therefore,  which 
searches  for  truth,  is  a  most 
noble  study. 

To  flee  when  our  country  is 
invaded  is  base  ;  let  us  there- 
fore fight  valiantly  ;  to  die  for 
one's  country  is  sweet  and  glo- 
rious. 

Men  often  pursue  pleasure, 
which  is  a  pernicious  thing  ; 
but  do  thou  seek  after  true 
glory,  which  is  a  commendable 
thing. 

To  know  one's  self  is  the 
first  step  towards  wisdom  ; 
which,  as  it  is  a  very  hard 
thing,  so  it  is  a  very  useful 
thing. 


sum  negligo ;  sero  et  mm 
meto,  sum  per  do  opera. 

Nescio  quid  accido  an- 
tequam  nascor,  sum  semper 
sum  puer. 

Video  sum  jucundus,  sed 
invenio  Veritas  sumjucun- 
dus ;  philosophia,  igitur, 
qui  investigo  Veritas,  sum 
honestus  studium. 

Fugio  cum  patria  noster 
oppugno  sum  turpis ;  pug- 
no  igitur  strenue  ;  morior 
pro  patria  sum  dulcis  et 
decorus. 

Homo  saepe  sector  vo- 
luptas,  qui  sum  pernicio- 
sus ;  sed  tu  quaero  verus 
gloria,  qui  sum  laudabilis. 

Nosco  sui  ipse  sum  pri- 
mus, gradus  ad  sapientia ; 
qui,  ut  sum  difficilis,  ita 
sum  utilis 


If  thy  soul  thirsteth  for  honour,  if  thine  ear  loveth  praise,  raise  thyself  from  the 
dust,  of  which  thou  art  made,  and  aspire  after  something  that  is  great  and  good. 
The  oak,  which  now  spreadeth  its  branches  towards  heaven,  was  onco  but  an 
acorn. 

To  go  to  school  and  not  to  learn,  is  to  trifle  ;  and  to  go  to  church  and  not  to 
hear,  is  to  profane  that  sacred  place  :  but  to  make  advances  in  knowledge  and 
wisdom,  is  an  excellent  thing. 

9.  Two  or  more  substantives  singular,  coupled  together 
with  a  conjunction  [et,  ac,  ataue,  &c.)  have  a  verb,  adiective, 
or  relative  plural. 


Cyrus  and  Alexander^  who 
subdued  Asia,  are  renowned 
anion  £  all  nations. 


Cyrus  et  Alexander,  qui 
domuerunt  Asiam,  sunt 
inclyti  apud  omnes  gen- 
tes. 


Notel.  If  the  singular  substantives  be  nominatives,  and  of  different  persons, 
the  plural  verb  will  agree  with  the  more  worthy  person  ;  that  is,  with  the  first 
person  rather  than  the  second,  and  with  the  second  rather  than  the  third ;  as, 


If  vou  and  Tullia  are  well,  I  and  Cicero  are 
weli 


Si  tu  et  Tullia  valetis,  ego  et  Cicero 
vaUmur 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


33 


Note  2.  If  the  singular  substantives  are  of  different  genders,  and  signify  persons, 
the  adjective  or  relative  plural  will  take  the  more  worthy  gender  ;  that  is,  the 
masculine  rather  than  the  feminine  or  neuter.  But  if  all,  or  any  of  the  singular 
substantives,  signify  things  without  life,  the  adjective  or  relative  plural  is  gene- 
lally  put  in  the  neuter  gender ;  as, 

My  father  and  mother,  who  are  now  dead,  Pater  et  mater,  qui  nunc  sunt  moriui, 
were  very  pious.  erant  valde  pii. 

Riches,  honour,  and  glory,  are  set  before  Divitiae,  decus,  gloria,  in  oculis  sita 
your  eyes.  sunt. 

It  is  uncertain  whether  the  feminine  of  persons  be  more  worthy  than  the  neu- 
ter ;  for  grammarians,  having  no  authority  to  determine  them,  are  not  agreed 
whether  we  ought  to  say,  Lucretia  et  ejus  mancipium  Juerunt  castae  or  casta. 


Note  3.  A  singular  nominative,  with  an  ablative  governed  by  cum,  sometimes 
takes  a  plural  verb  or  adjective  ;  as,  Virg.  Quirinus  cum fratrejura  dabunt.  Hirt. 
B.  Afr.  Juba  cum  Labieno  capti  in potestatem  Casaris  venerunt.  Ilygin.  Cadmus  cum 
uxore  in  dracones  sunt  convcrsi. 


Note  4.  The  conjunction  is  sometimes  suppressed ;  as,  Ter.  Dum  aetas,  rnetus, 
magister,  prohibebant. 

Note  5.  The  verb  or  adjective,  neglecting  this  rule,  often  agrees  with  the  near- 
est nominative  or  substantive  ;  as,  Cic.  Et  ego  et  Cicero  meus  flagitabit.  Plm 
Mare  rubrum  et  totus  orxentis  oceanus  refertus  est  sylvis.  Virg.  Sociis  et  rege  recepto. 
Ibid.  Omnia  tuta  tides,  classem  sociosque  receptos. 


Note  6.  Collectives,  which  are  substantives  signifying  many  in  their  singular 
number,  such  as  multitudo,pars,famiha,  civitas,  gens,  populus,  &c.  take  sometimes 
plural  verbs  or  adjectives  ;  and  the  adjective  frequently,  instead  of  taking  the 
gender  of  the  collective,  takes  that  which  the  sense  directs  to  ;  as,  Caes.  Multi- 
tudo  convencrant.  Sail.  Magna  pars  vulnerati  aut  occisi  sunt.  Id.  Familia,  quo- 
rum, &c. 


Note  7.  The  reason  of  this  rule  is,  because  two  or  more  singulars  are  equiva- 
lent to  a  plural ;  thus,  Ego  et  tu  is  the  same  as  nos  ;  tu  et  ille  the  same  as  vos  , 
Petrus  et  Joannes  the  same  as  illi,  &c. 


In  the  first  battle  Brutus  and 
Aruns  killed  one  another,  yet 
the  Romans  came  off  victori- 
ous. 

Cato  and  Cicero  were  wise 
and  learned  ;  they  loved  their 
country,  and  all  those  that  lov- 
ed and  defended  it. 

Hamilcar,  Annibal,  and  As- 
drubal,  who  carried  on  a  war 
against  the  Romans,  were  very 
skilful  generals. 

Homer,  Virgil,  and  Horace, 
whom  the  ancients  admired, 
are  justly  esteemed  most  ex- 
cellent poets. 

Note  1 .  I  and  you  went  into 
the  garden,  where  vou  and  my 
d  2 


In  primus  pugna  Bru- 
tus et  Aruns  occido  sui  in- 
vicem,  tamen  Romanus  re- 
cedo  victor. 

Cato  et  Cicero  sum  sa- 
piens et  doctus ;  amo  pa- 
tria,  et  omnis  is  qui  amo 
et  defendo  is. 

Hamilcar,  Annibal,  ac 
Asdrubal,  qui  gero  helium 
adversus  Romanus,  sum 
peritus  dux. 

Homerus,  Virgilius,  at- 
que  Horatius,  qui  vetus  ad- 
miror,  merito  existimo  bo- 
nus poeta. 

Ego  et  tu  eo  in  hortus, 
nbi  tu  et  meus  frater  lego 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


brother  read  Terence,  whilst  I 
and  the  servant  were  gather- 
ing flowers. 

Note  2.  The  man  and  the 
woman  whom  I  and  you  saw 
yesterday,  are  dead  to-day,  and 
will  be  buried  to-morrow. 

Honour,  praise,  and  glory 
are  valued  and  sought  after  by 
good  men  ;  but  laws,  faith,  and 
the  gods  themselves  are  tram- 
pled on  by  the  wicked. 

After  the  greatest  jollity  and 
wantonness,  which  a  long  quiet 
had  produced,  all  on  a  sudden, 
consternation  and  sorrow  over- 
spread the  city  ;  but  the  night 
and  the  plunder  retarded  the 
enemy. 


Terentius,  dum  ego  et  fa 
tnulus  carpofios. 

Vir  et  foemina,  qui  ego 
et  tu  video  heri,  sum  mor- 
tuus  hodie,  et  sepelio  eras. 

Honos,  laus,  et  decus 
sum  aestimatus,  et  quae- 
situs  a  bonus  vir  ;  sedjus, 
fides,  et  dcus  ipse  sum  cal- 
catus  ab  improbus. 

Ex  summits  laetitia  at- 
que  lascivia,  qui  diuturnus 
quies  pario,  repente  metus 
atque  moernr  invado  civi- 
tas  ;  sed  nox  et  praeda  re- 
moratus  sum  hostis. 


A  contented  mind  and  a  good  conscience  will  make  a  man  happy  in  all  condi- 
tions, but  distraction  cometh  upon  the  wicked  man  as  a  whirlwind  ;  shame  and 
repentance  descend  with  him  to  the  grave. 

Augustus,  writing  to  Tiberius,  hath  these  words  :  If  we  shall  hear  that  you 
are  sickly,  I  and  your  mother  will  die. 

The  man-servant  and  maid,  who  do  their  duty  carefully,  are  to  be  commended 
and  rewarded. 


RULE  IV. 


10.  Substantives  signifying  the  same  thing  agree  in  case. 

Julius  Cresar,  the  first  Roman  Julius  Casar,  primus  jRo- 
emperor,  was  an  excellent  manus  imperator,  fait 
orator.  eximius  orator. 


Note  1.  This  concord  is  called  opposition,  and  it  is  not  necessary  that  the  sub- 
stantives agree  in  gender,  number,  or  person.  The  construction,  strictly  speak- 
ing, is  elliptical,  and  may  be  supplied  with  the  obsolete  participle  ens,  or  by  qui 
eat,  qui  vocutur,  or  the  like  ;  as,  Anna  so; or,  i.  e.  Anna  ens  soror,  or  quae  est  soror 

NotcV.  When  a  plural  appellative  is  put  in  apposition  with  two  or  more  pro 
per  names  of  different  genders,  the  appellative  must  be  of  the  more  worthy  gen- 
der ;  as,  Liv.  Ad  Ptohmaeum  Cleopatramquc  reges  legati  missi,  not  reginas.  Here 
reges  denotes  both  regem  and  regmam. 

Note  3.  The  latter  substantive  is  sometimes  put  in  the  genitive  ;  as,  Cic.  In  op* 
pido  Antiochiae.    Virg.  Amnis  Eridani. 

Note  4.  A  clause  or  sentence  sometimes  supplies  the  place  of  one  of  thti  sub 
ftantives  ;  as,  Quintc.  Cogiiet  oratorem  institui,  rem  arduam. 


TO  LA.TIN  SYNTAX. 


35 


The  sheep,  innocent  crea- 
tures, are  often  torn  and  de- 
voured by  the  furious  ravenous 
wild  beasts,  the  wolves. 

While  these  things  are  do- 
ing at  the  Hellespont,  Perdic- 
cas  is  slain  at  the  river  Nile 
by  Seleucus  and  Antigonus. 

They  say  that  Marcus  Tul- 
lius  Cicero,  the  orator,  was  a 
very  great  philosopher ;  he 
sent  his  son  Marcus  to  the 
city  Athens  to  attend  Cratip- 
pus,  a  very  famous  teacher, 
and  be  educated  by  him. 

In  the  mean  time  Asdrubal 
and  his  colleague,  who  had 
continued  in  Spain  with  a  great 
army,  are  conquered  by  the  two 
Scipios,  the  Roman  generals. 


Ovis,  innoxius  animal, 
saepe  dilacero  et  devoro  a 
rabidus  rapaxfera,  lupus. 

Dum  hie  gero  apud  Hel- 
lespontus,  Perdiccas  inter- 
jicio  apud  jlumen  Nilus  a 
Seleucus  et  Antigonus. 

Aio  Marcus  Tullius  Ci- 
cero, orator,  sum  magnus 
philosophus ;  mitto  films 
Marcus  ad  urbs  Athenae, 
ut  audio  Cratippus,  cele- 
ber  doctor,  et  instituo  ab 
is. 

Interea  Asdrubal  et  col- 
lega,  qui  remaneo  in  His- 
pania  cum  magnus  exerci- 
tus,  vinco  a  duo  Scipio, 
Romanus  dux. 


Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  the  only  Saviour,  came  into  the  world,  that  he  might  re- 
deem sinners  from  sin,  death,  and  destruction,  and  that  they  who  should  believe 
in  his  name,  might  not  perish,  but  have  eternal  life. 

Demosthenes,  the  orator,  that  he  might  rouse  his  fellow-citizens,  the  Atheni- 
ans, to  war  against  Alexander,  brought  a  man  into  the  assembly,  who  affirmed, 
that  he  had  boen  wounded  in  a  battle,  in  which  Philip  the  king  was  slain 


APPENDIX. 


To  these  four  concords  some  add  a  fifth,  viz.  that  of  the  responsive  with  the  in 
terrogative  in  case  ;  as,  Quis  gubernat  mundum  ?  Deus.  Cujus  es  J  Amphitryonis. 
Cut  dedisti  librum  ?  Pctro.  Quid  meritus  es  ?  Crucem.  Quo  cares  ?  Libro.  But 
this,  strictly  speaking,  is  no  concord  ;  for  the  responsive  does  not  depend  upon 
the  interrogative,  but  upon  the  verb,  or  some  word  joined  with  it,  which  is  gene- 
rally suppressed  in  the  answer,  and  may  be  supplied  thus  :  Quis  gubernat  mun- 
dum? Deus  gubernat  mundum.  Cujus  es?  Sum  servus  Amphitryonis.  Cui  dedisti 
librum?  Dedi  hbrum  Petro,  &c.  And  if  the  word,  on  which  the  answer  depends, 
require  a  different  construction,  this  concord  does  not  take  place ;  as,  Quanti 
tmptae  ?  Octussibus.  Cujus  est  liber  ?  Meus.  Cuja  interest  Deo  parere  ?  Omnium 
hominum,  <fcc. 


//.  OF  GOVERNMENT. 

Government  is  three-fold. 

1.  Of  nouns. 

2.  Of  verbs. 

3.  Of  words  indeclinable. 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


I.    The  Government  of  Nouns. 
§  1 .  Of  Substantives 
RULE  I. 

11.  One  substantive  governs  another  signifying  a  differ- 
ent thing  in  the  genitive. 

Virtue  removes  the   fear  of    Virtus  tollit  terror  em  mor- 

death.  tis. 
Nature's  laws  cannot  be  chang-    Naturae  leges  non  possunt 

ed.  mulari. 
The  souls  of  men  are  immor-    Animi  hominum  sunt  im- 

tal,  but  their  bodies  return        mortales,    sed  corpora 

to  dust.  eorum  in  pulverem  re- 

deunt. 

Note  1.  The  Latin  noun  to  be  put  in  the  genitive,  is  that  which  answers  to 
the  English  word  following  the  particle  of,  or  to  the  word  ending  in 's. 

Note  2.  The  pronouns  hujus,  ejus,  illius,  cujus,  &c.  englished  his,  her,  its, 
their,  thereof,  whereof,  whose,  have  their  substantive  generally  suppressed ;  as, 
Liber  ejus,  [sc.  hominis,  &c]  his  book,  or  her  book  ;  Libri  eorum,  [sc.  hominum,  <fcc] 
their  books. 

Note  3.  These  following  adjectives,  primus,  medius,  ultimus,  eztremus,  infimus, 
imus,  summus,  supremus,  reliquus,  caetera,  generally  denote  pars  prima,  media,  ul- 
tima, &c.  of  the  substantive  with  which  they  are  joined.  Thus  prima  fabula,  is 
the  same  as  prima  pars  fabulae,  and  does  not  signify  the  first  fable,  but  the  first 
part  of  the  fable.  And  summa  arbor,  the  same  as  summa  pars  arboris,  does  not 
signify  the  highest  tree,  but  the  top  or  highest  part  of  the  tree.  In  like  man- 
ner are  to  be  understood  media  nox,  ultima  platea,  ima  cera,  supremus  mom, 
reliqua  JEgyptus,  cactrra  turba,  &c. 

ANNOTATIONS. 

*  12.  If  the  last  substantive  have  an  adjective  of  praise 
or  dispraise  joined  with  it,  it  may  be  put  in  the  genitive  or 
ablative. 

Thy  brother  is  a  boy  of  a  fine  Frater  tuns  est  pucr  pro- 
disposition,  of  the  strictest  bae  indolis,  summae  vir- 
virtue,  of  a  graceful  mien,  tutis,  honesta  facie,  et 
and  handsome  person.  figwra  venusta. 

Note  1.  The  first  substantive  is  often  suppressed  ;  as,  Hor.  Di  me  pusillifinxe 
runt  animi;  sup.  virum.    Sail.  Vulgus  est  ingenio  mobili ;  sup.  populus. 

Note  2.  The  latter  substantive  must  signify  some  part  or  property  of  the  first 
otherwise  it  does  not  belong  to  this  rule.  Hence  from  this  rule  are  excluded 
Virg.  Pulchra  prole  parent  em.  Hor.  Rex  gelidae  orae.  Juv.  Gallinae  filius  albae. 
Pater  optimorum  libe.rorum.  And  the  like,  where  the  latter  substantive  signifies 
neither  any  part,  nor  any  p/operty  of  the  first. 

Note  3.  The  adjective  is  sometimes  joined  with  the  first  substantive,  and  then 
the  latter  substantive  is  put  in  the  ablative  ;  as,  Cic.  Hortensius  excellens  inge- 
uto,  nobilitate,  cxi  stimatione .  Id.  Vir  gravitate  et  prudentia  praestans.  Sail.  An- 
tonius  pedibus  aeger.    And  by  the  poets  sometimes  in  the  accusative  ;  as,  Virg. 


TO   LATIN  SYNTAX. 


37 


Os  humerosque  Deo  similis.  Ilor.  Nec  Mauris  animum  mitior  anguibus.  Stat.  Heroa 
accurrit  vultuvi  dejectus.  Ilor.  Miles  fractus  membra.  Luc.  J n  vultus  cffusa  comas 
Cornelia.  To  which  we  may  understand  the  preposition  secundum  or  quod  ad; 
thus,  Similis  Deo,  secundum  vel  quod  ad  os  humerosque.  Mitior,  secundum  vet 
quod  ad  animum.  Dejectus,  secundum  vel  quod  ad  vultum.  Fractusy  secundum 
vel  quod  ad  membra.    Ejfusa,  secundum  vel  quod  ad  comas. 

Note  4.  In  like  manner,  neuter  and  passive  verbs  are  construed  with  the  abla- 
tive ;  as,  Ilor.  Et  corde  et  genibus  trcmit,  Liv.  Laevo  brachio  vulneratur.  And 
by  the  poets  with  the  accusative  ;  as,  Hor.  Tremis  ossa  pavore.  Sil.  Truncatur 
membra  bipenni.  Virg.  Expleri  mentem  nequit ;  i.e.  tremis,  secundum  vel  quod 
ad  ossa  pavore  ;  truncatur,  secundum  vel  quod  ad  membra  bipenni,  &c. 

Note  5.  When  the  latter  substantive  is  put  in  the  ablative,  some  preposition, 
luch  as  cum,  de,  ex,  in,  a,  ab,  with  ens,  existens,  natus,  praeditus,  affectus,  or  the  like, 
is  understood  ;  as,  Homo  antiqua  virtute ;  i.  e.  ens  cum  antiqua  virtute.  Vir  claris 
uatalibus  ;  natus  seuortus  develex.    Homoinfirma  valetudine  ;  i.  e.  affectus  ab,  &c. 

*  13.  An  adjective  in  the  neuter  gender  without  a  substan- 
tive, governs  the  genitive. 

The  soldiers  seem  to  move  this    Milites  hue  tenderc  viden- 
way,  a  great  deal  of  silver       tur,  plurimum  argcnti 
glitters  on  their  arms,  what       f^Igct  in   armis,  quid 
is  the  meaning  1  what  is  the       causae  ?  quid  rei  est  ? 
matter  ? 

Note  1.  These  adjectives  are  generally  such  as  signify  quantity ;  as,  multumy 
plus,  plurimum,  tantum,  quantum,  minus,  minimum;  also  id,  quid,  hoc,  aliquid, 
fuidquam  ;  to  which  may  be  added,  summum,  extremum,  ultimum,  dimidium,  medium  ; 
as,  summummontis,  extremo  anni,  ultimum  periculi,  dimidium  animae,  medium  noctis. 
To  these  may  likewise  be  added  a  great  many  plural  neuters  ;  such  as,  Virg.  An- 
gusta  viarum,  opaca  locorum,  telluris  operta.  Hor.  Amara  curarum,  cuncta  terra- 
rvm,  acuta  belli.  Liv.  Incerta  fortunae,  antiqua  foederum,  extrema  penculorum. 
Tac.  Occulta  saltuum,  inania  famae,  amocna  Asiae.  Just.  Profunda  camporum, 
praerupta,  collium,  ardua  montium,  tfce.  And  sometimes  other  singular  neuters  ; 
as,  Tac.  Lubricum  juventae.    Virg.  Sub  obscurum  noctis.    Ex  diverse  coeli,  &c. 

Note  2.  The  substantive  understood  to  these  neuter  adjectives  is  negotium, 
tempus,  locum  [whence  loca],  spatium,  or  the  like  ;  as,  Tantum  telluris;  sup.  spa- 
tium.    Hoc  noctis  ;  sup.  tempore,  or  ad  tempus,  &c. 

Note  3.  Plus  and  quid  always  govern  the  genitive  ;  and,  on  that  account,  are 
esteemed  by  many  real  substances. 

Note  4.  Opus  and  usus  govern  the  ablative,  and  sometimes  the  genitive,  of  the 
thing  wanted,  together  with  the  dative  of  the  person,  who  wants,  expressed  or 
understood;  as,  Cic.  Auctoritate  tua  nobis  opus  est.  Virg.  Nunc  viribus  usus; 
sup.  est  vobis.  Quinct.  Lectionis  opus  est.  Liv.  Si  quo  usus  cperae  sit. 
Opus  elegantly  governs  a  participle  in  the  ablative  .  and  that  either  with  a  sub- 
stantive ;  as,  Plant.  Celeriter  mihi  hoc  homine  convenio  est  opus.  Or  without  a 
substantive  ;  as,  Liv.  Maturato  opus  est.  Opus  is  likewise  sometimes  joined,  by 
way  of  adjective,  with  a  substantive  ;  as,  Cic.  Dux  nobis  et  auctor  opus  est.  Id. 
Dices  nummos  mihi  opus  esse.  And  in  Plautus  we  find  usus  governing  a  participle 
in  the  ablative,  in  the  same  manner  as  opus;  Eacch.  Quid  usus  est  conscriptis 
ap  hunc  modum  tubulis  1  Amph.  Citius,  quod  non  facto  est  usus, fit,  quam  quod  facto 
est  opus.  And  there  is  at  least  one  example  of  its  being  joined  by  way  of  adjec- 
tive to  a  substantive  ,  Plaut.  Rud.  Hocneque  isti  usus  est ;  etilli  miscrae  suppetias 
feret. 

1 1 .  The  power  of  honesty  Vis  honestas  sum  tan- 
is  so  great,  that  we  love  it  even  tus,  ut  diligo  is  etiam  in 
in  an  enemy.  hostis. 


38 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


Marcellus  engaged  with  a 
small  body  of  horse,  and  slew 
Viridomarus  king  of  the  Gauls. 

Lampedo,  the  Lacedemo- 
nian, is  said  to  have  been  the 
only  woman  in  any  age,  who 
was  a  king's  daughter,  a  king's 
wife,  and  a  king's  mother. 

God,  who  knoweth  man's 
b^art,  will  punish  the  wicked 
who  transgress  his  commands. 

They  are  not  rich,  whose 
money  is  increased,  or  whose 
flecks  are  many  ;  but  he  is  rich, 
whose  mind  is  quiet  and  con- 
tent. 

A  kindness  does  not  consist 
in  that  which  is  done  or  given, 
but  in  the  intention  of  the  doer 
or  giver. 

My  father  and  mother  were 
very  pious,  I  will  implore  the 
divine  assistance,  and  will  fol- 
low their  good  example. 

12.  Numerianus,  Cams' 
son,  a  young  man  of  an  extra- 
ordinary genius,  was  taken  off 
by  a  plot  among  the  Persians. 

Olympias  confessed,  that  she 
had  conceived  Alexander,  not 
by  her  husband  Philip,  but  by  a 
serpent  of  a  huge  bigness. 

Tiberius,  the  Roman  empe- 
ror, was  a  man  of  a  large  and 
strong  body,  of  a  fair  complex- 
ion, and  a  graceful  aspect. 

Catiline  was  a  man  of  great 
vigour  both  of  mind  and  body, 
but  of  a  wicked  and  perverse 
disposition. 

12.  After  the  battle,  much 
gold  and  other  riches  were 


Marcellus  dimico  cum 
parvus  manus  eques,  el 
occido  Viridomarus  rex 
Gallus. 

Lampedo,  Lacedaemo 
nius,  dico  sum  unicus  foe- 
mina  in  omnis  aevum,  qui 
sum  rex  filia,  rex  uxor,  et 
rex  mater. 

Dcus,  qui  nosco  homo 
cor,  punio  scelestus  qui  vi- 
olo  is  praeceptum. 

Ille  non  sum  dives,  qui 
pecunia  augeo,  aut  qui 
grex  sum  multus  ;  sed  ille 
sum  dives,  qui  animus  sum 
quietus  et  tranquillus. 

Beneficium  non  consisto 
in  is  qui  fio  aut  do,  sed  in 
animus  faciens  aut  dans. 

Meus  pater  et  mater 
sum  valde  pius,  imploro 
divinus  opts,  et  sequor  is 
bonus  exemplum. 

Numerianus,  Carus  fili- 
us,  adolescens  egregius  in- 
doles, occido  per  insidiae 
apud  Persae. 

Olympias  confteor,  sui 
concipio  Alexander,  non  ex 
vir  suus  Philippus,  sed  ex 
serpens  ingens  magnitudo. 

Tiberius,  Romanus  im- 
perator,  sum  vir  amplus 
et  robustus  6  corpus,  can- 
didus  6  color,  et  honestus 
6  fades. 

Catilina  sum  vir  mag- 
nus  6  ins  et  animus  et  cor- 
pus,  sed  malus  pravusque 
6  ingenium. 

Post  praelium,  multum 
aurum  et  alius  opes  in- 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


39 


found  in  the  camp  of  the  Per- 
sians. 

As  much  money  as  any  one 
has  in  his  chest,  so  much  cre- 
dit has  he  ;  and  he  that  has 
little  money,  ha  likewise  lit- 
tle credit. 

The  victory  is  glorious,  in 
which  there  is  more  [of]  cle- 
mency than  cruelty  ;  for  cru- 
elty always  occasions  a  great 
deal  of  mischief. 

Cicero  was  a  man  of  a  mild 
disposition,  and  polite  elo- 
quence ;  he  had  less  courage 
than  Julius  Caesar,  but  he  had 
more  honesty. 

What  news  is  there  in  the 
city  about  Nero  ?  a  little  be- 
fore his  death  he  leaned  down 
upon  a  bed,  and  drank  some 
warm  water. 

After  I  had  gone  away  from 
you,  I  wrote  this  little  epistle, 
and  I  took  care  to  avoid  the 
words  that  might  occasion  any 
obscurity. 

Note  4.  They  have  not  so 
much  need  of  precept  as  ex- 
ample ;  the  boys  are  now  ar- 
rived at  that  age,  that  they 
ought  to  behave  wisely  ;  what 
need  is  there  of  words  ? 

Now  there  will  be  need  of 
your  assistance  ;  for  in  a  capi- 
tal affair  a  judge  ought  to  act 
cautiously,  and  there  is  need 
of  great  evidence. 

%  The  giants,  who  assaulted 
heaven,  were  buried  under 
vast  mountains  ;  they  endea- 


venio  in  castra  Persae. 

Quantum  nummus  quis- 
que  servo  in  area  suus, 
tantum  fides  habeo ;  et 
qui  habeo  paululum  pe- 
cuniae habeo  etiam  pau- 
lulum fides. 

Victoria  sum  praecla- 
rus,  in  qui  plus  dementia 
sum  quam  crudelitas ;  nam 
crudelitas  semper  facio 
plurimum  malum. 

Cicero  sum  vir  mitis  6 
ingenium,  et  comptus  6 
facundia ;  habeo  minus 
fortitudo  quam  Julius  C&- 
sar,  sed  habeo  plus  probi- 
tas. 

Ecquid  novum  sum  in 
civitas  de  Nero  ?  sub  mors 
decumbo  super  lectus,  et 
bibo  aliquantum  tepidus 
aqua. 

Postquam  discedo  a  tu, 
exaro  hie  literulae,  et  eu- 
ro vito  verbum  qui  pos- 
sum offer o  aliquid  obscu- 
ritas. 

Non  tarn  ille  opus  sum 
imperium  quam  exem- 
plum  ;  puer  jam  pervenio 
ad  id  aetas,  ut  debeo  ago 
prudenter ;  quid  opus  sum 
verbum  ? 

Nunc  usus  sum  tuus 
opera ;  nam  in  res  capi 
talis  judex  debeo  ago  caute, 
et  opus  sum  magnus  docu 
mentum. 

Gigas,  qui  oppugno  coe- 
lum,  sepelio  sub  ingens 
mons ;  conor  surgo  sub- 


40 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


vour  to  rise  now  and  then, 
which  causes  the  earthquake, 
as  old  poets  affirm. 

Pompey  triumphed  on  ac- 
count of  the  Mithridatic  war :  no 
pomp  of  a  triumph  was  ever  like 
it :  the  son  of  Mithridates,  the 
son  of  Tigranes,  and  Aristobu- 
lus  king  of  the  Jews,  were  led 
before  his  chariot. 

The  Athenians,  that  they 
might  not  be  reduced  to  their 
former  condition  of  slavery, 
draw  together  an  army,  and 
order  it  to  be  led  by  Iphicrates. 
The  conduct  of  this  youth  was 
wonderful ;  nor  had  the  Athe- 
nians ever  before  him,  among 
so  many  and  so  great  generals, 
a  commander  either  of  greater 
hopes,  or  of  a  riper  genius. 

After  they  had  pitched  their 
camp,  they  receive  an  account 
of  an  old  story,  that  Cyrene,  a 
lady  of  excellent  beauty,  car- 
ried away  by  Apollo  from  Pe- 
lion,  a  mountain  in  Thessaly, 
had  been  got  with  child  by  the 
god,  and  had  brought  forth  four 
boys  ;  and  that  Aristaeus,  one 
of  them,  had  first  taught  the 
use  of  bees  and  honey,  and  of 
milk  for  curds. 

Courage  was  the  cause  of 
the  victory  ;  wherefore  such 
was  the  slaughter  of  the  enemy, 
that  the  victorious  Romans  did 
not  drink  more  water  than 
blood  of  the  barbarians  out  of 
the  bloody  river. 

At  last  Corinth,  the  head  of 
Achaia,  the  glory  of  Greece, 
being  deserted  by  the  inhabit- 


inde,  qui  officio  terra  mo- 
tus,  ut  vetus  poet  a  ajjirmo. 

Pompeius  triumpho  de 
Mitltridaticus  helium :  nul- 
lus  pompa  triumphus  un- 
quam  sum  sirnilis  :  jilius 
Mithridates,  Jilius  Ti- 
granes, et  Aristobulus  rex 
Judaeus,  ductus  sum  ante 
is  currus. 

Atheniensis,  ne  rcdigo 
in  pristinus  sors  servitus, 
contraho  exerciius,  jubeo- 
que  is  duco  per  Iphicrates. 
Virtus  die  adolescens  sum 
admirabilis ;  nec  Athenien- 
sis  habeo  unquam  ante  is, 
inter  tot  tantusquc  dux, 
imperator  autmagnus  spes, 
aut  naturus  indoles. 

Cum  pono  castra,  acci- 
pio  opinio  vetus  fabula, 
Cyrene,  virgo  cximius  pul- 
chritudo,  raptus  ab  Apollo 
a  Pelion,  mons  Thessalia, 
rcpleo  a  deus,  et  pario  qua- 
tuor  puer ;  et  Aristaeus, 
unus  ex  hie,  primus  trado 
usus  apis  et  mel,  et  lac  ad 
coagulum. 

Virtus  sum  causa  victo- 
ria ;  itaque  is  sum  caedes 
hostis,  ut  victor  Romanus 
non  bibo  plus  aqua  quam 
sanguis  barbarus  de  cruen- 
tus  Jlumcn. 

Tandem  Corinthus,  ca- 
put Achaia,  decus  Grae- 
cia,   desertus   ab  incola 


TO   LATIN  SYNTAX. 


41 


ants,  was  first  plundered,  and 
then  destroyed  ;  but  what  sta- 
tues, what  clothes,  and  what 
pictures,  were  seized,  burnt, 
and  thrown  about ! 

When  the  old  men  perceived 
the  approach*  of  the  enemy, 
they  met  them  in  the  very  en- 
trance of  the  gates  :  and  a  hun- 
dred men  of  an  age  quite  worn 
out,  fought  against  fifteen  thou- 
sand :  so  much  courage  and 
strength  does  the  sight  of  one's 
country  and  home  inspire. 

The  first  inhabitants  of  Italy 
were  the  Aborigines,  whose 
king,  Saturn,  is  said  to  have 
been  a  man  of  so  much  justice, 
that  neither  was  any  one  a 
slave  under  him,  nor  had  any 
[thing  of]  private  property,  but 
all  things  were  common  and 
undivided. 

Numantia,the  glory  of  Spain, 
a  town  without  walls,  without 
towers,  held  out  against  an  ar- 
my of  forty  thousand,  for  four- 
teen years  ;  nor  did  it  hold  out 
only,  but  often  mauled  them ; 
and  before  it  could  be  taken, 
there  was  occasion  for  him 
who  had  destroyed  Carthage. 


primum  sum  direptus, 
deinde  deletus ;  sed  quid 
signum,  quid  vestis,  quid- 
que  tabula  raptus,  incen- 
sus,  atque  projectus  sum  / 
Cum  senex  praesentio 
adventus  hostis,  occurro  in 
ipse  angustiae  porta;  et 
centum  vir  cffoetus  aetas 
pugno,  adversus  quindecim 
mille  :  tantum  animus  «t- 
resque  conspectus  patria 
penatesqae  subministro. 

Primus  cultor  Italia 
sum  Aborigines,  qui  rex 
Saturnus  trado  sum  tantus 
justitia,  ut  neque  quisquam 
servio  sub  ille,  neque  ha- 
beo  quicquam  privatus  res, 
sed  omnis  sum  communis 
et  indivisus. 

Numantia,  decus  His- 
pania,  oppidum  sine  mu~ 
rits,  sine  turris,  sustineo 
exercitus  quadraginta  mil- 
le, per  quatuordecim  an- 
nus ;  nec  sustineo  modo, 
sed  saepius  percello ;  et 
priusquam  capio  possum, 
opus  sum  is  qui  everto 
Carthago. 

There  is  but  one  God,  the  author,  the  creator,  the  governor  of  the  world ,  al- 
mighty, eternal,  and  unchangeable.  Wonderful  he  is  in  all  his  ways .  his  coun- 
sels are  unsearchable,  his  goodness  is  conspicuous  in  all  his  works  :  he  is  the 
fountain  of  excellence,  the  centre  of  perfection :  the  creatures  of  his  hand  declare 
his  goodness,  all  their  enjoyments  speak  his  praise. 

Thales  was  reckoned  amongst  the  wise  men,  because  he  was  believed  to  bo 
the  first  that  brought  geometry  into  Greece.  He  first  observed  the  motions  of  the 
sun  and  stars,  the  origin  of  winds,  and  the  nature  of  thunder.  Being  asked  what 
he  thought  the  most  difficult  thing  in  the  world  1  he  answered,  To  know  one's  self. 

Sir  William  Wallace  was  a  man  of  an  ancient  family,  but  of  a  small  fortune. 
He  performed  many  glorious  exploits  in  the  war  against  the  English.  Many, 
whom  the  love  of  their  country  had  called  together,  flocked  to  Wallace  from 
all  parts.  He  quickly  took  the  castles  which  the  English  possessed  beyond  the 
Forth.  The  Forth  is  a  river  and  arm  of  the  sea,  which  divides  Lothian  from 
Fife.  The  mouth  of  the  Forth  is  called  the  Scottish  sea.  He  led  his  army  into 
England,  where  he  found  much  gold  and  silver  amons  the  spoils  of  his  enemies. 
What  need  had  be  of  more  * 


42 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


§  2.  Of  Adjectives. 
RULE  I. 

*  14.  Verbal  adjectives,  and  such  as  signify  an  affec- 
tion of  the  mind,  require  the  genitive. 

This  man  is  capable  of  friend-  Hie  vir  est  capax  amici- 
ship,  a  lover  of  his  country,  tiae,  amans  patriae,  cu- 
fond  of  learning,  skilled  in  pidus  literarum,  peritus 
war,  not  ignorant  of  religion,  belli,  haud  ignarus  reli- 
and  privy  to  all  my  designs.  gionis,  et  conscius,  om- 
nium meorum  consilio- 
rum. 

To  this  rule  belong, 

t  VERBALS  in  AX,  and  PARTICIPIALS  in  NS  ;  as, 
capax,  edax,  fugax,  pertinax,  pervicax,  rapax,  sagax,  sper- 
nax,  tenax,  vorax,  &c.  amans,  appetens,  cupiens,  experiens, 
intelligens,  i?isolens,  negligens,  diligens,  metuens,  observans, 
patiens,  impatiens,  retinens,  reverentior,  sciens,  servantissi- 
mus,timens,  tolerans,  fugiens,  sitiens,  &c. 

II.  ADJECTIVES  signifying  an  affection  of  the  mind  ; 
such  as, 

1.  DESIRE  and  DISDAIN  ;  as,  cupidus,  avarus,  avi- 
dus,  stvdiosus,  curiosus,  aemulus,  fastidiosus,  incuriosus, 
profusus,  &c. 

2.  KNOWLEDGE;  as,  peritus,  gnarus,  prudens,  cal- 
lidus,  providus,  doctus,  docilis,  praescius,  praesagus,  certus, 
certior,  memor,  expertus,  consullus,  assuetus,  &c. 

3.  IGNORANCE  ;  as,  ignarus,  rudis,  imperitus,  impru- 
dens,  improvidus,  nescius,  inscius,  incertus,  dubius,  anxius, 
solicitus,  immemor,  ambiguus,  suspensus,  indoctus,  inexper- 
tus,  formidolosus,  pavidus,  timidus,  trepidus ;  also,  insuetus, 
insolitus,  securus,  intrepidus,  interrilus,  impavidus,  &c. 

4.  GUILT  ;  as,  conscius,  convictus,  manifestus,  suspec- 
tus,  reus,  noxius,  compertus ;  also,  innoxius,  innocens,  insons9 
&c. 

Note  1.  Verbals  or  verbal  adjectives  are  adjective  nouns  derived  from  verbs  ; 
as,  capax  from  capio,  edax  from  edo,  &c.  Participials  are  participles  turned  into 
adjective  nouns  ;  such  as,  patiens,  impatiens ;  doctus,  indoctus;  expertus%  incx- 
pertus,  Ac.  Here  observe  that  the  participial  and  participle,  though  the  word  b« 
often  the  same,  differ  in  signification,  as  well  as  in  point  of  construction  ;  the 
participle  signifies  a  single  act  at  a  certain  time  ;  but  the  participial,  without  re- 
gard to  any  particular  time,  denotes  a  habit.  Thus,  patiens  frigus  signifies  a  per- 
son just  now  exposed  to  the  cold,  however  unfit  he  may  be  to  bear  it ;  but  patiens 
frigoris  denotes  one  whom  nature  or  custom  has  enabled  or  fitted  to  bear  cold 
with  ease.    Again,  doctus  grammaticam  signifies  a  person  who  some  time  ago  has 


TO   LATIN  SYNTAX. 


43 


been  taught  grammar,  though  perhaps,  he  never  understood  it,  or  has  now  foigot 
it  ;  but  doctus  grammatical  denotes  one  who  by  long  study  has  attained  a  tho- 
rough knowledge  in  grammar,  or  is  become  a  connoisseur  in  it.  Again,  partici- 
pials  admit  the  degrees  of  comparison,  which  participles  do  not ;  thus,  amans, 
amantior,amantissimus  ;  doctus,  doctior,  doctissimus. 

Note  2.  To  this  rule  may  be  referred  a  great  variety  of  other  adjectives,  the  more 
common  of  which  occur  in  the  following  phrases :  'Abjectior  animi,  abstemius  vini, 

*  acer  mihtiae,  illustrium  domuum  adversa,  aeger  animi,  aequales  aevi,  aequus 
'  absentmm,  illarum  rerum  affines,  alienum  dignitatis,  alternus  animae,  amens 

*  animi,  anhelus  laboris,  ardens  animi,  atrox  odii,  audax  ingenii,  aversus  animi,  bi- 
4  bulus  Falerni,  blandus  precum,  caecus  animi,  captus  animi,  catus  legum,  com- 
4  rnune  omnium,  confidens  animi,  confirmatus  animi,  confusus  animi,  conterminus 
'  jugi,  contrariavirtutum,  credulus  adversi,  degener  virtutis,  devius  aequi,  diser- 
4  tus  leporum,  dispar  sortis,  dissimilis  tui,  di  versus  morum,  divina  avis  imbrium,  du- 
'  rus  oris,  effusissimus  munificentiae,  egregius  animi,enunciativus  corporum,  erec- 
'  tus  animi,  exactus  morum,  exiguus  animi,  eximius  animi,  exosa  vitae,  externat us 
4  animi,  facilis  frugum,  fallax  amicitiae,  falsus  animi,  felix  cerebri,  ferox  animi, 

*  fervidus  ingenii,  fessus  rerum,  festinus  voti,  fidens  animi,  fidissima  tui,  finitimus 

*  fluvii,  fiavus  comarum,  fioridior  aevi,  fiuxi  vestium,  fortunatus  laborum,  frustra- 
4  tus  decoris,  fugitivus  patriae,  furens  animi,  gaudens  alt),  iilex  animi,  impiger 
*militiae,  improba  connubii,  incautus  futuri,  inconsuetus  mensae,  indecora  for 

4  mae,  indocilis  pacis,  infelix  culpae,  ingens  animi,  inglorius  militiae,  ingratus  sa 
4  lutis,  insanus,  animi,  insolens  infamiae,  integer  animi,  invictus  laboris,  lapsus  ani- 
4  mi,  lassus  maris,  lentus  coepti,  levis  opum,  madidus  roris,  maturus  laudujp,  maxi- 
4  mus  aevi,  medius  coeli,  miser  animi,  moderatus  irae,  mutabile  mentis,  mutatus 
4  animi,  nobilis  fandi,  notus  fugarum,  obnoxius  timoris,  occultus  odii,  optimus 
4  militiae,  oriundus  cuj us  patriae,  ornatus  fidei,  otiosi  studiorurn,  pares  aetatis, 
*perfida  pacti,  periclitabundus  sui,  perinfames  maleficae  disciplinae,  piger  pericli, 
4  praeclarus  fidei,  praeceps  animi,  praecipuus  virtutis,  praestans  belli,  pravus  fa- 
4  voris,  primus  luendae  poenae,  properus  occasionis,  propriae  Deorum  voluptates, 
'procax  otii,  profugus  regni,  promptus  belli,  pulcherrimus  irae,  recreatus  animi, 
4  rectus  judicii,  resides  bellorum,  sanus  mentis,  saucius  famae,  scitus  vadorum, 
4  secors  rerum,  secreta  teporis,  segnis  occasionum,  seri  studiorurn,  sicci  sangui- 
nis enses,  significativus  belli  cometes,  similis  tui,  sinister  fidei,  solers  lyrae, 
4  spernendus  morum,  spreta  vigoris,  stabilis  sui  orbis,  strenuus  militiae,  stupens 

*  animi,  summus  severitatis,  superior  sui,  superstes  bellorum,  surdus  veritatis, 
4tantus  animi,  tardus  fugae,  tenella  animi,  territus  animi,  turbatus  animi,  turbi- 
4dus  animi,  vafer  juris,  vagus  animi,  validus  opum,  vanus  veri,  vecors  animi, 
4  venerandus  sceptri,  versus  anirni,  versutus  ingenii,  vetus  regnandi,  victus  animi, 
4  vigil  armenti,  viridissimus  irae,  unius  rerum.' 

Note  3.  Of  the  adjectives  belonging  to  this  rule,  aemulus,  certus,  incertus,  dubius, 
ambiguus,  conscius,  manifestus,  suspectus,  noxius,  compertus,  instead  of  the  geni- 
tive, take  frequently  the  dative,  but  generally  in  a  different  sense,  as  will  be 
taught  in  No.  16.  Several  also  of  the  adjectives  in  note  2,  such  as,  adversus,  aequa 
lis,  ajfinis,  alicnus,  blandus,  communis,  conterminus,  contrarius,  credulus,  dispar,  dis 
similis,  fidus, finitimus,  par,proprius,  similis,  superstes,  and  some  others,  take  often 
er  the  dative  than  the  genitive,  as  will  likewise  be  taught  in  No.  16.  Andswpe 
rior,  captus,  oriundus,  gaudens,  take  commonly  the  ablative,  as  taught  in  No.  19. 
20.52. 

Note  4.  Many  of  the  adjectives  belonging  to  this  rule.,  admit  of  other  construc- 
tions ;  as,  Cic.  De  alieno  negligcns.  Id.  Avidus  in  pecuniis.  Id.  Certior  factus 
de  re.  Liv.  Securus  debello.  Cic.  Nulla  in  re  rudis .  Id.  Doctus  Latinis  Uteris. 
Plin.  Suspecia  incestu.  Cic.  Reus  de  vi.  Reus  magnis  criminibus.  Colum.  In- 
noxius  ab  injuria.  Many  also  of  those  enumerated  in  note  2.  either  take  the  ab- 
lative, or  admit  of  some  other  construction  ;  as,  Ovid.  Felix  morte  sua.  Cic.  Fe- 
rox natura.  Id.  Praestans  ingenio  ef  doctrina.  Tac.  Devius  consiliis.  Ovid.  Fu- 
gitivus a  domino.  Cic.  Profvgi  ab  Thcbis.  Tac.  Degener  ad pp.ricula.  And  alie- 
nus  has  very  frequently  the  ablative,  with  a  or  ab ;  as,  Ter.  Homo  sum:  humani 
nihil  a  me  alienum  puto. 

Note  5.  The  genitive,  according  to  Grammarians,  is  not  governed  by  these 
adjectives,  but  by  in  re,  in  nogotio,  in  causa,  or  the  like,  understood  ;  except  in 
cases  where  the  adjective  is  used  substantively. 

L  Blasius  was  a  man  capable  Blasius  sum  vir  capax 

of  profound  thought,  firm  in  his  alius  mens,  tenax  proposi- 

resolution,  despising  death  and  turn,  spernax  mors,  et  fu- 

avoiding  ambition  ;  he  was  a  gax  ambitio ;  sum  sagax 

quick  discerner  of  things,  and  res,  it  pertinax  rectum ; 


44 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


a  stickler  for  what  was  right ; 
but  he  was  obstinate  in  wrath, 
and  a  devourer  of  much  meat. 

The  Emperor's  freed  man 
was  a  man  able  to  endure  cold, 
and  capable  of  bearing  want ; 
but  he  was  afraid  of  the  lash, 
and  unacquaint  with  war :  he 
was  skilled  in  music,  fond  of 
pleasure,  and  a  lover  of  wine  : 
nay,  he  was  greedy  of  praise, 
covetous  of  applause,  but  equal- 
ly neglectful  of  friends  and  ene- 
mies. He  was,  however,  most 
observant  of  justice,  and  nobo- 
dy was  more  revereful  of  the 
gods. 

II.  1.  The  man,  whom  I 
mentioned  above,  was  of  a  fickle 
temper  ;  at  first  he  was  desi- 
rous of  war,  greedy  of  military 
glory,  and  weary  of  learning  ; 
but  after  Carthage,  that  vied 
with  the  city  of  Rome  for  so 
many  years,  was  destroyed,  he 
was  fond  of  peace,  addicted  to 
eloquence,  and  much  taken  up 
with  physic. 

2.  Our  general  is  skilled  in 
many  things,  being  expert  at 
arms,  well  seen  in  the  art  mili- 
tary, versed  in  war,  foreseeing 
what  is  to  come,  aware  of 
things  future,  well  assured  of 
what  will  happen,  but  undaunt- 
ed at  danger,  and  not  afraid  of 
death  :  his  son  is  well  acquaint 
with  learning,  but  apt  to  learn 
vice  ;  he  is  skilled  in  the  law, 
versed  in  country  affairs,  and 
mindful  of  a  good  turn. 

3.  This  man  is  void  of  learn- 
ing, ignorant  of  philosophy,  un- 
skilled at  arms, unacquaint  with 


sed  sum  pervicax  ira>  et 
edax  multus  cibus. 

Imperator  libertus  sum 
homo  patiens  algor,  et 
tolerans penuria ;  sed  sum  * 
metuens  fiagellum,  et  in- 
solens  helium :  sum,  scicns 
musica,  cupiens  voluptas, 
et  amans  vinum  :  imo  sum 
appetens  laus,  sitieus  fa- 
ma,  sed  aeque  negligcns 
amicus  inimicusque.  Sum 
tamen  servantissimus  ae- 
quum,  et  nemo  sum  reve- 
rentior  deus. 

Vir,  qui  memoro  svpra, 
sum  mobilis  6  ingenium ; 
primo  sum  avidus  bellum, 
avarus  mill  tar  is  gloria,  ct 
fastidiosus  Uteres ;  sed 
postquam  Carthago,  acmu- 
lus  urbs  Roma  per  tot  an* 
nus,  everto,  sum  cupidus 
pax,  studio sus  eloquentia, 
et  curiosus  medicina. 

Noster  dux  sum  peritus 
multus  res,  gnarus  arma, 
prudens  res  militaris,  ex- 
pertus  helium,  praescius 
venturum,  providus  res 
futurus,  certus  futurum, 
verum  intrepidus  pericu- 
lum  et  interritus  letum : 
isfilius  sum  doctus  litcrae, 
sed  docilis  pravum  ;  sum 
consultus  jus,  callidus  res 
rusticus,  et  memor  beneji- 
cium. 

Hie  homo  sum  rudis  li- 
ter ae,  ignarus  philosophic, 
inscius    arrna,  imperitus 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


45 


the  world,  not  afraid  of  the 
gods,  unaccustomed  to  hard- 
ship, not  used  to  slavery,  fear- 
less of  death,  unmindful  of  his 
condition,  and  regardless  of  re- 
putation. His  wife,  ignorant 
of  her  extraction,  is  unstaid  in 
her  mind,  wavering  in  her  re- 
solution, concerned  and  in  pain 
for  her  affairs,  and  perplexed 
about  the  theft. 

4.  The  orator  defended  two 
men  accused  of  parricide,  and 
suspected  of  capital  crimes  : 
the  one  had  been  privy  to  mur- 
der, and  concerned  in  a  con- 
spiracy, who,  being  evidently 
guilty  of»the  villainy,  and  con- 
victed of  the  crime,  was  con- 
demned :  the  other,  being 
guiltless  [sakeless]  of  the  facts, 
not  concerned  in  the  plot  en- 
tered into  against  the  king's 
life,  innocent  of  his  brother's 
blood,  and  found  guilty  of  no 
crime,  was  acquitted. 

TT  Shame  and  modesty  are 
weak  restraints  amongst  men. 
thirsting  after  power,  and  re- 
gardless of  honour :  according- 
ly Domitian  proceeded  to  huge 
excesses  of  lust,  rage,  cruelty, 
and  avarice,  and  raised  so  great 
a  hatred  against  himself,  that 
he  quite  wiped  off  the  merits 
of  his  father  and  brother. 

Catiline,  a  man  of  a  very  no- 
ble extraction,  but  of  a  very 
wicked  disposition,  with  some 
famous  indeed,  but  daring  men, 
conspired  against  his  country  ; 
his  accomplices  being  seized 
were  strangled  in  prison  ;  and, 
e  2 


res,  hand  timidus  deus,  in 
suetus  labor,  insolitus  ser- 
vitium,  impavidus  mors, 
immemor  sors,  et  securus 
fama.  Is  uxor,  nescius 
genus,  sum  incertus  ani- 
mus, dubius  consilium,  so- 
licitus  et  trepidus  res  suus, 
et  anxius  furtum. 

Orator  defendo  duo  ho- 
mo reus  parricidium,  et 
suspectus  capitalis  crimen  : 
alter  sum  conscius  caedes, 
ct  noxius  conjuratio,  qui 
manifestus  scelus,  et  con- 
victus  facinus,  condemno  : 
alter,  innocens  factum,  in- 
noxius  consilium  initus  in 
rex  caput,  insons  frater- 
nus  sanguis,  et  compertus 
nullus  flagitium,  absolvo. 


Pudor  et  modestia  sum 
injirmus  vinculum  apud 
homo  avidus  potentia,  et 
securus  decus :  itaque  Do- 
mitianus  progredior  ad 
ingens  vitium  libido,  ira- 
cundia,  crudelitas,  et  ava- 
ritia,  et  concito  tantus  odi- 
um in  sui,  ut  penitus  abo- 
Ico  meritum  pater  et  fra- 
ter. 

Catilina,  vir  nobilis  6 
genus,  sed  pravus  6  inge- 
nium,  cum  quidam  clarus 
quidem,  sed  audax  vir, 
conjuro  adversus  patria ; 
is  socius  deprehensus  stran- 
gulo  in  career;  et  sane 


46 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


indeed,  what  could  be  hard, 
or  too  severe,  against  men  con- 
victed of  such  villainy  ? 

Vespasian,  the  emperor,  was 
apt  not  to  remember  offences 
and  quarrels  ;  he  took  patient- 
ly the  ill  language  uttered 
against  him  by  the  lawyers  and 
philosophers  :  and  Gaiba  was 
a  man  not  regardless  of  fame, 
not  covetous  of  other  men's 
money,  but  greedy  of  the  pub- 
lic money,  and  not  lavish  of  his 
own  ;  could  bear  with  his 
friends  and  freed  men  ;  was 
capable  of  empire,  had  he  not 
governed. 

Cineas,  who  was  Demos- 
thenes' scholar,  and  skilled  in 
the  Latin  tongue,  was  sent  to 
Rome  by  Pyrrhus,  to  ad- 
vise the  Romans  to  sue  for 
peace  ;  but  the  Romans  after- 
wards despatched  generals  in- 
to Greece  and  other  quarters, 
who  taught  the  nations,  till  that 
time  free,  and  therefore  unable 
to  bear  the  yoke,  to  beg  peace 
of  them,  and  be  subject. 

Sylla  wras  fond  of  pleasure, 
but  fonder  of  glory :  he  has- 
tened with  his  victorious  army 
from  Asia:  and,  indeed,  since 
Marius  had  been  so  cruel 
against  his  friends,  how  great 
severity  was  there  occasion 
for,  that  Sylla  might  be  reveng- 
ed of  Marius  ? 


quis  possum  sum  acerbu* 
aut  idmis  gravis  in  homo 
convictus  tantus  f acinus  ? 

Vespasianus,  princeps, 
sum  immemor  cffensa  et 
inimicitia  ;  leniter  fero 
convicium  dictus  in  sui  a 
causidicus  et  philosophus  : 
et  Galba  sum  vir  non  in- 
curiosus  jama,  non  appc- 
tcns  alienus  pecunia,  sed 
avarus  pecunia  publicus, 
et  non  profusus  suus ;  pa- 
tiens  amicus  libertusque  ; 
capax  imperium,  nisi  im- 
pero. 

Cineas,  qui  sum  Demos- 
thenes discipulus,  et  doc- 
tus  Latinus  lingua,  mitto 
ad  Roma  a  Pyrrhus,  ut 
hortor  Romanus  pcto  pax  ; 
sed  Romanus  postca  mitto 
dux  in  Graecia  aliusque 
pars,  qui  doceo  gens,  ad 
id  tempus  liber,  et  ideo 
impatiens  jugum,  peto  pax 
a  sui,  et  servio. 

Sylla  sum  cupidus  vo- 
luptas,  sed  cupidus  glo- 
ria :  propero  cum  victor 
exercitus  ab  Asia  :  et  sane 
quum  Marius  sum  tarn  fe- 
rus  in  is  amicus,  quantus 
saevitia  opus  sum,  ut  Syl- 
la vindico  de  Marius  ? 


Agesilaus  was  an  excellent  general,  undaunted  at  danger,  able  to  endure 
want,  and  accustomed  to  hardship  :  he  was  a  man  of  low  stature,  and  slender 
body ;  so  that  strangers,  when  they  beheld  his  person,  despised  him ;  but  they 
who  knew  his  abilities,  could  not  sufficiently  admire  him. 

Epaminondas,  the  son  of  Polymnus,  the  Theban,  was  modest,  prudent,  skilled 
in  war,  a  lover  of  truth,  and  of  a  great  spirit. 

Nyctimene  is  said  to  have  committed  some  horrible  wickedness,  for  which  she 
was  changed  into  an  owl,  an  ugly  dismal  bird,  who,  conscious  of  her  guilt,  never 


TO   LATIN  SYNTAX. 


47 


appears  when  the  sun  shines,  but,  being  driven  from  the  society  of  oirds,  seeks  to 
conceal  her  shame  in  the  darkness  of  the  night. 


RULE  II 

*  15.  Partitives,  and  words  placed  partitively,  compa 
ratives,  superlatives,  interrogative s,  and  some  numerals, 
govern  the  genitive  plural. 


None  of  the  wild  beasts. 
The   black   among  the  vul- 
tures. 

The  elder  of  the  brothers. 
The  most  learned  of  the  Ro- 
mans. 
Which  of  us  ? 
One  of  the  muses. 
The  eighth  of  the  wise  men. 


Nulla  belluarum. 
Nigri  vulturum. 

Senior  fratrum. 
Doctissimus  Romanorum. 

Quis  nostrum  ? 
Una  musarum. 
Octavus  sapientum. 


1.  Partitives  are  adjective  nouns,  or  pronouns,  signify- 
ing many,  or  a  part  of  many,  severally,  and,  as  it  were,  one 
by  one  ;  as,  ullus,  nullus,  solus,  uter,  uterque,  utercunque^ 
utervis,  uterlibet,  alter,  alter  uter,  neuter,  alius,  aliquis,  qui- 
dam,  quispiam,  quisquis,  quisque,  unusquisque,  aliquot,  cae- 
tera,  reliquus ;  to  which  add,  omnis,  cunctus,  and  the  sub- 
stantive nemo, 

2.  Words  placed  partitively  are  adjectives  used  in  a  par- 
titive sense,  or  taken  to  signify  a  part  of  many ;  as,  lecti 
juvenum,  the  choice  of  the  young  men  ;  nigrae  lanarum, 
the  black  hair  among  wool ;  degeneres  canum,  sancti  deo- 
rum,  &c.  to  which  may  be  added  the  substantive  vulgus  ; 
as,  vulgus  Atheniensium,  vulgus  militum. 

3.  Comparatives  are  adjectives  of  the  comparative  de- 
gree ;  as,  doctior. 

4.  Superlatives  are  adjectives  of  the  superlative  degree  ; 
as,  doctissimus. 

5.  Interrogatives  are  adjective  nouns  or  pronouns,  by 
which  we  ask  a  question  ;  those  belonging  to  this  rule  are, 
quis,  quisnam,  quisque,  uter,  quot,  quotas,  quotusquisque. 

6.  Numerals  are  adjectives  signifying  number  ;  and  to 
this  rule  belong  both  the  cardinals,  such  as,  unus,  duo,  tres, 
&c.  and  the  ordinals,  such  as,  primus,  secundus,  tcrtius, 
ifcc.  as  also  the  distributive,  singuli ;  to  which  add,  multi, 
pauci,  plerique,  mcdius. 


43 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


Notel.  The  partitive,  &c.  takes  the  gender  of  the  substantive  it  governs,  wheiv 
there  is  no  other  ;  bat  if  there  are  two  substantives  of  different  genders,  it  gene- 
rally agrees  with  the  first ;  as,  Cic.  Indus  maximus  fiuminum.  Id.  Leo  fortissimut 
animalium.    But  not  always  ;  as,  Plin.  Ddphinus  velocissimum  omnium  animalium. 

Note  2.  Partitives,  &c.  govern  the  genitive  singular  of  collectives  ;  as,  Cic. 
Praestantissimus  nostrae  civitatis.    Virg.  Nympharum  sanguinis  una. 

Note  3.  The  comparative,  as  also  the  partitives,  utcr,  alter,  neuter,  when  they 
govern  a  genitive  of  partition,  import  a  comparison  betwixt  two  only  ;  thus,  speak- 
ing of  two  brothers,  or  two  persons,  we  say,  major  fratrum,  liter  vestrum!  But 
speaking  of  three  or  more,  we  say,  maximus  fratrum,  quis  vestrum?  &c. 

Note  4.  Instead  of  the  genitive  of  partition,  we  often  find  the  ablative  with  de, 
e,  ex,  or  in,  and  sometimes  the  accusative  with  inter,  or  ante  ;  as,  Ovid.  De  tot 
modo  fratribus  unus.  Cic.  Unus  e  Stoicis.  Id.  Accrrimus  ex  omniimsnostris  sensi- 
bus  est  sensus  videndi.  Senec.  Croesus  inter  reges  opulentissimus.  Liv.  Longe 
ante  alios  acceptissimus  militum  animis. 

Note  5.  After  partitives,  <kc.  we  use  the  genitives  nostrum  and  vestrum,  but  not 
nostri  or  vestri. 

Note  6.  In  this  construction  of  partitives,  &c.  de,  e,  vel  exnumero,  is  understood, 

or  sometimes  expressed  ,  as,  Juv.  Quaedam  de  numero  Lamiarum.  V.  Max.  Unus 
e  numero  Persarum.    Caes.  Ex  numero  adversariorum  sexcentis  interfectis. 


L  Augustus,  after  the  civil 
wars,  neither  in  his  harangues 
nor  in  his  edicts,  called  any  of 
the  military  fellow-soldiers. 

Alexander  engaged  with  none 
of  his  enemies  whom  he  did  not 
conquer,  and  laid  siege  to  no 
town  which  he  did  not  take. 

Spain  was  invaded  by  the 
Romans  before  it  knew  itself, 
and  alone  of  all  the  provinces 
understood  its  own  strength 
after  it  was  subdued. 

Who  will  wonder  that  the 
enemy  gave  way,  when  one  of 
the  consuls  ordered  his  own 
son,  though  victorious,  to  be 
slain,  because  he  had  fought 
contrary  to  orders  ? 

What  every  one  of  your 
friends  may  have  written  to 
the  general  concerning  these 
two  men,  I  know  not ;  but  nei- 
ther of  them  is  much  to  be 
blamed  ;  the  rest  of  the  sol- 
diers were  also  in  the  fault, 
and  none  of  us  is  innocent. 


Augustus,  post  civilis 
helium,  neque  in  concio 
neque  per  edictum,  ap- 
pello  ullus  miles  commi- 
lito. 

Alexander  congredior 
cum  nullus  hostis  qui  non 
vinco,  et  obsideo  nullus 
urbs  qui  non  eocpugno. 

Hispania  obsideo  a  Ro- 
manus  antequam  cognosco 
sui,  et  solus  omnis  provin- 
cia  intelligo  suus  vires 
postquam  vinco. 

Quis  miror  hostis  cedo, 
quum  alter  consul  jubeo 
suusjilius,  quamvis  victor, 
occido,  quia  pugno  contra 
imperium  ? 

Quis  quisque  tuus  neces- 
sarius  scribo  ad  imperator 
de  hie  duo  vir,  nescio  ;  sed 
neuter  is  sum  valde  repre- 
hendendus ;  reliquus  miles 
sum  etiam  in  culpa,  et  ne- 
mo ego  sum  innocuus. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


49 


This  man  entertains  a  strang- 
er more  handsomely  than  ei- 
ther of  you,  or  any  of  your 
friends  :  Come,  says  he,  here 
are  eggs,  hens,  apples,  and 
nuts  ;  some  of  the  apples  are 
mellow  ;  of  the  eggs,  some 
are  long,  some  round  ;  choose 
either  of  them  you  please,  for 
both  of  them  are  good. 

2.  The  centurion  being  sur- 
rounded by  the  enemy,  was  in 
great  danger  ;  but  the  chief  of 
his  friends,  the  choice  of  the 
vounor  men,  and  the  lioht-armed 
of  the  soldiers,  came  running 
up  to  his  relief. 

3.  &  4.  The  younger  of  the 
bees  go  abroad  to  their  work, 
the  more  elderly  labour  within. 
Thus  the  most  ancient  of  mor- 
tals practised  industry  ;  they 
lived  without  a  crime,  and 
therefore  without  punishment, 
nor  was  there  need  of  rewards. 

5.  Si  6.  Who  of  mortals  can 
endure  regal  pride  ?  Where- 
fore, Tarquin,  the  seventh  and 
last  of  the  Roman  kings,  was 
driven  into  banishment,  and 
scarce  two  or  three  of  his  well- 
wishers  were  left  in  the  city. 

All  Gaul  is  divided  into  three 
parts,  whereof  the  Belgae  in- 
habit one,  the  Aquitani  another, 
the  Gauls,  the  third.  Of  all 
these  the  Belgae  are  the  brav- 
est. What  numbers  of  men 
have  flourished  there  ? 

T  After  Sylla  came  over  to 
Africa,  and  to  the  camp  of  Ma- 
rius  with  the  horse,  though  raw 
before,  and  unacquainted  wTith 
war,  he  soon  became  the  most 


Hie  vir  excipio  hospes 
elegantcr  quam  utervis  tu, 
dut  quisquam  amicus  ves- 
tor :  Agite,  inquam,  hie 
sum  ovum,  gallina,  po- 
mum,  et  nux ;  quidam  po* 
mum  sum  mitis ;  ovum  ali- 
us  sum  oblongus,  alius  ro- 
tundus ;  eligo  uterlibet  hie, 
nam  uterquc  is  sum  bonus. 

Centurio  circumventus 
ab  hostis,  vers  or  in  mag- 
nus  pcriculum  ;  sed  prae- 
cipuus  amicus,  lectus  ju- 
venis,  el  expeditus  miles, 
concurro  in  auxilium. 

Adolescentior  apis  exeo 
ad  opus,  senior  operor  in- 
tus.  Ita  vetustissimus 
mortalis  exerceo  diligen- 
tia ;  ago  sine  scelus,  eo- 
que  sine  poena,  nec  opus 
sum  praemium. 

Quis  mortalis  possum 
tolero  regalis  superbia  ? 
Itaque  Tarquinius,  Septi- 
mus atque  ultimus  Roma- 
nus  rex,  ago  in  exilium, 
et  vix  duo  aut  tres  fautor 
relinquo  in  urbs. 

Omnis  Gallia  sum  di- 
visus  in  tres  pars,  qui 
Belgae  incolo  unus,  Aqui- 
tani alius,  Galli  tertius. 
Hie  omnis  Belgae  sumfor- 
tissimus.  Quot  homo  ibi 
provenio  ? 

Postquam  Sylla  venio  in 
Africa,  atque  in  castra 
Marius  cum  cquitatus, 
quamvis  rudis  antea,  et 
ignarus  bellum,  brevis  fio 


50 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


accomplished  of  all.  But  what 
one  of  a  thousand  [of  ]  great 
generals  is  happy  1 

The  tyrants  are  conquered, 
and  fly  back  to  the  city.  Af- 
ter this,  they  begged  assistance 
of  the  Lacedemonians.  The 
war  is  renewed,  five  hundred 
of  the  Lacedemonians  are  slain 
in  battle,  Critias  and  Hippolo- 
chus,  the  most  cruel  of  all  the 
tyrants,  fall.  But  who  amongst 
men,  or  which  of  the  gods,  be- 
wailed their  death  1 

Many  of  the  soldiers  were 
kissing  the  hands  and  feet  of 
Otho,  and  calling  him  the  only 
emperor ;  whilst,  in  the  mean 
time,  Yitellius,  ignorant  of  the 
victory,  was  drawing  together 
the  remaining  strength  of  the 
German  army  ;  most  of  the  sol- 
diers were  on  their  march,  a 
few  only  of  the  veterans  were 
left  in  the  winter-quarters. 

Of  Caesar's  men,  not  above 
twenty  were  missing ;  but  in 
the  castle  there  were  none  of 
the  soldiers  but  were  wound- 
ed ;  four  of  the  centurions  lost 
their  eyes  ;  thirty  thousand 
arrows  were  shot  into  the  cas- 
tle by  the  enemy ;  and  in  the 
shield  of  Scaeva,  the  centu- 
rion, were  found  two  hundred 
and  thirty  holes. 

Sicily,  at  the  beginning,  was 
the  country  of  the  Cyclops : 
after  they  were  extirpated,  Co- 
calus  seized  the  government  of 
the  island  :  after  whom  each 
of  the  cities  fell  under  the  pow- 
er of  tyrants. 

Caesar,  the  most  penetrating, 


solertissimus  omnis.  Sed 
quotusquisque  magnus  dux 
sum  felix  ? 

Tyr annus  vinco,  et  in 
urbs  rcfugio.  Post  hie 
peto  auxilium  a  Lacedae- 
monius.  Bellum  redinte- 
gro,  quingenti  Lacedae- 
monius  interjicio  in  prae- 
lium,  Critias  et  Hippolo- 
chus,  omnis  tyrannus  sae- 
vissimus,  cado.  Sedquis- 
nam  homo,  quisve  deus, 
lucreo  mors  ? 

Multus  miles  exosculor 
manus  ac  pes  Otho,  uni- 
cusque  imperator  prae- 
dico ;  dum,  interim,  Vi~ 
tellius,  nescius  victoria, 
traho  reliquus  vires  Ger- 
manicus  exercitus ;  pleri~ 
que  miles  sum  in  iter,  pau- 
ci  tantum  veteranus  relin- 
quo  in  hiberna. 

Casar  miles  non  am- 
plius  viginti  sum.  deside- 
ratus :  sed  in  castellum 
nemo  miles  omnino  sum 
quin  vulnero  ;  quatuor 
centurio  amitto  oculus ; 
triginta  mille  sagitta  con* 
jicio  in  castellum  ab  hos- 
tis ;  et  in  scutum  Scaeva 
centurio  invenio  ccxxx  fo- 
ramen. 

Sicilia  a  principium 
sum  patria  Cyclops :  post- 
quam  ille  extinguo,  Co- 
calus  occupo  regnum  in- 
sula  :  post  qui  singuli  ci- 
vitas  concedo  in  imperium 
tyrannus, 

Casar,  sagacissimus  ac 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


51 


and  wisest  of  generals,  resolves 
to  take  Dumnorix  along  with 
him  into  Britain,  because  he 
knew  him  to  be  desirous  of 
change,  fond  of  power,  of  a 
great  spirit,  and  of  great  au- 
thority among  the  Gauls ; 
though  he  persisted  to  intreat 
that  he  might  be  left  in  Gaul. 

Gordius  spied  a  young  lady 
of  excellent  beauty  at  the  gate 
of  the  city,  and  asked  her  which 
of  the  augurs  he  should  con- 
sult? When  she  understood 
the  occasion  of  his  question, 
being  skilled  in  the  art,  she 
told  him  that  he  should  be  a 
king,  and  promises  that  she 
would  be  the  companion  of  his 
life  and  hopes.  This  offer 
seemed  the  chief  happiness  of 
a  kingdom. 


sapientissimus  dux,  consti- 
tuo  duco  Dumnorix  sui- 
cum  in  Britannia,  quod 
cognosco  is  cupidiis  res 
novus,  avidus  imperium, 
magnus  animus^  et  mag- 
nus  auctoritas  inter  G al- 
ius ;  quamvis  ille  contendo 
ptto,  uti  in  Gallia  relin- 
quo. 

Gordius  conspicor  vir- 
go  eximius  pulchritudo  ad 
porta  urbs,  et  percontor 
quis  augur  consulo  ?  Cum 
intelligo  causa  quaestio, 
peritus  ars,  respondeo,  ille 
sum  rex,  et  polliceor  sui 
fore  socius  vita  is  et  spes. 
Hie  conditio  videor  pri- 
mus felicitas  regnum. 


Pylades  and  Orestes  cherished  a  mutual  love,  and  no  mortal  knows  which  of 
them,  was  the  more  faithful. 

The  priestess  of  Apollo,  being  asked  why  Jupiter  was  esteemed  the  chief  of  the 
Gods,  since  Mars  was  the  best  soldier,  made  this  answer :  Mars  is  valiant,  but 
Jupiter  is  wise. 

The  nation  of  the  Suevi  is  the  most  warlike  of  all  the  Germans.  The  nature 
of  their  food,  their  daily  exercise,  and  free  manner  of  life,  improve  their  strength, 
and  make  them  men  of  huge  stature  of  body. 

When  Faith,  Temperance,  the  Graces,  and  other  celestial  powers,  left,  the 
earth,  (says  one  of  the  ancients,)  Hope  was  the  only  goddess  that  staid  behind. 

The  first  of  all  virtues  is  innocence,  the  next  is  modesty.  If  we  banish  modesty 
out  of  the  world,  she  carries  away  with  her  half  the  virtue  that  is  in  it. 


RULE  UL 

16.  Adjectives  signifying  profit  or  disprofit  govern  th* 
dative. 


Kind  to  me. 

Agreeable  to  the  people. 
Sentenced  to  punishment. 
Evident  to  all. 
Bordering  on  the  sea. 


Benignus  mihi. 
Acceptus  plebi. 
Addictus  supplicio, 
Apertum  omnibus, 
Finitimus  maru 


52  AN  INTRODUCTION 


Fit  for  study. 

Frank  to  petitioners. 

Of  the  same  age  with  Cicero. 

Like  his  father. 

Allied  to  heaven. 

Exposed  to  danger. 


Apius  studio. 
Facilis  rogantibus. 
Aequalis  Ciceroni. 
Similis  patri. 
Cognatus  coelo. 
Obnoxius  periculo. 


To  this  rule  belong  chiefly  adjectives  signifying, 

L  PROFIT  or  DISPROFIT  ;  as,  benignus,  bonus,  uti* 
lis,  commodus,  felix,  faustus,  fructuosus,  prosper,  saluber  ; 
also,  calamitosus,  inutilis,  damnosus,  dirus,  exitiosus,  funcs- 
tus,  incommodus,  malus,  noxius,  perniciosus,  pestifer. 

2.  PLEASURE  or  PAIN  ;  as,  acceptus,  dulcis,  gratus, 
gratiosus,  jucundus,  laetus,  suavis ;  also,  acerbus,  amarus, 
insuavis,  injucundus,  ingratus,  molestus  tristis. 

3.  LOVE  or  HATRED  ;  as,  addictus,  aequus,  amicus, 
benevolus,  blandus,  carus,  deditus,fidus,  Jidelis,  lenis,  mitts, 
propitius  ;  also,  advcrsus,  asper,  crudelis,  contrarius,  infen- 
sus,  infestus,  infidus,  immitis,  inimicus,  iniquus,  invisus,  in- 
vidus,  iratus,  odiosus,  suspectus,  trux. 

4.  PERSPICUITY  or  OBSCURITY  ;  as, apertus,cer- 
tus,  compertus,  conspicuus,  manifestus,  notus,  perspicuus ; 
also,  ambiguus,  dubius,  ignotus,  incertus,  obscurus. 

5.  PROPINQUITY;  as,  finitimus,  propior,  proximusf 
propinquus,  socius,  vicinus,  affmis. 

6.  FITNESS  or  UNFITNESS;  as,  aptus,  appositus, 
accommodatus,  habilis,  idoneus,  opportunus ;  also,  ineptus, 
inhabilis,  importunus.  inconveniens. 

7.  EASINESS  or  DIFFICULTY  ;  as, facilis,  levis,  ob- 
vius,  pervius ;  also,  difficilis,  arduus,  gravis,  laboriosus,pcri- 
culosus,  invius. 

8.  EQUALITY  or  INEQUALITY;  as,  aequalis,  aequae- 
vus,  par,  compar,  suppar,  communis ;  and,  inaequalis,  im« 
par,  dispar,  discors  :  Also,  LIKENESS  or  UNLIKE- 
NESS  ;  as,  similis,  aemulus,  geminus ;  and,  dissimilis,  ab- 
sonus,  alienus,  diversus,  discolor. 

9.  Also,  many  compounded  with  CON  ;  as,  cognatus,  con- 
color,  concors,  confinis,  congruus,  consanguineus,  conscius, 
consentaneus,  consonus,  conveniens,  conterminus,  contiguus, 
continuus,  continens,  &c. 

10.  A  great  variety  of  other  adjectives  that  cannot  be  re- 
duced to  distinct  classes  :  as,  obnoxius,  subjectus,  supplcx, 
super stes,  proprius,  eredulus,  absurdus,  decor  us,  deformis, 
praesto,  secundus,  &c. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


53 


Note  1.  With  respect  to  the  adjectives  belonging  to  this  rule,  observe,  1.  That 
aemulus,  certus,  incertus,  dubius,  ambiguus,  conscius,  manifestus,  suspectus,  noxius, 
compertus,  &c.  often  govern  the  genitive,  as  was  taught  No.  14.  2.  That  though 
adversus,  aequalis,  ajjinis,  alicnus,  blandus,  communis,  confer  minus,  contrarius,  cre- 
dulus,  dispar,  dissimilis,  jidus,  finitimus,  par,  proprius,  similis,  superstes,  &c.  take 
commonly  the  dative ;  yet  sometimes  they  govern  the  genitive,  as  already  ob- 
served in  No.  14.  note  2.  3.  That  benignus,  prosper,  laetus,  gravis,  and  some 
others,  often  take  the  genitive  or  ablative,  as  belonging  to  No.  21.  Here  also  ob- 
serve, that  adjectives  belonging  to  different  rules,  and  which  admit  of  different 
constructions  in  different  senses,  sometimes  take  both  cases  after  them ;  as, 
Ter.  Mens  sibi  conscia  recti. 

Note  2.  Some  adjectives  signifying  love,  hatred,  or  other  passions  toward  or 
against  a  person ;  such  as,  amicus,  animatus,  bencficus,  benevolus,  benignus,  pius, 
gratus,  misericors,  liberalis  ;  acerbus,  severus,  saevus,  crudelis,  iniquus,  injuriosus, 
infensus,  &c.  take  often  the  accusative  with  the  preposition  in,  erga,  or  adversus. 

Note  3.  Some  adjectives  signifying  fitness,  usefulness,  or  the  contrary  ;  such 
as,  accommodatus,  appositus,  aptus,  congruus,  commcdus,  habilis,  idoneus,  opportu- 
nus,  utilisi  ineptus,xnkabxlis,  inutilis,  &c.  take  frequently  the  accusative  with  ad. 

Note  4.  Adjectives  signifying  motion,  tendency,  or  propension  to  a  thing;  such 
as,  celer,  tardus,  velox,  piger,  impiger,  lentus,  praeceps,  rapidus,  segnis ;  dcclivis, 
inclinabilis,  proclivis,  pi  onus  ;  propensus^  paralus  promptus,  profugus,  &c.  take  the 
accusative  with  ad  or  in  rather  than  the  dative. 

Note  5.  Propior  and  proximus,  in  imitation  of  their  primitive  prope,  sometimes 
take  the  accusative,  the  preposition  ad  bemg  understood,  but  seldom  or  never 
expressed;  as,  Sail.  Vitium prcpius  virtutem.    Cic.  Proximus  Prompeium  sedebam. 

Note  6.  Substantives  sometimes  govern  the  dative  ;  as,  Virg.  Erit  ilh  mihi 
semper  Deus.  Ter.  Naturd  tu  illi  pater  es,  consiliis  ego.  Hor.  Moeslis  praesidi- 
um  rcis.  Virg.  Tu  decus  omne  tuis.  Cic.  Non  hominibus  sed  virtutibus  hostis. 
Plant.  Lupus  est  homo  homini.  Luc.  Urbi  pater  est.  Ter.  Nostrae  est  fautrixfa- 
miliae. 

Note  7.  The  dative,  according  to  Grammarians,  is  not,  properly  speaking,  go- 
verned either  by  adjectives,  verbs,  or  any  other  part  of  speech  ;  but  is  fitly  sub- 
joined to  any  word,  when  acquisition,  ademption,  advantage,  disadvantage,  of 
destination  is  signified. 


17.  Verbals  in  BILIS  and  DUS  govern  the  dative 

Wonderful  to  you.  Mirabilis  tibi. 

To  be  intreated  by  me.  Exorandus  mihi. 

Note  1.  The  participle  perfect,  signifying  passively,  takes  sometimes  the  dative, 
but  oftener  the  ablative  with  a  or  ab.  Cic.  Ego  audita  tibi  putaram.  Id.  Mors 
Crassi  est  a  multis  defieta.    Ovid.  Proditus  a  socio  est. 

Note  2.  Verbals  in  DUS  also,  instead  of  the  dative,  take  sometimes  the  abla- 
tive with  a  or  ab.    Cic.  Admnnendum  a  me.    Id.  Non  eos  venerandos  a  nobis. 


16.  1.  Mallows  are  whole- 
some for  the  body,  useful  to 
the  sick,  and  hurtful  to  no 
man  ;  but  some  medicines  are 
unprofitable  to  the  physician 
himself,  destructive  to  health, 
and  pernicious  to  the  patient. 

The  victory,  which  Caesar 
obtained  in  the  plains  of  Phar- 
salia,  was  baneful  to  his  coun  - 


Molva  sum  saluber  cor- 
pus,  ulilis  aeger,  et  pesti- 
fer  nemo  ;  sed  quidam  rne- 
dicamcntum  sum  inutilis 
medicus  ipse,  perniciosus 
valetudo,  et  exitiosus  ae- 
grotus. 

Victoria,  qui  C&sar 
adipiscor  in  campus  Phar- 
salia,  sum  calamitosus  pa- 


54 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


try,  destructive  to  the  common- 
wealth,  pernicious  to  the  Ro- 
man name,  fatal  to  the  city, 
and  dismal  to  human  kind. 

Fortune  is  always  kind  to 
you  ;  my  trade  is  profitable  to 
me  ;  the  stars  are  beneficial  to 
mariners  ;  wre  shall  loose  from 
the  harbour  to-morrow ;  may 
it  be  lucky,  fortunate,  and  hap- 
py for  us  all. 

2.  My  colleague  is  delightful 
to  his  friends,  agreeable  to  his 
companions,  acceptable  to  all, 
and  unpleasant  to  nobody : 
without  him,  and  without  the 
study  of  letters,  life  itself 
would  be  tasteless  to  me. 

Dew  on  the  tender  grass  is 
agreeable  to  cattle,  and  sleep 
is  sweet  to  a  traveller  ;  a  bur- 
den is  irksome  to  a  sluggish 
ass,  and  labour  troublesome  to 
a  lazy  person  ;  an  unripe  grape 
is  sour  to  the  taste  ;  and  the 
wind  is  a  sad  thing  for  trees. 

3.  Be  just  to  all,  kind  to  all, 
intimate  with  few,  fawning  to 
none,  true  to  your  lord,  faith- 
ful to  your  master,  gentle  to 
your  petitioner,  merciful  to 
enemies,  and  unjust  to  nobody : 
thus  you  will  be  dear  to  all, 
and  hated  by  none. 

Nero  at  first  was  friendly  to 
good  men,  and  addicted  to  the 
study  of  the  muses  ;  but  the 
latter  part  of  his  life  was  con- 
trary to  the  former  ;  for  now 
he  was  harsh  to  and  angry  with 
those  that  advised  him,  spiteful 
and  enraged  against  mankind, 
an  enemy  to  all,  hated  by  the 
£ods,  and  many  things  were 
i  rvss  to  him. 


tria,  darnnosus  rcspublica, 
exitiabilis  Romanus  no- 
men,  funestus  urbs,  et  di- 
ms humanus  genus, 

Fortuna  semper  sum 
benignus  tu  ;  mens  ars 
sumfructuosus  ego ;  Stella 
sum  commodus  nauta ; 
solvo  e  porlus  eras ;  qui 
bonus,  faustus,  felixque 
sum  ego  omnis. 

Meus  collcga  sumjucun- 
dus  amicus,  acceptus  co- 
mes, gratiosus  omnis,  et 
injucundus  nemo  :  sine  is, 
et  sine  studium  liter ae,  vita 
ipse  for  em  insuavis  ego. 

Ros  in  tenet  gramen 
sum  gratus  pecus,  et  som- 
nus  sum  dulcis  viator , 
onus  sum  ingratus  piger 
asinus,  et  labor  molestus 
ignavus ;  immaturus  uva 
sum  acerbus  gustus ;  et 
ventus  sum  tristis  arbor. 

Sum  tu  aequus  omnis, 
benevolus  cunctus,  fami- 
liaris  pauci,  blandus  nul- 
lus,  jidus  dominus,  Jidelis 
herus,  lenis  precans,  mitis 
hostis,  et  iniquus  nemo : 
sic  sum  carus  omnis,  et 
odiosus  nullus. 

Nero  primo  sum  ami- 
cus bonus,  et  deditus  stu- 
dium musa ;  sed  posterior 
pars  vita  sum  contrarius 
prior;  nam  jam  sum  as- 
per  et  iratus  monitor,  in* 
festus  ac  infensus  huma- 
nus genus,  inimicus  om- 
nis, invisus  deus,  et  mul~ 
tus  sum  adversus  tile. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


55 


4.  The  arguments  concern- 
ing the  former  pyramids  appear 
dark  to  some,  doubtful  to 
others,  and  clear  to  few  ;  but 
the  three  remaining  pyramids, 
being  situate  on  a  hill,  are  visi- 
ble to  sailors,  and  known  to  all. 

5.  In  Africa,  the  places  that 
are  next  to  our  sea,  nigh  to 
Carthage,  or  near  to  Mauri- 
tania, are  very  fertile  :  but  the 
places  bordering  on  Numidia, 
and  nearer  to  the  scorching 
heats,  are  more  barren. 

6.  Decency  is  adapted  to  the 
nature  of  things  ;  thus,  some 
colours  are  proper  for  mourn- 
ing, and  others  quite  improper 
for  this  purpose  ;  the  morning 
is  friendly  to  the  muses,  and  fit 
for  study ;  a  town  situated  on 
the  shore  is  convenient  for 
trade,  but  without  walls  it  will 
be  exposed  to  enemies. 

7.  Nothing  is  difficult  or  hard 
to  a  brave  man  ;  to  him  no 
place  is  dangerous,  no  battle 
terrible,  no  sea  unpassable  ; 
all  hardships  are  easy  and  light 
to  such  a  man  ;  yet  his  mind 
is  always  disposed  to  peace, 
but  ready  and  prepared  for  war. 

8.  The  poet  married  a  wife 
equal  in  age,  and  every  way  a 
match  for  him  ;  she  was  like 
her  mother,  her  lips  rivalled 
the  roses  ;  and,  as  a  matron  is 
diverse  and  different  from  a 
strumpet,  so  she  was  unlike 
her  sister  :  but  there  is  a  fault 
different  from  this  fault ;  her 
spirit  was  unsuitable  and  un- 


Argurnentum  de  prior 
pyrarnis  video  ob  scums 
quidam,  dubius  alius,  et 
perspicuus  pauci ;  at  tres 
reliquus  pyrarnis,  situs  in 
mons,  sum  conspicuus  na- 
vigans,  et  not  us  o?nnis. 

In  Africa,  locus  qui  sum 
proximus  noster  mare, 
propinquus  Carthago,  aut 
vicinus  Mauritania,  sum 
fcrax  :  sed  locus  finitimus 
Numidia,  et  propior  ar- 
dor, sum  magis  sterilis. 

Decor  sum  accommoda- 
tes natura  7*es ;  sic,  qui- 
dam color  sum  conveniens 
luctus,  et  alius  prorsus 
ineptus  hie  res;  aurora 
sum  amicus  musa,  et  aptus 
studium ;  urbs  appositus 
littus  sum  idoneus  commer- 
cium,  sed  sine  murus  sum 
opportunus  hostis. 

Nihil  sum  difficilis  aut 
arduus  fort  is  vir  ;  is  nul- 
lus  locus  sum  periculosus, 
nullus  praelium  gravis, 
nullus  mare  invius  ;  omnis 
labor  sum  facilis  et  levis 
talis  vir ;  tamen  animus 
sum  semper  pronus  pax, 
sed  promptus  et  paratus 
bellum. 

Poeta  duco  uxor  ae 
quaevus,  et  omnimodo  par 
sui ;  sum  similis  mater, 
labrum  sum  aemulus  rosa  ; 
et,  ut  matrona  sum  dispar 
atque  discolor  meretrix,  ita 
sum  dissimilis  soror :  sed 
sum  vitium  diver sus  hie 
vitium ;  animus  sum  alie- 
nus    et    impar  fortuna 


56 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


equal  to  her  fortune  ;  some- 
times she  was  inconsistent  with 
herself;  now  she  is  dead; 
death  is  common  to  every  age. 

9.  and  10.  Heaven  is  allied 
to  earth,  nature  is  always  con- 
sistent with  itself,  and  men's 
fortune  is  agreeablo  to  their 
manners ;  thus,  the  savage  peo- 
ple bordering  on  Ethiopia  are 
subject  to  sad  slavery,  exposed 
to  many  hardships  ;  and  yet,  if 
you  consider  their  strength, 
they  are  inferior  to  none  of  the 
neighbouring  nations. 

Note  2.  A  good  man  is  affec- 
tionate towards  his  parents, 
beneficent  to  his  relations,  be- 
nevolent to  his  friends,  grate- 
ful to  his  well-wishers,  well 
affected  towards  good  men, 
kind  to  all,  injurious  to  none, 
harsh  to  nobody,  and  not  cruel 
or  severe  to  an  enemy. 

Note  3.  This  fellow  is  good 
for  nothing,  but  his  brother  is 
good  for  many  things ;  his 
shoes  are  tight  and  meet  for 
his  feet,  his  clothes  are  light 
and  convenient  for  running, 
and  the  ground  is  proper  for 
that  purpose. 

Note  4.  The  general  is  slow 
to  punishment,  swift  to  re- 
wards, bent  on  war ;  his  son 
too  is  alert  for  battle,  and  not 
backward  to  danger ;  but  his 
mind  is  prone  to  cruelty,  in- 
clined to  vice,  and  disposed  to 
any  wickedness. 


nonnunquam  sum  dicors 
sui ;  nunc  mortuus  sum  ; 
mors  sum  communis  omnis 
aetas. 

Coelum  sum  cognatus 
tellus,  natura  semper  sum 
concors  sui,  et  homo  for* 
tuna  sum  consentaneus 
mos  ;  sic  ferus  natio  conji- 
nis  Aethiopia  sum  subjec- 
tus  trisiis  sermtium,  ob- 
noxius  multus  injuria  ;  et 
tamen,  si  spec  to  vires,  sum 
secundus  nullus  fmitimus 
gens. 

Bonus  vir  sum  pius  in 
parens,  benejicus  in  pro- 
pinquusy  benevolus  erg  a 
amicus,  gratus  adversus 
fautor,  bene  animatus  in 
bonus,  benignus  erga  om- 
nis, injuriosus  in  nullus, 
acerbus  in  nemo,  neque 
crudelis  aut  saevus  in  hos~ 
tis. 

Hie  homo  sum  utilis  ad 
nullus  res,  sed  f rater  sum 
idoncus  ad  multus  res ; 
calceus  sum  habilis  et  ap- 
tus  ad  pes,  vestis  sum  levis 
et  commodus  ad  cursus, 
et  locus  sum  opportunus 
ad  is  res. 

Dux  sum  piger  ad  poe- 
na, velox  ad  praemium, 
promptus  ad  helium ;  ji 
lias  quoque  sum  eeler  in 
pugna,  et  haud  ignavus 
ad  periculum ;  sed  ani- 
mus sum  praeceps  in  cru- 
delitas,  propensus  ad  vi- 
tium,  et  par  at  us  ad  omnis 
nefas. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


57 


1 7.  Death,  whose  path  must 
once  be  trod  by  all,  is  terrible 
to  the  wicked,  with  whose  life 
all  good  things  are  extinguish- 
ed ;  but  desirable  to  good  men, 
whose  praise  cannot  die,  and 
whose  minds  are  conscious  to 
themselves  of  integrity.  Let 
us  therefore  imitate  the  life 
of  good  men,  who  are  born  for 
glory,  though  they  be  often  de- 
spised by  the  wicked. 

%  Liberty  is  equally  desira- 
ble to  the  good  and  to  the  bad, 
to  the  brave  and  to  the  dastard- 
ly ;  wherefore  Apuleius  did 
not  cease  to  maintain  the  laws 
of  the  Gracchi,  so  much  spirit 
did  Marius  inspire,  who  had 
been  always  an  enemy  to  the 
nobility.  But  Tiberius  refused 
the  title  of  father  of  his  coun- 
try, lest  afterwards  he  should 
be  found  unequal  to  so  great  an 
honour. 

Subrius  the  tribune,  being 
asked  by  Nero,  why  he  had 
not  discovered  the  conspiracy, 
replied,  Because  I  hated  you  ; 
nor  was  any  of  the  soldiers, 
quoth  he,  more  faithful  to  you 
than  I,  whilst  you  deserved  to 
be  loved  ;  I  began  to  hate  you, 
after  you  became  a  murderer 
of  your  mother,  and  of  your 
wife,  a  charioteer,  a  comedian, 
and  an  incendiary. 

The  Romans  were  now  so 
powerful,  that  they  were  a 
match  for  any  of  the  foreign 
nations  :  wherefore,  the  con- 
sul provides  forces,  arms,  and 
other  things  necessary  for  the 
war,  very  industriously  ;  nor 


Mors,  qui  via  sum  se* 
mel  calcandus  omnis,  sum 
terribilis  mains,  cum  qui 
vita  omnis  bonus  extinguo  ; 
sed  optabilis  bonus,  q^i 
laus  non  possum  emorior, 
et  qui  mens  sum  conscius 
sui  rectum.  Imitor  igitur 
vita  bonus,  qui  sum  natus 
gloria,  licet  saepe  sum  des- 
pectus  mains. 

Libertas  sum  aeque  op' 
tabilis  bonus  et  malus, 
strenuus  et  ignavus:  itaque 
Apuleius  non  desist o  as* 
sero  Graccha?ius  lex,  tan* 
tum  animus  Marius  do,  qui 
semper  sum  inimicus  nobi* 
litas.  At  Tiberius  recuso 
appcllatio  pater  patria,  ne 
postea  invenio  impar  tan* 
tus  honor. 


Subrius  tribunus,  inter- 
rogates a  Nero,  cur  non 
patefacio  conjuratio,  res* 
pondeo,  Quia  odi  tu  ;  ncc 
quisquam  miles,  inquam, 
sum  jidelis  tu  quam  ego, 
dum  mereo  amo ;  cocpi 
odi,  postquam  existo  par* 
ricida  mater  et  uxor,  auri* 
ga,  histrio,  et  incendia* 
rius.  . 

Romanus  jam  sum  adeo 
validus,  ut  sum  par  quili* 
bet  exlernus  gens :  itaque 
consul  paro  copiae,  arma, 
et  alius  necessarius  bellum 
diligenter  ;  nec  eventus 
bellum  sum  alius,  quam 


53 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


was  the  event  of  the  war  any 
other,  than  the  preparation  had 
been  ;  wherefore,  Antiochus 
was  routed,  and  forced  to  flee 
into  Asia. 

Nor  was  fortune  more  fa- 
vourable to  the  flying  Gauls  : 
but  continual  showers,  frost 
and  snow,  fatigue  and  famine, 
consumed  the  miserable  re- 
mains of  this  unhappy  war. 
The  people  and  nations,  too, 
through  which  they  marched, 
followed  the  scattered  Gauls, 
and  slaughtered  vast  numbers 
of  them. 

After  the  death  of  the  king, 
the  Alexandrians  sent  ambas- 
sadors to  the  Romans,  intreat- 
ing,  that  they  would  undertake 
the  guardianship  of  the  child, 
and  defend  the  kingdom  of 
Egypt,  which  they  said  Philip 
and  Antiochus  had  divided  be- 
twixt them.  This  embassy 
was  very  acceptable  to  the  Ro- 
mans. 

Ptolemy  was  as  ridiculous 
to  the  Romans,  as  he  was  cruel 
to  his  own  subjects.  His 
countenance  was  deformed, 
his  stature  short,  his  oelly 
hanging  out,  so  that  he  was 
more  like  a  beast  than  a  man. 
He  sent  for  his  son  from  Cy- 
rene,  and  slew  him,  lest  the 
Alexandrians  should  make  him 
king. 

After  Alexander  had  dismiss- 
ed his  soldiers,  being  now 
near  his  death,  he  asked  his 
friends  standing  about  him, 
whether  they  thought  that  they 
iould  lind  a  king  like  him  ? 


apparatus  su?n  ;  guars 
Antiochus  fugo,  et  cogo 
fugio  in  Asia. 

Nec  fortv %a  sum  be  n  ig  - 
nus  fugiens  G  alius  :  sed 
assiduus  imbcr,  gelu  et 
nix,  lassitudo  et  fames,  ob- 
tero  miser  reliquiae  hie 
infelix  bellum.  Gens  quo- 
que  et  natio,  per  qui  ha- 
beo  iter,  sector palans  G al- 
ius, et  occido  magnus  is 
numerus. 

Post  mora  rex,  Alex  an 
drinus  mitto  legatus  ad 
Romanus,  orans,  ut  susci- 
pio  tutela  pupillus,  et  tutor 
regnum  jEgyptus,  qui  di 
co  Plnlippus  et  Antiochus 
divido  inter  sui.  Hie  le- 
gatio  sum  gratus  Roma- 
nus. 


Ptolemaeus  sum  tarn  ri- 
diculus  Romanus,  quam 
sum  cruentus  civis  suus. 
Vultus  sum  deformis,  sta- 
tura  brevis,  venter  promt- 
nulus,  ut  sum  similis  bel- 
lua  quam  homo.  Arcesso 
films  a  Cyrenae,  et  inter- 
fido  ille,  ne  Alcxandiinus 
creo  rjx. 

Po/*qua?n  Alexander  di- 
mitto  miles,  jam  proxirnus 
7nors,  pcrcontor  amicus 
circu/Kstans,  num  existi- 
mo  iui  possum  invenio  rex 
similis    sui  ?  Cunctus 


to  Latin  syntax. 


59 


They  all  held  their  tongue. 
Then  he  said,  that  he  knew  not 
that,  but  that  he  foresaw  how 
much  blood  Macedonia  would 
shed  in  that  contest. 

Nor  did  the  friends  of  Alex- 
ander without  reason  expect 
his  kingdom ;  for  they  were 
men  of  such  valour  and  dignity, 
that  you  would  have  thought 
every  one  of  them  kings. 
Never  would  they  have  found 
any  equal  to  themselves,  if 
they  had  not  clashed  among 
themselves  ;  and  Macedonia 
would  have  had  many  Alexan- 
ders, instead  of  one,  had  not 
fortune  armed  them  for  their 
mutual  destruction. 

Atticus  is  said  to  have  been  complaisant  to  strangers,  agreeable  to  his  friends, 
just  to  all,  and  troublesome  to  none.  He  so  demeaned  himself,  that  he  seemed 
on  a  level  with  the  lowest,  yet  equal  to  the  greatest,  and  was  deservedly  very 
dear  to  the  Athenians.   Praise  is  grateful  to  human  nature. 

The  heart  of  the  envious  man  is  gall  and  bitterness,  his  tongue  spitteth  venom, 
the  success  of  his  neighbour  breaketh  his  rest,  he  sitteth  in  his  cell  repining  ;  ha- 
tred and  malice  prey  upon  his  heart,  and  there  is  no  rest  in  him.  He  feeleth 
in  his  own  breast  no  love  of  goodness,  and  therefore  believeth  his  neighbour  is 
like  unto  himself. 

The  hand  of  the  generous  man  is  like  the  clouds  of  heaven,  which  drop  upon 
the  earth,  fruits,  herbage,  and  flowers  ;  but  the  heart  of  the  ungrateful  is  like  a 
desert  of  sand,  which  swalloweth  the  showers  that  fall,  burieth  them  in  its  bo 
som,  and  produceth  nothing. 

A  wise  man  considers  that  nothing  is  to  be  desired  by  him  but  what  is  lauda- 
ble and  excellent.  Let  us  imitate  the  wise,  and  always  live  so  as  to  think  that 
an  account  must  be  given  by  us. 


taceo.  Turn  dico,  sui  ncs- 
cio  is,  sed  sui  prospicio 
quantum  sanguis  Mace* 
donia  fundo  in  is  certa- 
men, 

Nec  amicus  Alexander 
frustra  regnum  specto  ; 
nam  sum  vir  is  6  virtus  ae 
6  veneratio,  ut  singuli  is 
rex  puto.  Nunquam  sui 
par  reperio,  si  non  inter 
sui  concurro  ;  multusque 
Macedonia,  pro  unus,  Al- 
exander habeo,  nisifortuna 
is  in  mutuus  pernicies 
armo. 


RULE 

*  18.  Adjectives  signifying 
cusative  of  measure. 

The  stones  of  Solomon's  tem- 
ple were  forty  cubits  long, 
twelve  cubits  broad,  and 
eight  cubits  high. 


dimension  govern  the  ac- 

Lapides  Solomonis  templi 
crant  quadraginta  cubi- 
tos  longi,  duodecim  cu- 
bitos lati,  et  octo  cubitos 
alti.* 


*  In  this  sentence,  and  in  the  latter  half  of  the  second  example  following,  the 
cardinal  numbers  seem  to  be  inaccurately  put  instead  of  the  distributive.  The 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


The  Adjectives  of  DIMENSION  are,  altus,  crassus, 
densus,  latus,  longus,  profundus. 

The  names  of  MEASURE  are,  digitus,  palmus,  per,  cu- 
bitus v.  um,  ulna,  passus,  stadium,  milliare. 

Note  1.  Verbs  of  DIMENSION,  such  as,  patco,  cresco,  &c.  govern  also  an  ac- 
cusative of  MEASURE. 

Note2.  The  word  of  MEASURE  is  sometimes  put  in  the  ablative ;  as,  Liv.  Fos- 
sa sex  cubitis  alta.  Pers.  Venter  ejus  extat  sesquipcde ;  and  sometimes,  but  rarely, 
in  the  genitive  ;  as,  Piin.  Nec  lengiores  duodenum  pedum. 

Note  3.  The  measure  of  excess,  or  the  word  denoting-  how  much  one  thing  ex- 
ceeds or  comes  short  of  another,  is  always  put  in  the  ablative. 

Note  4.  To  the  measure  of  excess  may  be  referred  these  ablatives,  tanto,  quanto, 
quo,  eo,  hoc,  ahquantOy  viulto,  paulo,  niiiilo,  &c.  which  are  frequently  joined  in 
this  sense  with'the  comparative  degree,  or  sometimes  with  the  superlative,  or 
with  a  verb  importing  comparison. 

Note  5.  These  adjectives  do  not  govern  the  accusative  of  themselves,  the 
preposition  ad  or  in  being  understood,  or  sometimes  expressed ;  as,  Plin.  Longa 
folia  habet  fere  ad  tres  digitos.  Colum.  Sulcum  in  quatuor  pedes  longum,  in  tres 
ahum.  When  they  take  the  ablative,  a,  ab,  tenus,  or  in,  may  be  supplied ;  and 
when  they  take  the  genitive,  ad  mensuram  vel  spatium  may  be  understood. 


The  walls  of  Babylon  were 
two  hundred  feet  high,  and  fifty 
broad. 

This  wall  is  five  feet  six 
inches  high,  and  three  hundred 
cubits  long  ;  and  these  trees 
are  twenty  feet  long,  and  two 
feet  round. 

In  this  climate,  about  the 
day  of  the  equinox,  a  gnomon 
seven  feet  high  casts  a  shadow 
not  above  four  feet  long. 

Note  1.  Tell  in  what  coun- 
try the  expanse  of  heaven  does 
not  extend  above  three  ells, 
and  though  shalt  be  the  great 
Apollo. 

Othos  and  Ephialtes  are  said 
to  have  been  of  a  wonderful  big- 


Murus  Babylon  sum 
duceni  pes  altus,  et  quin- 
quageni  latus. 

Hie  maceria  sum  quin- 
que  pes  sex  digitus  altus, 
et  irecenti  cubitus  longus ; 
et  hie  arbor  sum  vigi?iti 
pes  longus,  et  duo  per  eras- 
sus. 

In  hie  tractus,  circa 
dies  aequinoctium,  gnomon, 
septcm  pes  altus,  reddc 
umbra  non  amplius  qua- 
tuor pes  longus. 

Dico  quis  in  terra  spa- 
Hum  coelum  non  pateo  am- 
plius  tres  ulna,  et  sum 
magnus  Apollo. 

Othos  et  Ephialtes  dico 
sum   mirus    magnitudo  ; 


doctrine  concerning  the  use  of  these  classes  of  numbers  m  such  sentences  is  il- 
lustrated and  confirmed  in  a  note  to  the  Grammatical  Exercises,  p.  107.  Stereo- 
type Edition,  q.  v.  A.  R.  C. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


61 


ness  ;  every  month  they  grew 
nine  inches  ;  at  length  they  en- 
deavoured to  climb  up  into  hea- 
ven. 

Note  3.  The  wall  is  six  feet 
higher  than  the  rock,  and  the 
turrets  are  ten  feet  higher  than 
the  wall. 

I  am  two  feet  taller  than  you, 
and  you  are  a  foot  and  a  half 
taller  than  my  brother. 

The  sun  is  many  times  big- 
ger than  the  earth,  and  the 
earth  is  many  times  bigger 
than  the  moon. 

Note  4.  By  how  much  the 
greater  the  battle  was,  by  so 
much  more  famous  was  the 
victory  of  Conon  ;  the  Lace- 
demonians being  conquered, 
take  to  flight. 

The  disease  of  the  covetous 
man  is  scarcely  curable  ;  for 
the  more  he  has,  the  more  he 
desires. 

It  is  much  more  laborious 
to  conquer  one's  self  than  an 
enemy  ;  but  the  more  difficult 
any  thing,  the  more  honourable 
it  is. 

This  condition  was  so  much 
the  more  grievous  to  them,  by 
how  much  it  was  the  later  ; 
for  formerly  they  had  quelled, 
in  the  Delphic  war,  the  fury  of 
the  Gauls,  terrible  both  to  Asia 
and  Italy. 

The  exploits  of  the  Athe- 
nians were  great  and  glorious 
enough,  but  yet  somewhat  less 
than  they  are  represented  ;  but 
because  their  writers  were 
men  of  great  parts  and  elo- 


per  singuli  mensis  cresca 
novem  digitus  ;  tandem 
conor  ascendo  in  coclum. 

Murus  sum  sex  pes  al- 
tior  quam  rupes,  et  turris 
sum  deni  pes  altior  quam 
murus. 

Ego  sum  duo  pes  Ion- 
gior  quam  tu,  et  tu  sum 
sesquipes  longior  quam 
meus  frater. 

Sol  sum  multus  pars 
major  quam  terra,  et  terra 
sum  multus  pars  major 
quam  luna. 

Quantum  major  prae- 
lium  sum,  tantum  clarior 
sum  victoria  Conon ;  La- 
cedaemonius  victus,  fuga 
capesso. 

Morbus  avarus  vix  sum 
medicabilis  ;  nam  quod 
plus  habeo,  id  plus  cupio. 

Sum  multum  operosior 
super o  sui  ipse  quam  hos- 
tis ;  sed  quod  quid  sum 
dijjicilior,  hoc  praeclarior 
sum. 

Hie  conditio  sum  tan- 
tum amarior  is,  quantum 
sum  serior ;  nam  antea 
frango,  in  Delphicus  bel- 
lum,  violentia  Gallus,  ter- 
ribilis  et  Asia  et  Italia. 

Res  gestus  Atheniensis 
sum  satis  amplus  et  mag- 
nificus,  verum  tamen  ali- 
quantum  minor  quam  fe- 
ro ;  sed  quia  auctor  sum 
homo  magnus  6  ingenium 


62 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


quence,  the  actions  of  the 
Athenians  are  celebrated 
through  the  whole  world  for 
the  greatest. 

This  garden  is  an  hundred 
cubits  long  and  sixty  broad. 
Here  are  three  beds,  every 
one  of  which  is  three  feet 
broad  and  five  feet  long ;  but 
the  middle  bed,  which  is  one 
foot  high,  is  the  most  pleas- 
ant ;  upon  it  I  often  sit  and 
read  the  old  poets  with  great 
pleasure. 


et  6  facundia,  '  factum 
Atheniensis  celebro  per  lo- 
tus orhis  pro  maximus. 

Hie  hortus  sum  centum 
cubitus  longus  sexaginta 
latus.  Hie  sum  tres  area, 
qui  singuli  sum  tres  pes 
latus  et  quinque  pes  lon- 
gus ;  sed  medius  area,  qui 
sum  unus  pes  alius,  sum 
amoenus  ;  super  is  saepe 
sedeo,  et  lego  vetus  poeta 
magnus  cum  voluptas. 


The  ark  in  which  Noah,  his  wife,  his  three  sons,  with  their  wives,  and  a  few 
animals  of  every  species,  were  saved,  is  recorded  by  Mosis,  the  sacred  historian, 
to  have  been  300  cubits  long,  50  broad,  and  30  (cubits^  high. 

The  grotto  in  the  island  of  Antiparos  is  a  cavern  120  yards  wide,  113  long,  and 
about  60  yards  high,  and  the  descent  to  it  is  480  yards  deep. 

There  are  about  400  famous  pyramids  in  Egypt,  three  of  which  are  great 
ones,  the  rest  are  smaller;  the  largest  of  the  three  great  pyramids  is  512  feet 
high,  and  1028  feet  broad  at  the  bottom  ;  the  second  pyramidis  312  feet  high,  and 
its  broadest  side  at  the  bottom  622  feet  long. 

A  great  fortune  in  the  hands  of  a  fool  is  a  great  misfortune.  The  more  riches 
a  fool  has  the  greater  fool  he  is 


RULE  V. 

*  19.  The  comparative  degree  governs  the  ablative, 
which  is  resolved  by  quam. 

Nothing  is  sweeter  than  liberty.    Nihil  est  dulcius  libertate. 
Resolved  thus  :  Nihil  est  dulcius  quam  libertas. 

Note  1.  The  positive  with  the  adverb  magis  sometimes  governs  the  ablative  ; 
as,  Virg.  O  luce  magis  dilecta  sorori.    Ovid.  Puraquc  magis  pellucida  gemma. 

Note  2.  The  comparative  takes  often  the  following  or  like  ablatives;  opt- 
nione,  spc,  aequo,  justo,  solito,  diclo,  <J-c.  as,  opinione  major,  spe  amplior,  flagranti  or 
aequo,  tristior  solito,  &c. 

Not*  3.  Nihil  with  the  comparative  is  elegantly  put  for  nemo  or  nullus ;  as, 
Nihil  Virgilio  dotting;  None  more  learned  than  Virgil. 

Note  4.  Quam  after  plus,  amplius,  minuses  elegantly  suppressed  ;  as,  Ter.  Quis 
giiingentos  colapkos  inf regit  mihi.  Virg.  Noctem  non  amplius  unam.  Nep.  Minus 
diebus  triginta  in  Asiam  reversus. 

Note  5.  To  the  comparative  the  words  quampro  are  sometimes  elegantly  sub- 
joined; as,  Curt.  Major  em  quam  pro  flatu  sonum  reddebant  sylvae. 

Note  6.  Comparatives,  besides  the  ablative  of  comparison,  take  naturally 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


63 


after  them  the  case  which  their  positives  govern;  as,  Virg.  Thymomtht  dulcior 
Hyblac.    Senec.  Nihil  est  dignius  magno  viro  placabilitate. 

Note  7.  The  comparative  does  not  govern  the  ablative  of  itself,  the  preposition 
prae  being  understood,  or  sometimes  expressed ;  as,  Apul.  Unus  prae  caeterit  /or- 
tior  exsurgit. 


RULE  VI. 


*  20.  These  adjectives,  dignus,  indignus,  contentus, 
praeditus,  captus,  and fretus ;  also  natus,  satus,  ortus,  editus, 
and  the  like,  require  the  ablative. 


Worthy  of  praise. 
Content  with  little. 
Endued  with  virtue. 
Charmed  with  learning. 
Trusting  to  his  strength. 
Born  of  a  goddess. 
Descended  of  kings. 


Dignus  laude. 
Contentus  parvo. 
Praeditus  virtute. 
Captus  doctrind. 
Fretus  viribus. 
Natus  Ded. 
Ortus  regibus. 


Note  I.  Like  adjectives  are  such  as,  generatus,  creatus,  prognatus,  procreatus, 
cretuSj  oriundus. 

Note  2.  Dignus,  indignts,  contentus,  take  sometimes  the  genitive  ;  as,  SSL  Pro- 
les  digna  Dcum.  Virg.  Indignus  avorum.  Li  v.  Nec  jam  libcrtatis  contentos.  See 
captus  and  oriundus  also  governing  the  genitive,  in  No.  14.  note  2. 

Note  3.  The  ablative  is  not  governed  by  the  adjectives  mentioned  in  this  rule, 
but  by  some  preposition  understood  ;  such  as,  a,  ab,  cum,  in,  e,  ex,  de.  And  the 
genitives  in  note  2.  are  governed  by  some  ablative  understood.  • 


19.  The  first  epistle  of  Ho- 
race is  sweeter  than  any  ho- 
ney. 

Nothing  is  sweeter  to  the 
mind  than  the  light  of  truth. 

In  civil  broils,  where  there  is 
need  of  action  rather  than  de- 
liberation, nothing  is  safer  than 
despatch. 

The  country  of  Campania  is 
the  finest  of  all :  nothing  is 
softer  than  the  air,  nothing 
more  fruitful  than  the  soil, 
nothing  more  hospitable  than 
the  sea. 

Amongst  the  Scythians  no 
crime  is  more  heinous  than 


Primus  epistola  Hora- 
tius  sum  dulcior  quiuis  mel. 

Nihil  sum  dulcior  mens 
lux  Veritas. 

In  discordia  cioilis,  ubi 
opus  sum  factum,  magis 
quam  consultum,  nihil  sum 
tutior  festinatio. 

Plaga  Campania  sum 
pulchcr  omnis  :  nihil  sum 
mollior  coelum,  nihil  ube- 
rior  solum,  nihil  hospita- 
lior  mare. 

Apud  Scytha  nullus  sce- 
lus  sum  gravior  furtum  ; 


64 


AN"  INTRODUCTION" 


theft ;  they  just  as  much  des- 
pise gold  and  silver  as  other 
mortals  covet  them. 

A  stroke  follows  heavier  than 
all  that  had  happened  be- 
fore, through  the  violence  of 
fire.  Rome  is  divided  into 
fourteen  quarters,  whereof 
three  were  levelled  with  the 
ground. 

20.  The  king  was  worthy 
of  a  laurel,  worthy  of  a  cha- 
riot ;  but  Csesar  was  now  so 
great,  that  he  might  despise 
triumphs. 

Nothing  is  more  worthy  of  a 
great  and  brave  man,  than  cle  - 
mency and  readiness  to  be  pa- 
cified. 

To  be  always  repining  and 
complaining  is  unworthy  of  a 
man ;  but  he  who  is  endued 
with  virtue,  and  satisfied  with 
his  lot,  is  truly  rich  and  truly 
great. 

Sylla,  trusting  to  the  strength 
of  his  party,  returned  from 
Asia:  whilst  he  staid  at  Athens, 
he  kept  Pomponius  with  him, 
being  charmed  with  the  polite- 
ness and  learning  of  the  youth. 

Ascanius,  sprung  from  the 
ancient  Trojan  race,  was  born 
of  a  noble  family  ;  for  his  fa- 
ther Aeneas  was  descended  of 
Anchises  and  Venus,  and  An- 
chises  was  descended  of  king 
Assaracus. 

If  I  be  descended  from  a 
heavenly  race,  says  Phaeton, 
give  me  a  token  of  such  a  great 
descent.  Your  father's  palace, 
replied  his  mother,  is  contigu- 
ous to  our  earth ;  go,  and  in- 


perinde  aspernor  aurum 
et  argentum  ac  reliquus 
mortalis  appeto. 

Clades  sequor  gravior 
omnis  qui  ante  accido,  per 
violentia  ignis.  Roma  di- 
vido  in  quatuordecim  re- 
gio,  qui  tres  solum  tenus 
dejicio. 

Res  sum  dignus  laurus, 
dignus  currus  ;  sed  Caesar 
jam  tantus  sum,  ut  possum 
contemno  triumphus. 

Nihil  sum  dignior  mag- 
nus  et  praeclarus  vir,  de- 
mentia et  placabilitas. 

Semper  murmur o  et  quc~ 
ror  sum  indignus  homo ; 
sed  qui  praeditus  sum  vir- 
tus, et  contentus  suits  sors, 
sum  vere  dives  et  vere 
magnus. 

Sylla,  fretus  opes  pars, 
redeo  ex  Asia :  durn  apud 
Athenae  moror,  habeo 
Pomponius  suicum,  captus 
et  humanitas  et  doctrina 
adolescens. 

Ascanius,  editus  anti- 
quus  Trojanus  stirps,  na- 
tus  sum  nobilis  genus; 
nam  pater  Aeneas  satus 
sum  Anchises  et  Venus,  et 
Anchises  ortus  sum  rex 
Assaracus. 

Si  sum  creatus  coelestis 
stirps,  inquam  Phaeton, 
edo  nota  tantus  genus. 
Paternus  domus,  respon- 
deo  mater,  sum  contcrmi- 
nus   noster   terra ;  gra- 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


65 


quire  of  himself,  of  what  blood 
thou  art  sprung. 

•f  After  him  Aurelian  under- 
took the  government,  born  in 
Dacia,  a  man  powerful  in  war, 
yet  of  a  violent  temper,  and 
somewhat  too  inclinable  to 
cruelty,  who  likewise  most  va- 
liantly beat  the  Goths. 

Caesar,  descended  of  the 
most  noble  and  most  ancient 
family  of  the  Julii,  not  content 
with  very  many  and  very  for- 
tunate victories  in  Gaul,  carried 
over  his  arm  into  Britain. 

The  Gauls  boast  that  they 
are  all  descended  of  Pluto ; 
and  for  that  reason  compute 
their  reckonings  of  time,  not 
from  the  number  of  days,  but 
nights  ;  and  they  so  regulate 
their  birth- days,  and  the  be- 
ginnings of  their  months  and 
years,  that  the  day  comes  after 
the  night. 

There  were  with  Cassar 
two  brothers,  Roscillus  and 
Agus,men  of  singular  courage: 
these,  on  account  of  their  bra- 
very, were  not  only  in  high  es- 
teem with  Caesar,  but  were 
even  accounted  dear  by  the 
army  ;  but  depending  on  Cae- 
sar's friendship,  they  despised 
their  comrades. 

Cyrus,  after  this  victory, 
carried  the  war  into  Lydia, 
where  he  routs  Croesus'  sarmy ; 
Croesus  himself  is  taken.  By 
how  much  slighter  this  war 
was  than  the  former,  by  so 
much  the  milder  was  the  vic- 
tory. Croesus  obtains  the  city 


dior,  et  scitor  ah  ipse,  quis 
sanguis  sum  cretus. 

Post  is  Aurelianus  sus- 
cipio  imperium,  Dacia 
oriundus,  vir  potens  in 
helium,  tamen  immodicus 
animus,  et  aliquantum  pro- 
pensior  ad  crudelitas,  qui- 
que  strenuissime  GotJii 
vinco. 

Casar,  genitus  nohilis 
et  antiquus  Julii  familia, 
haud  contentus  multus  ac 
felix  victoria  in  Gallia, 
trajicio  exercitus  in  Bri- 
tannia. 

Galli  praedico  sui  omnis 
prognatus  Dis ;  et  oh  is 
causa  jinio  spatium  tem- 
pus,  non  ex  numerus  dies, 
sed  nox ;  et  sic  oh  servo 
dies  natalis,  et  initium 
mensis  et  annus,  ut  dies 
suhsequor  nox. 

Sum  apud  CcBsar  duo 
f rater,  Roscillus  et  Agus, 
homo  singularis  6  virtus  : 
hie,  propter  virtus,  sum 
non  solum  in  honor  apud 
Ccesar,  sed  etiam  haheo 
carus  apud  exercitus ;  sed 
fretus  Cmsar  amicitia, 
despicio  suus. 

Cyrus,  post  hie  victoria, 
transfero  helium  in  Lydia, 
uhi  fundo  Croesus  exerci- 
tus;  Croesus  ipse  capio. 
Quantum  levior  hie  helium 
sum  prior,  tantum  mitior 
sum  victoria.  Croesus 
impetro  urhs  Barce ;  in 


66 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


Barce ;  in  which,  though  he  did 
not  lead  a  king's  life,  yet  he 
led  a  life  next  to  royal  majesty. 
This  clemency  was  no  less 
useful  to  the  conqueror  than 
the  conquered. 

Sandrocottus,  a  man  born  of 
a  mean  family,  was  the  assertor 
of  their  liberty;  but  after  his 
success,  he  turned  the  title  of 
liberty  into  slavery.  This  man 
being  ordered  to  be  slain  by 
Alexander,  whom  he  had  of- 
fended, made  his  escape  ;  af- 
ter which  fatigue,  as  he  lay 
fast  asleep,  a  lion  of  (a)  huge 
bigness  came  up  to  him  as  he 
slept,  and  wiped  off  the  sweat. 

Duilius  the  admiral,  not  sa- 
tisfied with  the  triumph  of  one 
day,  ordered,  during  his  whole 
life,  when  he  returned  from 
supper,  torches  to  be  lighted 
up,  and  flutes  to  play  before 
him,  as  if  he  would  triumph 
every  day.  Thus  all  mortals 
know  the  actions  of  those,  who, 
endued  with  great  power,  pass 
their  life  in  an  exalted  station. 

The  Macedonian  war  was 
by  so  much  the  more  famous 
than  the  Carthaginian,  by  how 
much  the  Macedonians  excel- 
led the  Carthaginians  ;  where- 
fore the  Romans  raised  more 
legions  than  usual,  and  sent  for 
aid  from  Masinissa  king  of  the 
Numidians,  and  all  their  other 
allies. 

It  was  indeed  a  sort  of  pro- 
digy, that,  out  of  fifty  children, 
not  one  was  found,  whom  either 
paternal  majesty,  or  the  vene- 
ration of  an  old  man,  or  the  in- 
dulgence of  a  father,  could  re- 


qui,  etsi  non  dego  regius 
vita,  tamen  d*go  vita 
proximus  regius  majestas. 
Hie  dementia  non  sum  mi- 
nus utilis  victor  quam  vic- 
tus. 

Sandrocottus,  vir  natus 
humilis  genus,  sum  auctor 
libertas;  sed  post  victo- 
ria, verto  titulus  libertas 
in  servitus.  Hie  vir  jus- 
sus  inter fcio  ab  Alexan- 
der, qui  offendo,  aufugio  ; 
ex  qui  fatigatio,  cum  ja- 
ceo  captus  somnus,  leo  in- 
gens  forma  accedo  ad  dor- 
miens,  et  deter  go  sudor. 

Duilius  imperator,  non 
contentus  unus  dies  trium- 
phus,  jubeo,  per  omnis  vi~ 
ta,  ubi  redeo  a  coena,  fu- 
nale  praeluceo,  et  tibia 
praecino,  quasi  quotidie 
triumpho.  Ita,  cunctus 
mortalis  nosco  factum  is, 
qui,  praeditus  magnus  im- 
perium,  ago  aetas  in  ex- 
celsus. 

Bellum  Macedonicus 
sum  tantum  clarior  Puni- 
cus,  quantum  Macedo  an- 
tecedo  Poeni;  quare  Ro- 
manus  conscribo  legio  plus 
solitus,  et  accio  auxilium 
a  Masinissa  rex  Numidae, 
caeterpue  omnis  socius 

Sum  prorsus  ostentum 
genus,  ut,  ex  quinquagin- 
ta  liberi,  nemo  invenio*  qui 
aut  paternus  majestas,  out 
veneratio  senex,  aut  induU 
gentia  pater,  a  tantus  rm- 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


67 


claim  from  so  great  a  barbari- 
ty. Was  a  father's  name  so 
contemptible  among  so  many 
sons  ?  But  the  cause  of  the 
parricide  was  more  wicked 
than  the  parricide  itself. 


manitas  revoco.  Sumne 
paternus  nomen  adeo  vilis 
apud  totjilius  ?  Sed  cau- 
sa parricidium  sum  scele- 
ratior  ipse  parricidium. 


The  piety  of  a  child  is  sweeter  than  incense,  more  delicious  than  odours,  waft- 
ed by  the  gales,  from  a  field  of  spices. 

Wisdom  is  more  precious  than  rubies,  length  of  days  is  in  her  right  hand,  and 
in  her  left  hand  riches  and  honour.  Her  ways  are  ways  of  pleasantness,  and  all 
her  paths  are  peace. 

When  Chiron,  whose  actions  are  worthy  of  honour,  was  handling  the  arrows 
of  Hercules,  one  of  them,  that  had  been  dipped  in  the  poisonous  blood  of  the  Ler- 
naean  Hydra,  fell  upon  his  foot,  and  made  a  wound  that  was  incurable,  and  pains 
that  were  intolerable,  insomuch  that  he  desired  to  die,  but  could  not,  because  ha 
was  descended  of  two  immortal  parents. 


RULE  VII. 

21.  An  adjective  of  plenty,  want,  and  privation,  governs 
the  genitive  or  ablative. 

Rich  in  horses.  Dives  equorum. 

Rich  in  lands.  Dives  agris. 

Void  of  reason.  Inops  rationis. 

Wanting  words.  Inops  verbis. 

Free  from  faults,  Immunis  delictorum. 

Free  from  vices.  Immunis  vitiis. 

To  this  rule  belong, 

L  Adjectives  of  PLENTY  ;  such  as,  abundans,  beatus> 
ropiosus,  dives,  ferax,  fertilis,  foecundus,  foetus,  frequens, 
frugifer,  gravis,  gravidus,  immodicus,  largus,  praelargus, 
locuples,  mactus,  nimius,  oneratus,  onustus,  opulentus,  ple- 
nus,  refertus,  differtus,  satur,  tentus,  distentus,  tumidus,  tur- 
gidus,  uber  ;  to  which  add,  benignus,Jirmus,  instructus,  lae- 
tus,  liber  alis,  munificus,  paratus,  prodigus,  prosper,  satiatus, 
insatiatus,  insatiabilis. 

II.  Adjectives  of  WANT  ;  such  as,  egenus,  indigus,  in* 
ops,  jejunus,  inanis,  modicus,  pauper,  stcrilis,  tenuis,  vacuus. 

III.  Adjectives  of  PRIVATION  ;  such  as,  cassus,  ex- 
pers,  exsors,  dissors,  exsul,  extorris,  exhaeres,  immunis,  ir- 
ritus,  mutilus,  nudus,  orbus,  truncus,  viduus.  Of  PARTI- 
CIPATION ;  as,  consors,  particeps.  Of  POWER  and  IM- 
POTENCE ;  as,  compos,  pollens,  potens ;  impos,  impotens. 
To  which  add,  liber,  solutus*  imparatus,  injirmus,  parcus, 
purus. 


m 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


Of  these  some  govern, 

1.  The  genitive  only  ;  as,  benignus,  exsors,  impos,  impo- 
tens,  irritus,  liber  alls,  rnunificus,  praelargus. 

2.  The  ablative  only  ;  as,  beatus,  differtus^frugifer,  mu- 
tilus,  tentus,  distentus,  tumidus,  turgidus,  paratus, imparatus 
instructus. 

3.  The  genitive  more  frequently ;  as,  compos,  consors, 
particeps,  egenus,  dissors,  exsul,  exhaeres,  expers,  fertilis,  in- 
digus,  parous,  pauper,  prodigus,  sterilis,  prosper,  insatiatus, 
insatiabilis. 

4.  The  ablative  more  frequently  ;  as,  abandons,  cassus, 
extorris,  foetus,  frequens,  gravis,  gravidas,  jejunus,  liber,  lo- 
cuples,  nudus,  oneratus,  onustus,  orbus, pollens,  solutus,  trun- 
rus,  viduus,  laetus,  firmus,  infrmus,  satiatus.  tenuis. 

5.  The  genitive  or  ablative  indifferently  ;  as,  copiosus, 
dives,  foecundus,  ferax,  immunis,  inanis,  inops,  largus,  mac- 
tus,  modicus,  imrnodicus,  nimius,  opulentus,  plenus,  potens. 
refertus,  satur,  purus,  vacuus,  uber. 

Note  1.  Neither  the  genitive  nor  the  ablative,  strictly  speaking,  depends  upon 
the  adjectives  ;  for  the  genitive  is  governed  by  the  ablative  re,  or  negotio,  under- 
stood ;  and  these,  and  ail  other  ablatives,  by  in,  a,  ab,  de,  or  ex. 

Note  2.  Of  the  above  adjectives,  copiosus,  firmus,  paratus,  imparatus,  inops,  in- 
structus, extorris,  orbus,  pauper,  tenuis,  foecundus,  modicus,  parous,  immunis,  inaniSj 
liber,  nudus,  solutus,  vacuus,  potens,  sterilis,  have  frequently  the  preposition  ex- 
pressed ;  as,  Cic.  Locus  copiosus  a  frumento.  Id.  Ab  equitatu  firmus.  Id.  Ab 
omni  re  paratus.  Id.  Imparatus  a  pecunia.  Id.  Incps  ab  amicis.  Id.  Instructus  a 
doctrina.  Hor.  Meo  sum  pauper  in  aere.  Id.  Tenuis  in  verbis  serendis.  Plin  Par- 
ous in  victu,  modicus  in  cultu.  Veil.  Liber  a  conspectu,  immunis  ab  arbitris.  Cic. 
Messana  ab  his  rebus  vacua  atque  nuda  est.  Id.  Solutus  a  cupiditatibus,  liber  a  de- 
lictis.  Quinct.  In  affectibus  potentissimus.  Ovid.  Herba potens  ad  opem.  Liv 
In  res  bellicas  potens.    Apul.  Civitas  ab  aquis  sterilis. 

Note  3.  Benignus,  prosper,  laetus,  gravis,  and  some  others,  m  a  different  sense, 
govern  the  dative,  by  No.  16. 

Note  4.  Some  grammarians  refer  the  adjectives  governing  the  genitive  only,  to 
No.  14.  And  it  would  not  have  been  repugnant  to  method  and  srood  order  to  have 
framed  No.  20,  bo  as  to  comprehend  those  which  govern  the  ablative  only. 


1.  This  island  is  rich  in  cat- 
tle, well  stored  with  goats, 
overflowing  with  milk,  fertile 
in  grain,  fruitful  in  corn,  and 
abounding  in  herbs.  Its  moun- 
tains are  stored  with  brass 
and  lead,  and  covered  with 
woods. 

This  man  is  blessed  with 
wealth,  and  rich  in  money ;  his 


Hie  insula  sum  dives 
pecus,  copiosus  capra,  li- 
bit n  dans  lac,  fertilis  fru 
ges,  foecundus  annona,  el 
ferax  herba.  Mons  is  sum 
uber  aes  et  plumbum,  it 
frequens  sylva. 

Hie  homo  sum  beatus  6 
divitiae,  el  opulentus  v 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


69 


house  is  full  of  plate,  replen- 
ished with  precious  things, 
and  stuffed  with  jewels  ;  his 
pockets  are  always  loaded 
with  silver,  and  strutted  with 
gold. 

This  soldier  formerly  was 
frank  of  his  money,  abounding 
in  wealth,  profuse  of  his  gold, 
lavish  of  praise,  proud  of  vic- 
tory, extravagant  in  his  mirth, 
and  too  high-spirited  ;  now  he 
is  loaded  with  years,  cloyed 
with  age,  his  wife  is  big  with 
a  boy. 

These  fields  are  rich  in 
grain,  fertile  in  corn,  fruitful  in 
victual,  gay  with  grain  and 
flowers  ;  the  cows  and  sheep 
are  fat,  their  udders  are  strut- 
ted with  milk. 

II.  Your  brother  is  moderate 
in  his  desire,  but  yet  he  is  in 
want  of  every  thing,  in  need  of 
help,  poor  in  silver  and  gold, 
weak  in  strength,  destitute  of 
friends,  but  free  from  guilt. 

No  letter  comes  from  you 
empty,  or  void  of  something 
useful,  which  I  the  rather  ad- 
mire and  commend,  because 
this  age  is  barren  in  virtues, 
and  fruitful  in  vices. 

III.  This  gentleman  is  free 
of  all  vice,  void  of  a  fault,  and 
clear  of  wickedness  ;  yet  he  is 
in  want  of  help,  being  banish- 
ed his  country,  forced  from  his 
city  and  home,  disappointed  of 
his  hope,  deprived  of  his  pa- 
ternal estate,  and  destitute  of 
all  his  possessions. 

g2 


cunia  ;  domus  is  sum  pte- 
rins vas,  satur  pretiosus 
res,  et  refertus  6  gemma ; 
crumena  sum  semper  onus- 
tus  6  argentum,  et  turgi- 
dus  6  aurum. 

Hie  miles  olim  sum  li- 
beralis  pecunia,  largus 
opes,  prodigus  aurum,  mu- 
nificus  laus,  tumidus  6  suc- 
cessus,  immodicus  laetitia, 
et  nimius  animus ;  nunc 
sum  gravis  6  annus,  satia- 
tus  aevum,  uxor  sum  gra- 
vidus  6  puer. 

Hie  ager  sum  locuples 
8  fruges,  f  jetus  6  j rumen- 
turn,  frugifer,  6  alimentum, 
laetus  fruges  et  jlos  ;  vac- 
ca  et  ovis  sum  pinguis, 
uber  sum  distentus  6  lac. 

Tuus  f rater  sum  modi- 
cus  votum,  attamen  sum 
egenus  omnis  res,  indigus 
opis,  pauper  argentum  et 
aurum,  tenuis  6  vires, 
inops  amicus,  sed  vacuus  6 
crimen. 

Nullus  epistola  venio  a 
tu  jejunus,  aut  inanis  ali- 
quis  6  res  utilis,  qui  eo 
magis  miror  et  laudo9 
quia  hie  seculum  sum  ste- 
rilis  virtus,  et  foecundus 
vitium. 

Hie  vir  sum  immunis 
omnis  6  vitium,  exsors  cul- 
pa, etpurus  scelus  ;  tamen 
sum  indigus  opis,  exsiil 
patria,  ext orris  6  urbs  do- 
musque,  irritus  spes,  ex- 
haeres  paternus  bonum,  et 
expers  omnis  6  fortuna. 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


This  young  lady,  deprived  of 
her  parents,  and  wanting  a  por- 
tion, was  the  sharer  of  my  dan- 
gers, and  shall  be  the  partner 
of  my  kingdom  ;  her  life  has 
not  been  free  of  troubles,  nor 
is  her  breast  void  of  love. 

The  governor  of  the  city, 
which  is  destitute  of  a  garrison, 
is  a  man  endued  with  virtue, 
abounding  in  wealth,  but  spa- 
ring of  his  money  ;  mighty  in 
war,  but  unable  to  restrain  his 
passion  ;  his  mind  however  is 
generally  calm,  free  from  fear, 
and  disengaged  from  all  cares. 

Some  animals  are  destitute 
of  feet  ;  but  in  Germany  there 
are  wild  beasts  that  are  called 
alces,  whose  shape  is  like  that 
of  goats,  which  have  legs  with- 
out joints,  and  [they]  are  void 
of  horns. 

%  The  victorious  Regulus, 
an  honest  man,  and  of  ancient 
morals,  lovely  to  all,  though  ig- 
norant of  the  liberal  arts,  after 
he  had  widely  spread  the  ter- 
ror of  his  name,  and  slain  a 
great  number  of  the  Carthagi- 
nian youth,  sent  a  fleet  to  Rome 
loaded  with  abundance  of  spoil, 
and  heavy  with  a  triumph. 

Alexander,  though  full  of 
dust  and  sweat,  yet  taken  with 
the  pleasantness  of  the  river 
Cydnus,  threw  himself  into  the 
cold  water  ;  then  on  a  sudden 
a  numbness  seized  his  nerves  : 
yet  afterwards  he  recovered 
his  health,  and  took  Persepolis, 
the  metropolis  of  the  Persian 
empire,  a  famous  city,  tilled 
with  the  spoils  of  the  world. 


Hie  virgo,  orbus  6  pa- 
reus,  et  cassus  6  dos,  sum 
particeps  mens  periculum, 
et  sum  consors  regnum ; 
vita  non  sum  vacuus  6  mo- 
lestia,  nee  pectus  sum  vi- 
duus  6  amor. 

Praefectus  urbs,  qui 
sum  nudus  6  praesidium, 
sum  vir  compos  virtus, 
pollens  6  opes,  sed  parcus 
pecunia ;  potens  6  bellum, 
sed  impotens  ira ;  animus 
tamen  sum  fere  tranquillus, 
liber  6  terror,  et  solutus 
omnis  G  cura. 

Quidam  animal  su?n 
truncus  pes ;  sed  in  Ger- 
mania  sum  bellua  qui  ap- 
pello  alces,  qui  figura  sum 
consimilis  capra,  qui  ha- 
beo  crus  sine  nodus,  sum- 
que  mutilus  6  cor?iu. 

Victor  Regulus,  probus 
vir,  et  vetus  rnos,  amabilis 
cunctus,  quamvis  expers 
liberalis  ars,  quum  late 
circumfero  terror  suus  no* 
men,  et  caedo  magnus  vis 
juventus  Punicus,  ad  Ro- 
ma mitto  class  is  onustus 
ingens  6  praeda,  et  gravis 
6  triumphus. 

Alexander,  etsi  plenus 
pulvis  ac  sudor,  tamen 
captus  amoenitas  Jlumen 
Cydnus,  projicio  sui  in 
praefrigidus  aqua ;  turn 
repente  rigor  occupo  ?ier~ 
vus  :  tamen  postea  recipio 
sanitas,  et  expugno  Perse- 
polis, caput  Persicus  reg- 
num, xirbs  illustris,  refer* 
tus  6  spolium  terra  orbis. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


71 


.  Man,  who  is  partaker  of  rea- 
son and  speech,  is  more  excel- 
lent than  beasts,  which  [who] 
are  void  of  reason  and  speech ; 
but  the  mind  of  man  has  got 
reason  in  vain,  unless  he  is 
mindful  of  his  duty,  and  do  the 
things  that  are  agreeable  to 
reason  and  nature. 

The  Egyptians  boast  that 
Egypt  was  always  so  tempe- 
rate, that  neither  the  winter's 
cold  nor  the  heats  of  the  sum- 
mer sun  did  incommode  its 
inhabitants  ;  that  the  soil  is  so 
fertile,  that  no  country  is  more 
fruitful  in  food  for  the  use  of 
man. 

Alcibiades,  the  Athenian, 
born  of  a  great  family,  in  a  very 
great  city,  was  much  the  hand- 
somest of  all  the  men  of  his 
time,  fit  for  all  things,  and 
abounding  in  sense :  it  is  agreed 
amongst  all,  that  nobody  was 
more  eminent  than  he,  cither 
in  vices  or  in  virtues. 

Historians  say,  that  Cyrus 
king  of  Persia,  who  conquered 
the  greatest  part  of  Asia,  wag- 
ed war  at  last  against  the  Scy- 
thians, whose  queen  was  nam- 
ed Tomyris  ;  that  his  army  was 
routed,  he  himself  slain  ;  that 
his  head  was  cut  off,  and  thrown 
into  a  vessel  full  of  blood. 

All  men  hate  those  that  are 
unmindful  of  a  kindness,  and 
all  men  love  a  mind  grateful, 
and  mindful  of  a  good  turn. 
Mutual  benevolence  is  the 
great  bond  of  human  society  ; 
and  without  it  life  itself  is  grie- 
vous, full  of  fear  and  anxiety, 


Homo,  qui  sum  particeps 
ratio  et  oratio,  sum  praes- 
tans  fera,  qui  sum  expers 
ratio  et  oratio ;  sed  animus 
homo  sortior  ratio  frustra, 
nisi  sum  memor  ojficium 
suus,  et  ago  is  qui  sum  con- 
sentaneus  ratio  et  natura. 

Aegyptii  pratdico  Ae- 
gyptus  sum  semper  ita  tem- 
per atus,  ut  neque  hibernus 
frigus  nec  ardor  aestivus 
solpremo  is  incola  ;  solum 
ita  foecundus,  ut  nullus 
terra  sumferax  alimentum 
in  usus  homo 

Alcibiades,  Athemensis, 
natus  summus  genus,  in 
amplus  civitas,  sum  mul- 
tum  formosus  omnis  suus 
aetas,  aptus  ad  res  omnis, 
plenusque  consilium :  con- 
stat inter  omnis,  nihil  sum 
excellens  ille,  vel  in  vitium 
vel  in  virtus, 

Auctor  narro,  Cyrus  rex 
Persia,  qui  domo  magnus 
pars  Asia,  gcro  bellum 
tandem  contra  Scytha,  qui 
regina  appcllo  Tomyris  ; 
cxercitus  is  dcleo,  ipse  oc- 
cido ;  caput  is  abscindo, 
et  conjicio  in  vas  plenus 
sanguis. 

Omnis  odi  is  qui  sum 
immcmor  benejicium,  et 
omnis  amo  animus  gratus, 
et  memor  benejicium..  Mu- 
tuus  benevolentia  sum  mag- 
nus vinculum  humanus  s*0- 
cietas  ;  et  sine  is  vita  ipse 
sum  gravis,  plenus  timor 


72 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


and  void  of  all  comfort  and  plea- 
sure. Let  us  therefore  avoid 
the  crime  of  ingratitude  above 
all  others. 


et  anxietas,  et  vacuus  om- 
nis  6  solatium  et  voluptas. 
Fugio  igitur  crimen  in- 
gratus  animus  prae  reli- 
quus. 


If  we  lift  up  our  eyes  to  the  heavens,  the  glory  of  God  shineth  forth  ;  if  we  cast 
them  down  upon  the  earth,  it  is  full  of  his  goodness  .  The  hills  and  ti  e  valleys 
rejoice  and  sing  ;  fields,  rivers,  and  woods  resound  his  praise. 

Human  life  is  never  free  fiom  troubles  ;  all  places  aro  full  of  fraud,  treachery, 
and  snares. 

The  Roman  soldiery  made  Veteranio  emperor,  who  was  a  good  man,  and  of 
ancient  morals,  but  void  of  all  the  liberal  arts. 
No  man  can  be  said  to  be  great  or  powerful,  who  is  not  master  of  himself. 


II.    The  Government  of  verbs. 
§1.   Of  personal  verbs. 
RULE  I. 

*  22.  Sum  when  it  signifies  possession,  property,  part 
or  duty,  governs  the  genitive. 

This  field  is  my  father's,  but    Hie  ager  est  patris,  at  po~ 
the  orchard  belongs  to  my       marium  est  avunculi. 
uncle. 

It  is  the  property  of  a  fool  to  Insipientis  est  perseverare 
persist  in  an  error.  in  errore. 

It  is  the  part  of  a  poor  man  to  Pauperis  est  numerare  pe- 
number  his  flock.  cus. 

It  is  the  duty  of  soldiers  to  Militum  est  pro  patria 
fight  for  their  country.  pugnare. 

Note  1.  Both  in  this  and  in  the  following  rule,  offirium,  munus,  opus,  negotiumy 
res,  proprium,  or  some  other  word,  to  be  gathered  from  the  sense,  is  understood,  and 
sometimes  expressed ,  as,  Cic.  Principum  ntunus  est  resistere  levitati  multitudinis. 
Sometimes  the  preceding  substantive  is  to  be  repeated ;  as,  Hie  liber  est  [liberj 
fratris.    Hoc  pecus  est  [pecus]  Meliboti. 

Note  2.  To  this  rule  may  be  referred  the  following  and  like  expressions.  Virg. 
Crates  persolvere  dignas  non  opts  est  nostrae.  Caes.  Est  hoc  Gallicae  consvetudinis. 
Plin.  Moris  antiqui  fuit.  Cic.  Quae  res  ever tc.ndi  reip.  solent  esse.  Sail.  Regium 
xmperium,  quod  initio  conservandae  libertatis  fuerat.  Id.  Quae  postquam  gloriosa 
modo,  neque  belli  patrandi  cognovit,  sup.  esse. 

23.  These  nominatives,  meum,  tuum,  suum,  nostrum,  ves~ 
trum,  are  excepted. 

It  is  my  duty  to  confess.  Meum  est  fateri. 

It  is  your  part  to  forgive.  Tuum  est  ignoscere. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


73 


Note  l.The  meaning  of  the  rule  is,  that  instead  of  the  primitive  pronouns,  mei, 
tut,  sui,  nostri,  vestri,  in  the  genitive,  we  must  use  their  possessives,  meum,  tuum, 
tuum,  nostrum,  vestrum,  in  the  nominitive  case,  and  in  the  neuter  gender. 

Note  2.  POSSESSIVE  nouns,  such  as,  regius,humanus,belluinus,  Romanus,&c. 
admit  of  the  like  construction  ;  as,  Cic.  Ilocquam  regium  sit,  quern prae tent?  Ter. 
Humanum  est  errare.  Proverb.  Belluinum  est  ventri  servire.  Li  v.  Et  agere  et  pati 
fortia  Roma num  est     Ter.  Hoc  patrium  est.    Cic.  Gladiatorium  id  quidem. 


RULE  II. 

*  24.  MISEREOR,  miseresco,  and  satago,  govern  the 
genitive. 

Take  pity  on  your  country-    Miserere  civium  tuorum. 
men. 

Take  pity  on  trie  king.  Miserescite  regis. 

He  has  enough  to  do  with  his    Satagit  rerum  suarum. 
own  affairs. 

Note  I.  Several  other  verbs,  signifying  an  affection  of  the  mind,  govern  some- 
times the  genitive,  but  chiefly  with  the  poets  ;  as,  Cic.  Pendeo  animi.  Ter.  Dis- 
crucior  animi.  Plaut.  Fastidit  mci.  Hot.  Decipicur  laborum.  Plaut.  Fallebar  ser- 
monis.  Ilor.  Invidit  ciceris.  Virg.  Laetor  malorum.  Hor.  Abstineto  irarum.  Id. 
Deeine  querelarum.  Virg.  Dcsistere  pugnae.  Hot.  Regnavit  populorum.  Tac. 
Adipisceretur  dominationis .  Plaut.  Levas  laborum,  &c.  But  these  and  the 
like  are  much  oftener  otherwise  construed,  viz.  some  take  the  accusative,  others 
the  ablative,  and  that  either  with  or  without  a  preposition,  &c. 

Note  2.  In  assigning  the  reason  of  this  rule,  grammari'ans  differ :  some  take  all 
such  constructions  to  be  Grecisrns,  or  imitations  of  the  Greek ;  others  consider 
them  as  elliptical  Latin  expressions,  and  pretend  to  supply  them  by  some  general 
word  :  such  as,  ncgotio,  re,  causa,  nomine,  or  the  like  ;  with  the  preposition  in, 
d*,  or  a.  Others  again  think,  if  they  are  to  be  supplied,  that  some  particular 
word,  suited  to  the  sense  of  the  expression,  must  be  understood,  thus  :  Miserere 
civium,  sc.  mis erid.  Discrucior  animi,  sc.  dolore.  Regnavit  populorum,  sc.  in  coetu. 
Levas  laborum,  sc.  onere,  &c. 


RULE  III. 


25.  EST  taken  for  habeo  [to  have]  governs  the  dative  Ot 


a  person. 

Every  one  has  his  own  way. 
We  have  many  books. 
Do  you  not  know  that  kings 
have  long  hands  1 


Suits  cuique  mos  est. 
Sunt  nobis  multi  libri, 
An  nescis  longas  regibus 
esse  manus  ? 


Note,  That  for et  and  suppetit ,  as  also  suppeditat,  when  used  in  the  neuter  sense, 
are  likewise  often  taken  for  habeo,  and  admit  of  the  same  construction.  Mart.  Si 
viihi  cauda  foret.  Hot.  Qui  rerum  suppetit  us  us.  Tac.  Publio  neque  animus  in  perir 
eulxs,  ntr{ue  oratio  suppeditavit. 


74 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


RULE  IV. 

26.  SUM  taken  for  affero  [to  bring]  governs  two  datives, 
ihe  one  of  a  person,  the  other  of  a  thing. 

The  sea  brings  ruin  upon  ma-  Mare  est  exitio  nautis. 
riners. 

King  Philip  brought  aid  to  the  Philippus  rex  Romanis 
Romans.  auxiliofuit. 

Every  one  minds  his  own  plea-  Curae  est  sua  cuique  volup- 
sure.  tas. 

Note  1.  Other  verbs  sometimes  govern  two  datives  ;  such  as, /orcm,  do,  duco, 
habeo,  tribuo,  relinquo,  verto,  venio,  mitto,  and  some  others. 

Note  2.  To  this  rule  may  be  referred  such  phrases  of  naming  as  these,  Est  mi- 
ni nomen  Joanni.  Just.  Ptolemaeus,  cut  cognomentum  Philopatorifu.it.  Virg.  As- 
canius,  cui  nunc  cognomen  lido  additur.  As  also  the  following  or  like  expressions, 
Esse  cordiy  usui,  derisui,  praedae,  ludibrio,  sc.  alicui.  Alicui  dicto  audiens  esse. 
Habere  curae,  quaestui,  sc.  sibi.    Canere  receptui,  sc.  militibus,  &c. 

Note  3.  Instead  of  the  dative  of  the  THING,  the  nominative  Is  sometimes  used ; 
as,  Virg.  Idem  amor  exitium  pecori  est,  pecorisque  magistro  ;  for  exitio. 


22.  The  books  which  you 
see,  were  my  cousin's,  but  now 
they  are  my  brother's. 

Caesar  Augustus  dwelt  hard 
by  the  forum,  in  a  house  that 
had  belonged  to  Calvus  the  ora- 
tor. 

Never  was  there  a  more 
bloody  battle  ;  at  last,  howev- 
er, the  victory  was  the  Lacede- 
monians'. 

It  is  the  property  of  a  cow- 
ard to  wish  for  death  ;  but  it  is 
the  property  of  a  great  soul  to 
despise  an  injury. 

It  is  the  part  of  a  foolish  boy 
to  love  play,  and  neglect  his 
studies  ;  and  it  is  the  part  of 
a  good  shepherd  to  shear  his 
sheep,  not  to  Hay  them. 

It  is  the  duty  of  children  to 
love  and  reverence  their  pa- 


Liber,  qui  video,  sum 
consobrinus  meus}  sed  nunc 
sum  f rater. 

C(Bsar  Augustus  habito 
juxta  forum,  in  domus  qui 
sum  Calvus  orator. 

Nunquam  sum  cruentus 
praelium  ;  ad  postremum, 
tamen,  victoria  sum  Lace- 
daemonh. 

Sum  timidus  opto  mors ; 
sed  sum  magnus  animus 
despicio  injuria. 

Sum  stultus  puer  amo 
lusus,  et  negligo  studium  ; 
et  sum  bonus  pastor  tondeo 
pecus,  non  deglubo. 

Sum  liberi  amo  et  reve- 
reor  parens,  et  sum  disci- 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


75 


rents,  and  it  is  the  duty  of  a 
scholar  to  honour  his  master. 

23.  It  is  my  part  to  teach 
and  direct ;  it  is  thy  part  to 
study  hard,  if  thou  desirest  to 
be  a  scholar. 

It  is  our  part  to  regulate 
your  courage ;  and  it  is  your 
duty,  not  to  pry  into  the  or- 
ders of  your  officers,  but  sub- 
missively to  obey. 

24.  Look  about,  says  Tellus, 
take  pity  on  your  own  hea- 
ven:  the  poles  are  smoking, 
which  if  the  fire  shall  destroy, 
your  palaces  will  tumble  down. 

Pity  such  great  hardships  ; 
take  pity  also  on  me,  and  be 
not  troublesome  ;  I  am  busy  in 
my  own  affairs. 

Xantippe,  Socrates'  wife,  by 
day  and  by  night,  was  suffi- 
ciently employed  in  womanish 
quarre*ls  and  brawlings. 

25.  Cresar  the  dictator  ri- 
valled the  greatest  orators,  and 
Augustus  had  a  ready  and  flu- 
ent eloquence. 

Thou  mayest  rest  with  us 
upon  the  green  grass  ;  we  have 
mellow  apples,  soft  chesnuts, 
and  plenty  of  curdled  milk. 

26.  Conon,  when  he  heard 
that  his  country  was  invaded, 
did  not  inquire  where  he  might 
live  safely,  but  from  whence 
he  might  bring  relief  to  Ids 
countrymen. 

The  loss,  however,  of  the 
human  race,  was  matter  of  grief 
to  all  the  gods  ;  and  they  ask- 
ed, what  would  be  the  appear- 


pulus  honoro  magister. 

Sum  meus  docco  etprae* 
scribo ;  sum  tuus  studeo 
diligenter,  si  volo  sum 
doctus. 

Sum  noster  rego  vester 
virtus  ;  et  vester  sum,  non 
sciscitor  imperium  dux, 
sed  modeste  pareo. 

Circumspicio,  aio  Tel- 
lus, misereor  caelum  ves- 
ter:  polus  fumo,  qui  si  ig- 
nis vitio,  atrium  vester 
ruo. 

Misereor  tantus  labor; 
mxseresco  quoque  ego,  ac 
ne  sum  molestus ;  satago 
res  meus. 

Xantippe,  Socrates  ux- 
or, per  dies  perque  nox, 
satago  muliebris  ira  et 
molestia, 

Casar  dictator  sum 
aemulus  summus  orator, 
et  Augustus  promptus  ae 
profiuens  eloquentia. 

Tu  possum  requiesco 
egocum  super  viridis 
frons ;  sum  ego  mitis  po- 
mum,  mollis  castanea,  et 
pressus  copia  lac. 

Conon,  quum  audio  pa- 
tria  obsideo,  non  quaero, 
ubi  ipse  vivo  tuto,  sed  un- 
de  sum  praesidium  civis 
suus. 

Jactura,  tamen,  huma- 
nus  genus,  sum  dolor  om- 
nis  superi ;  et  rogo,  quis 
sum  forma  terra  6  morta* 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


ance  of  the  earth  destitute  of 
mortals  ? 

The  vine  is  an  ornament  to 
the  trees,  grapes  are  an  orna- 
ment to  the  vines,  bulls  to  the 
flocks,  and  growing  corns  to 
the  fertile  fields. 

Note  i.  Micipsa  imagined 
that  Jugurtha  would  be  an  ho- 
nour to  his  kingdom,  and 
thought  it  a  glory  to  himself, 
that  he  was  called  the  friend 
and  ally  of  the  Roman  people. 

The  complainers  charged  it 
as  a  crime  against  Gallius,  that 
he  had  provided  poison  ;  and 
who  is  it  that  would  not  have 
imputed  it  to  him  as  a  fault  ? 

These  gentlemen  strut  in 
state  before  your  noses,  and 
boast  of  their  triumphs,  just  as 
if  they  reckoned  them  an  ho- 
nour to  them,  and  not  rapine. 

The  girl  was  left  to  this  wo- 
man as  a  pledge  for  the  money; 
but  it  is  charged  upon  you  as 
laziness,  that  you  write  so  few 
letters  to  your  friends. 

Chabrias  too  was  reckoned 
amongst  the  greatest  generals, 
and  performed  many  things 
worthy  of  memory  ;  but  of 
these  his  invention  in  the  bat- 
tle which  he  fought  at  Thebes, 
when  he  came  to  the  relief  of 
the  Boeotians,  is  the  most  fa- 
mous. 

If  After  this  a  battle  is 
fought :  the  Macedonians  rush 
upon  the  sword,  with  contempt 
of  an  enemy  so  often  conquer- 
ed by  them  :  Alexander  him- 
self attempted  the  most  dange- 


r's orbus. 

Vitis  sum  decus  arbor% 
uva  sum  decus  vitis,  tau- 
rus  grex,  et  seges  pinguis 
arvum. 

Micipsa  existimo  Jugur- 
tha forem  gloria  regnum 
suus,  et  duco  sui  gloria, 
sui  voco  amicus  et  socius 
populus  Roma?ius, 

A  ccusator  do  crimen 
Gallius,  is  paro  venenum ; 
et  quis  sum,  qui  non  verto 
is  vitium  ? 

Hie  vir  incedo  per  os 
vester,  et  ostento  suus 
triumphus,  perinde  quasi 
habeo  is  honor  sui,  ac  non 
praeda. 

Adolescentula  relinquo 
hie  mulier  arrhabo  pro  ar- 
gentum  ;  sed  tribuo  tu  ig- 
navia,  quod  scribo  tarn  ra- 
rus  litera  ad  amicus, 

Chabrias  quoque  habeo 
in  summus  dux,  geroque 
multus  res  dignus  memo- 
ria ;  sed  ex  hie  inventum 
is  in  praelium,  qui  apud 
Thebae  facio,  cum  venio 
subsidium  Boeotii,  maxime 
eluceo. 

Post  hie  praelium  com- 
mitto  :  Macedo  ruo  in  for- 
rum,  cum  contemptus  hos- 
tis  toties  a  sui  victus  :  A- 
lexander  ipse  aggredior 
quisque  pcriculosus ;  ubi 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


77 


rous  things  ;  where  he  saw  the 
enemy  thickest,  there  he  al- 
ways thrust  himself,  and  had  a 
mind  the  dangers  should  be 
his  own,  not  his  soldiers'. 

Rashness  is  the  property  of 
youth,  prudence  of  old  age  ; 
and  to  love  riches  is  the  pro- 
perty of  a  little  and  narrow 
soul,  as  to  despise  them,  in 
comparison  of  virtue,  is  the 
property  of  a  great  and  noble 
mind. 

Virginius  begged  that  they 
would  pity  him  and  his  daugh- 
ter :  that  they  would  not  heark- 
en to  the  intreaties  of  the 
Claudian  family,  but  to  the  in- 
treaties of  Virginia's  relations, 
the  tribunes,  who  being  creat- 
ed for  the  assistance  of  the 
commons,  did  implore  their 
protection  and  aid. 

Part  advised  to  call  in  Mi- 
thridates king  of  Pontus,  part 
Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt ;  but 
Mithridates  was  full  of  business 
of  his  own,  and  Ptolemy  had 
always  been  an  enemy  to  Sy- 
ria :  wherefore  all  agreed  upon 
Tigranes  king  of  Armenia ; 
who  being  sent  for,  held  the 
kingdom  of  Syria  for  eighteen 
years. 

The  nation  of  the  Catti  have 
robust  bodies,  compact  limbs,  a 
stern  countenance,  great  vigour 
of  mind,  a  great  deal  of  sense 
and  address ;  they  confide  more 
in  their  general  than  in  their 
army :  over  the  blood  and 
spoils  of  an  enemy  they  unco- 
ver their  face,  and  boast  that 


conspicio  hostis  confertus, 
eo  sui  semper  ingero,  vo- 
loque  periculum  sum  suus, 
non  miles, 

Temeritas  sum  fiorens 
actas,  prudentia  senectus  ; 
et  amo  divitiae  sum  par- 
vus angustusque  animus, 
ut  contemno  prae  vir- 
tus, sum  ma  gnus  et  subli- 
mis  animus. 

Virginius  oro  ut  mise- 
rcor  sui  et  Jilia  :  ne  audio 
precis  gens  Claudius,  sed 
precis  Virginia  cognatus, 
whunus,  qui  creatus  ad 
auxilium  plebs,  imploro 
is  fides  et  auxilium. 


Pars  suadeo  arcesso  Mi- 
thridates rex  Pontus,  pars 
Ptolemaeus  rex  Aegyptus  ; 
sed  Mithridates  satago  res 
suus^  et  Ptolemaeus  semper 
sum  hostis  Syria  :  itaque 
omnis  consentio  in  Ti- 
granes rex  Armenia;  qui 
accitus  teneo  regnum  Sy- 
ria per  octodecim  annus. 

Gens  Catti  sum  durus 
corpus,  slrictus  artus,  mi- 
nax  vullus,  magnus  vigor 
animus,  multum  ratio  ac 
solertia ;  repono  plus  in 
dux  quam  in  excrcitus : 
super  sanguis  et  spolium 
hostis  revelo  fades,  et  fero 
sui  sum  turn  dignus  patria 


II 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


they  are  then  worthy  of  their 
country  and  their  parents. 

Now  I  come  to  Cicero,  who 
had  the  same  contest  with  his 
contemporaries,  that  I  have 
with  you ;  for  they  admired 
the  ancients,  he  preferred  the 
eloquence  of  his  own  times. 

The  Macedonians  had  per- 
petual wars  with  the  Thracians 
and  Illyrians  :  the  latter  des- 
pised the  infancy  of  the  Mace- 
donian king,  and  invaded  the 
Macedonians  ;  who  being  beat, 
brought  out  their  king,  and 
placed  him  behind  their  army 
in  his  cradle,  and  then  renew- 
ed the  dispute  more  briskly. 

As  soon  as  Philip,  king  of 
Macedonia,  entered  upon  the 
government,  all  people  had 
great  hopes  of  him,  because  of 
his  parts,  and  because  of  the 
old  oracles  of  Macedonia, 
which  had  given  out  that  the 
state  of  Macedonia  should  be 
very  flourishing  under  one  of 
the  sons  of  Amyntas. 

After  this  Alexander  orders 
himself  to  be  adored,  not  salut- 
ed. Callisthenes  was  the  most 
violent  amongst  the  recusants  ; 
which  thing  brought  ruin  both 
on  him,  and  on  many  great  men 
of  Macedonia  ;  for  they  were 
all  put  to  death  under  pretence 
of  a  plot. 

He  ordered  Marcus  Claudius 
the  proconsul,  to  retain  a  suffi- 
cient garrison  at  Nola,  and 
send  away  the  rest  of  the  sol- 
diers, that  they  might  not  be 
a  burden  to  their  allies,  and  a 
charge  to  the  government. 


et  parens. 

Nunc  ad  Cicero  venio, 
qui  idem  pugna  sum  cum 
aequalis  suus,  qui  ego  sum 
tucum  ;  Me  enim  antiquus 
miror,  ipse  suus  tempus 
eloquentia  antepono. 

Macedo  sum  assiduus 
helium  cum  Thraces  et  II- 
lyrii:  posterior  contemno 
tnfantia  Macedonicus  rex, 
et  invado  Macedo;  qui 
pulsus,  profero  rex  suus, 
et  pono  pone  acies  in  cu- 
nae,  et  tunc  repeto  certa- 
men  acriter. 

Ut  Philippus,  rex  Ma- 
cedonia, ingredior  impe- 
rium,  omnis  sum  magnus 
spes  de  Me,  propter  ipse 
ingenium,  et  propter  vetus 
fatum  Macedonia,  qui  ca- 
rio  status  Macedonia  sum 
jlorens  sub  unus  Jilius  A- 
myntas. 

Deindc  Alexander  jubco 
sui  adoro,  non  salutor. 
Callisthenes  sum  acer  inter 
recusans ;  qui  res  sum  exi- 
tium  et  Me,  et  multus 
princeps  Macedonia ;  si- 
quidem  omnis  interjicio 
sub  species  insidiae. 

Jubeo  Marcus  Claudius 
proconsul,  retineo  idoneus 
praesidium  ad  Nola,  et 
dimitto  caeter  miles,  ne 
sum  onus  socius,  et  sump* 
tus  respublica. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


79 


Caesar,  Octavianus,  Mark 
Antony,  and  Lepidus  divided 
the  Roman  empire  among  them- 
selves. Asia  and  Egypt  were 
Mark  Antony's  ;  he  married 
Cleopatra,  the  most  beautiful 
woman  of  her  age,  who,  desi- 
rous of  the  empire  of  the 
world,  stirred  him  up  to  make 
war  against  Caesar  Octavianus, 
which  brought  destruction  on 
them  both. 


Ccesar  Octavianus, 
Marcus  Antonius,  et  Lepi- 
dus partior  Romanus  im- 
perium  inter  sui.  Asia  et 
Aegyptus  sum  Marcus  An- 
tonius ;  duco  Cleopatra, 
pulcher  foemina  seculum 
suus,  qui,  cupidus  impe- 
rium  terra  orbis,  impello 
is  gero  bellum  contra  Ca- 
sar  Octavianus,  qui  sum 
pernicies  uterque. 


It  is  the  part  of  a  wise  man  to  look  to  the  end  of  things.  When,  therefore,  the 
fatherless  call  upon  thee  ;  when  the  widow's  heart  is  sunk,  and  she  imploreth 
thy  assistance ;  it  is  thy  duty  to  pity  her  affliction,  and  relieve  those  who  have 
no  helper. 

Every  thing- is  common  among  ants.  An  ant  never  works  for  herself,  but  for 
the  whole  society  of  which  she  is  a  member.  Whereas  bees,  of  which  so  won- 
derful stories  are  told,  have  each  of  them  a  hole  in  their  hives  ;  their  honey  is 
their  own,  and  every  bee  is  wholly  taken  up  about  her  own  concerns. 

Idleness  is  the  parent  of  want  and  pain,  but  the  labour  of  virtue  bringeth  forth 
pleasure.  The  hand  of  the  diligent  defeateth  want,  prosperity  and  success  are 
the  industrious  man's  attendants.  But  the  slothful  man  is  a  burden  to  himself; 
he  loitereth  about,  and  knoweth  not  what  he  would  do. 


RULE  V. 


27.  A  verb  signifying  advantage  or  disadvantage  governs 
the  dative. 


I  am  not  profitable  to  myself. 
Fortune  favours  the  brave. 
Wise  men  commaud  their  pas- 
sions. 

Caesar  threatened  the  eagle- 
bearer. 

Fools  trust  to  dreams. 

The  girl  married  her  cousin- 
german. 

It  is  the  part  of  a  good  man  to 
satisfy  his  conscience. 

I  was  present  at  the  battle. 

The  last  hand  is  put  to  the 
work. 

Man,  who  is  partaker  of  rea- 
son, excels  the  brutes. 


Mihi  minus  proficio. 
For  tuna  facet  fortibus. 
Sapientes  imperant  cupi* 

ditatibus  suis. 
Aquilifero  Casar  commi- 

natus  est. 
Stulti  Jidunt  somnis. 
Consobrino    suo  nupsit 

puella. 
Est  boni  viri  satisfacere 

conscientiae  suae. 
Aderam  pugnae. 
Accessit  operi  manus  ex* 

trema. 

Homo,  qui  rationis  parti* 
ceps  est,  antecellit  bes- 
tiis. 


oO  AN  INTRODUCTION 

A  boy  takes  pleasure  to  play    Puer  gcstit  paribus  collu 

with  his  equals.  dere. 
The  sailors  ply  the  oars.  Nautae  incumbunt  remis. 

To  this  rule  belong  a  great  variety  of  verbs,  mostly  neu- 
ter, viz. 

I.  Verbs  of  various  significations,  importing, 

1.  To  PROFIT  or  HURT;  as,  proficio,  placeo,  commo- 
tio, prospicio,  caveo,  metuo,  timeo,  consulo  to  provide  for  or 
against ;  also,  noceo,  officio,  incommodo,  displiceo,  insi- 
dior. 

2.  To  FAVOUR,  to  HELP,  and  their  contraries  ;  as, 
faveo,  gratulor,  gratificor,  grator,  ignosco,  indulgeo,  annuo, 
parco,  studeo,  adulor,  plaudo,  blandior,  lenocinor,  palpor, 
assentor,  supplico,  subparasitor ;  also,  auxilior,  adminicu- 
lor ;  also,  derogo,  detraho,  invideo,  aemulor. 

3.  To  COMMAND,  OBEY,  SERVE,  andRESIST ;  as, 
impero,  praecipio,  mando,  moderor  to  restrain  ;  also,  pareo, 
ausculto,  obedio,  obsequor,  obtempero,  morigeror,  obsecundo  ; 
also,  famulor,  servio,  inservio,  ministro,  ancillor ;  also,  re- 
pugno,  obsto,  reluctor,  renitor,  resisto,  refragor,  adversor ; 
and  with  the  poets,  pugno,  certo,  bello,  contendo,  concurro, 
luctor. 

4.  To  THREATEN,  or  be  ANGI^Y  with  ;  as,  minor, 

comminor,  interminor,  irascor,  succenseo. 

5.  To  TRUST;  as,  Jido,  conjido,  credo;  also,  dijjido, 
despero. 

6.  A  great  many  other,  verbs  that  cannot  be  reduced  to 
any  distinct  head  ;  such  as,  nubo,  cxcello,  haereo,  cedo,  ope- 
ror,  praestolor,  praevaricor,  recipio,  to  promise,  pepigi  to 
promise,  renuncio,  respondeo,  temper o,  vaco,  convicior,  aio, 
luceo,  sapio,  sordeo,  dormio,  &c. 

II.  Verbs  compounded  with  SATIS,  BENE,  and  MALE; 
as,  satisfacio,  satisdo,  benefacio,  benedico,  benevolo,  malefa- 
cio,  malcdico. 

III.  All  the  compounds  of  the  verb  SUM,  except  possum  ; 
as,  adsum,prosum,  obsum,  desum,  insum,  inter  sum,  praesum, 
super  sum,  Sic. 

IV.  A  great  many  verbs  compounded  with  these  nine 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


81 


PREPOSITIONS,  ad,  ante,  con,  in,  inter,  oh,  prae,  sub, 

super. 

AD  ;  as,  accedo,  accresco,  accumbo,  acquiesco,  adno,  ad- 
nato,  adequito,  adhaero,  adrepo,  adsto,  adstipulor,  advolvor, 
affulgeo,  allabor,  allaboro,  annuo,  applaudo,  appropinquo, 
arrideo,  aspiro,  assentior,  assideo,  assisto,  assuesco,  assurgo. 

ANTE  ;  as,  antecello,  anteeo,  antesto,  anteverto. 

CON  ;  as,  colludo,  concino,  consono,  convivo. 

IN ;  as,  incumbo,  indormio,  inhio,  ingemisco,  inhaereo, 
innascor,  innitor,  insideo,  insto,  insisto,  insudo,  insulto,  invigi- 
lo,  illacrymo,  illudo,  immlneo,  immorior,  immoror,  impendeo. 

INTER  ;  as,  intervenio,  intermico,  interccdo,  intercido, 
interjaceo. 

OB  ;  as,  obrepo,  obluctor,  obtrecto,  obstrepo,  obmurmuro, 
occumbo,  occurro,  occurso,  obsto,  obsisto,  obvenio. 

PRAE  ;  as,  praecedo,  praecurro,  praeeo,  praesideo,prae- 
luceo,  praeniteo,  praesto,  praevaleo,  praeverto. 

SUB  ;  as,  succedo,  succumbo,  sujjicio,  suffragor,  subcres- 
co,  suboleo,  subjaceo,  subrepo,  supplico. 

SUPER  ;  as,  supervenio,  super curro,  super sto. 

Note  1.  Some  few  of  these  verbs ;  such  as,  fido,  confido,  innitor,  cedo,  vaco,  in 
stead  of  the  dative,  take  sometimes  the  ablative,  as  will  be  taught  No.  30. 

Note  2.  The  verbs  jubeo,  offendo,  laedo,  and^wvo,  though  reducible  to  some  of 
the  above  classes,  uo  not  govern  the  dative,  but  the  accusative  ;  as,  Luc.  Silen- 
tia  jussit.  Hot.  Cur  ego  amicum  offendam  in  rtugis  1  Cic.  Neminem  laesit.  Ovid. 
Juvitfacundia  causam. 

Note  3.  Verbs  of  LOCAL  MOTION  ;  such  as,  eo,  vado,  curro,  propero,  festinot 
pergo,fugio,  &c.  and  verbs  denoting  tendency  to  MOTION  ;  such  as,  tendo,  ver- 
go,spcclo,  pertineo,  &c.  instead  of  the  dative,  take  the  accusative  with  the  pre- 
position ad  or  in. 

Note  4.  A  great  many  of  the  verbs  belonging  to  this  rule  admit  of  other  con- 
structions ;  as,  Plaut.  Parcere  pecuniam.  Id.  Auscultare  aliquem.  Cic.  Despe* 
rare  rernpublicam.  Caes.  Adhaecrespnnd.it.  Cic.  Adesse  in  pugna.  Sail.  Acct- 
dere  ad  urbem.  Cic.  Accedere  in  oppidum.  Virg.  Accedere  domos  infernas.  Sail. 
Ant ei  e  omnes  gloria.  Id.  Colludere  cum  aliquo.  Plaut.  Incumber e  gladium.  Cic. 
Incumber e  ad,  studia  in  studium.  Petron.  Incumber e  super  praedam.  Plin.  Inter- 
jacct  duas  syrtes.  Cic.  Obrepere  in  animos,  ad  honores.  Virg.  Praecedere  agmen. 
Sail.  Succedere  murum.  Liv.  Succedere  ad  urbem,  in  pugnam.  Virg.  Superstore 
aliquem,  &c. 

I.  1.  It  is  the  part  of  a  wise  Sum  sapiens  placeo 
man  to  please  God,  to  do  good  Deus,  projicio  homo,  caveo 
to  men,  to  take  care  of  himself,  sui,  prospicio  salus  suus, 
to  provide  for  his  own  safety,  metuo  amicus,  et  consulo 
to  be  concerned  for  his  friends,  utilitas,  officio  nullus,  dis- 
and  studv  their  interest,  to  do  pliceo  nemo,  neque  no* 
h  2 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


harm  to  none,  to  displease  no- 
body, neither  to  hurt  the  mise- 
rable, nor  to  lay  snares  for  the 
innocent.  • 

2.  A  good  man  favours  the 
good,  and  rejoiceth  with  them 
upon  any  happy  event ;  he  is 
always  disposed  to  spare  the 
vanquished,  and  forgive  what 
is  past ;  he  neither  entertains 
resentment,  nor  flatters  any 
one  ;  he  knows,  that  those  who 
detract  from  good  men,  dero- 
gate from  themselves ;  he 
therefore  envies  nobody,  but 
zealously  imitates  the  most 
worthy. 

It  is  the  property  of  a  gene- 
rous man  to  assist  the  poor,  to 
aid  the  needy,  to  succour  the 
distressed, to  heal  their  wounds, 
to  patronize  the  orphans,  to 
help  his  countrymen,  to  study 
their  advantage,  and  to  pray  to 
God,  that  he  would  second  his 
endeavours  ;  whilst  the  cove- 
tous man  flatters  and  caresses 
the  rich,  and  applauds  himself 
when  he  looks  at  his  money  in 
his  chest. 

3.  God  hath  commanded  us 
to  rule  our  lusts,  to  govern  our 
spirit,  to  listen  to  his  word,  to 
obey  his  admonitions,  to  be 
subject  to  his  laws,  to  be  sub- 
missive to  parents,  to  comply 
with  their  will,  to  serve  and 
wait  upon  them,  and  obey  their 
orders,  and  not  to  be  a  slave  to 
passion. 

A  Christian  ought  to  oppose 
vicious  pleasure,  to  struggle 
against  and  withstand  the  be- 
ginnings of  anger,  to  resist  evil, 


ceo  miser,  neque  insidior 
innocuus. 

Bonus  favco  bonus,  et 
gratulor  is  de  aliquis  res 
felix  ;  semper  para tus  sum 
parco  victus,  et  ignosco 
praeteritus  ;  neque  indul- 
geo  ira,  neque  adulor  quis- 
quam  ;  nosco  is,  qui  de- 
1 1  alio  bonus,  derogo  sui ; 
ideo  invideo  nemo,  sed  ae- 
mulor  dignus. 


Sum  generosus  auxilior 
pauper,  subvenio  inops, 
succurro  ?niser,  medeor 
vulnus,  patrocinor  orbus  6 
parens,  opitulor  civis,  stu- 
deo  commodum,  et  suppli- 
co  Deus,  ut  annuo  ausum ; 
dum  avarus  assentor  et 
blandior  dives,  et  plaudo 
sui,  cum  contemplor  num- 
mus  in  area, 

Deus  praecipio  ego  ut 
impero  cupiditas,  moderor 
animus,  ausculto  verbum 
is,  pareo  monitum,  obedio 
lex,  obtempero  parens,  ob- 
secundo  voluntas  is,  famu- 
lor  et  ministro  ille,  et  ob- 
sequor  imperium,  neque 
servio  iracundia. 

Christianus  debeo  repug- 
no  vitiosus  voluptas,  reluc- 
tor  et  obsto  principium  ira, 
re  sis  to    malum,  adversor 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


83 


to  oppose  the  corrupt  practices 
of  those  who  despise  virtue 
and  religion,  and  not  to  be  a 
slave  to  lust,  nor  humour  wick- 
ed men. 

4.  &  5.  The  general  was  an- 
gry and  enraged  at  the  soldiers, 
he  threatened  the  standard- 
bearers,  he  threatened  the  run- 
aways ;  but  as  he  durst  not  de- 
pend on  the  courage  of  his  men, 
he  resolved  to  retreat,  and  trust 
to  the  night  and  the  darkness. 
Though  at  first  he  did  not  be- 
lieve the  things  that  were  said 
concerning  the  enemy,  yet  now 
he  began  to  give  up  his  affairs 
for  lost,  and  despair  of  safety. 

6.  I  cannot  restrain  my 
tongue,  says  the  gentleman  to 
his  companion  ;  the  sun  shines 
on  the  wicked,  and  few  are 
wise  for  themselves.  I  bewail 
the  misfortune  of  the  unhappy 
young  lady  ;  she  excelled  all 
the  girls  of  the  east,  she  was 
taken  up  with  the  liberal  scien- 
ces, and  was  always  intent  up- 
on philosophy. 

Many  young  men  courted 
this  girl,  and  presents  sent  by 
many  lovers  were  disdained  by 
her  ;  at  length,  however,  she 
yielded  to  the  gentle  command 
of  her  parents,  and  married  a 
Roman  knight ;  but  the  event 
did  not  answer  people's  expec- 
tation ;  he  was  a  bad  husband, 
and  the  poor  creature  has  bid 
adieu  to  life  ;  my  voice  clings 
to  my  jaws  ! 

II.  An  honest  man  endea- 
vours to  satisfy  his  creditors, 
and  to  act  well  for  the  com- 


pravus  mos  is  qui  contem- 
no  virtus  et  religio,  neque 
inservio  cupiditas,  neque 
moriareror  malus  homo 

o 

Dux  succensco  et  irascor 
miles,  minor  signifer,  corn- 
minor  fugiens ;  sed  cum 
non  audeo  confido  virtus 
miles,  ztatuo  recedo,  etjido 
nox  et  tenebrae.  Quam- 
vis  primo  non  credo  is  qui 
narro  de  hostis,  tamen  nunc 
coepi  diffido  res  suus,  et 
despero  salus. 


Non  possum  temper o  lin- 
gua, aio  vir  comes ;  sol 
luceo  sceleratus,  et  pauci 
sapio  sui.  Doleo  casus 
infelix  vir  go ;  excello  om- 
nis  puella  oriens,  operor 
liber alis  studium,  et  sem 
per  vaco  philosophia. 


Multus  juvenis  peto  hie 
puella,  et  munus  missus  a 
multus  procus  sordeo  ille  ; 
tandem,  tamen,  ccdo  lenis 
imperium  parens,  et  nubo 
Romanus  eques ;  scd  res 
non  respondeo  homo  opi- 
nio;  sum  durus  maritus, 
et  miser  renuncio  vita ; 
vox  faux  haereo  ! 

Probus  vir  conor  satis- 
facio  creditor,  et  benefacio 
respublica,  qui  sum  puU 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


monwealth,  which  is  a  fine 
thing  ;  he  endeavours  also  to 
speak  well  of  good  men,  to  re- 
vile nobody,  and  to  do  an  ill 
turn  to  none.  God  often  bless- 
es such  a  man,  which  he  does 
when  he  gives  him  prosperity, 
enlarges  his  fortune,  and  shews 
him  favour. 

III.  Parents  orlen  outlive 
their  children ;  and  as  some 
men  have  a  weakness  of  judg- 
ment, and  others  want  pru- 
dence, an  old  man  of  this  sort 
ought  to  be  present  at  public 
deliberations,  and  have  the 
charge  of  the  thing  to  be  done  ; 
not  that  he  may  have  it  in  his 
power  to  hurt  any  one,  but  that 
he  may  be  able  to  do  good  to 
many ;  and  God  sometimes  fa- 
vours such  an  undertaking. 

IV.  Ad.  The  thing  pleased 
me  much  ;  for  the  young  man 
had  resolved  to  rest  in  your 
opinion,  and  adhere  to  virtue. 
Fortune,  therefore,  smiled  up- 
on him,  and  favoured  his  first 
attempt ;  and  great  courage 
was  added  to  his  men,  who  rode 
up  to  the  very  gates  of  the  city. 

The  enemy  threw  them- 
selves into  the  river,  and  en- 
deavoured to  swim  to  land.  Our 
general  returned  victorious 
with  twelve  Serjeants,  who  at- 
tended him,  and  all  rose  up  be- 
fore him,  as  he  came  into  his 
tent,  where  he  sat  down  to  a 
feast.  The  grandees  sat  by  him, 
and  six  boys  waited  at  table. 

Ante  and  Con.  Virtue,  which 
is  always  consistent  with  itself, 
excels  all  other  things,  and  the 


cher ;  conor  quoque  bene- 
dico  bonus  homo,  maledico 
nemo,  et  malefacio  nullus. 
Deus  saepe  benedico  talis 
homo,  qui  facio,  cum  do 
prosper,  augeo  bonum,  fa- 
veoque. 

Parens  saepe  supers-urn 
liberi ;  et  ut  quidam  homo 
insum  imbecillitas  judi- 
cium, et  alius  desum  pru- 
dcntia,  senex  ejusmodi  de- 
beo  inter  sum  publicus  con- 
silium, et  praesum  res  fa- 
ciendus ;  non  ut  possum 
obsum  quivis,  sed  ut  pos- 
sum prosum  multus ;  et 
Deus  nonnunquam  adsum 
talis  inceptum. 

Res  arrideo  ego  valde ; 
nam  adolescens  statuo  ac- 
quiesco  sententia  tuus,  et 
adhaereo  virtus.  Fortu- 
na,  igitur,  affulgeo  tile,  et 
aspiro  primus  labor,  et  in- 
gens  animus  accedo  miles, 
qui  adequito  ipse  porta 
urbs. 

Hostis  projicio  sui  in 
jluvius,  et  conor  adno  ter- 
ra. Noster  dux  redeo 
victor  cum  duodecim  lie- 
tor,  qui  appareo  is,  et  om- 
nis  assurgo  is,  veniens  in 
tabernaculum,  ubi  accumbo 
epulae,  Primores  assideo 
ille,  et  sex  puer  adsto  men- 
sa. 

Virtus,  qui  semper  con- 
sono  sui,  anteeo  omnis 
alius  res,  et  dos  anim* 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


85 


endowments  of  the  mind  excel 
strength  of  body  ;  but  they  of- 
ten beget  pride.  There  was  a 
comedian  in  Greece,  of  a  cele- 
brated character,  with  whom 
1  lived  a  long  time,  who  far  ex- 
celled most  actors  and  musi- 
cians :  he  used  to  boast  and 
say,  Let  the  boys  play  with 
their  equals,  and  sing  to  them- 
selves and  the  muses. 

In.  This  villain  mocks  and 
insults  all  good  men ;  he  is  said 
never  to  have  groaned  or  wept 
at  the  death  of  a  friend ;  but 
he  gapes  after  gain,  and  sleeps 
on  his  bags  of  money  ;  he  ob- 
stinately persists  in,  and  pur- 
sues his  former  course,  though 
danger  seems  to  hang  and  ho- 
ver over  him  ;  for  a  pain  has 
lately  settled  in  his  feet,  which 
obliges  him  to  lean  on  a  staff, 
as  a  soldier  leans  on  a  spear, 
or  as  a  house  leans  on  pillars. 

Inter.  There  was  an  alliance 
for  a  long  time  betwixt  this 
people  and  their  neighbours  : 
a  war,  however,  at  last  broke 
out  between  them  ;  they  join- 
ed battle  in  a  valley  full  of 
ferns,  which  use  to  grow  in 
neglected  fields  :  at  first  the 
sun  was  shining,  and  the  gold 
glittered  on  their  bright  armour ; 
many  were  slain  on  both  sides, 
who  were  all  buried  in  pits  that 
lay  betwixt  the  hills,  and  more 
would  have  fallen,  had  not 
night  come  on  during  the  time 
of  the  battle. 

Ob.  The  lot  that  has  fallen 
to  men  is  mortal :  mortality 
occurs,  nay  often  occurs  to  our 


antecello  vires  corpus ;  at 
saepe  gigno  superbia.  Sum 
histrio  in  Graecia,  celeber 
fama,  qui  diu  convivo,  qui 
longe  antesto  plerique  ac- 
tor  et  citharoedus :  soleo 
glorior  et  dico,  Puer  col- 
ludo  par,  et  concino  sui  et 
musa. 


Hie  scelestus  illudo  et 
insulto  omnis  bonus  ;  dico 
nunquam  ingemo  aut  ilia- 
c/try mo  mors  amicus ;  sed 
inhio  lucrum,  et  indormio 
saccus  pecunia  ;  pertina- 
citer  insto,  et  inhaereo  pri- 
or vestigium,  etiamsi  peri- 
culum  videor  impendeo  et 
immineo  is ;  nam  dolor  nu- 
per  insideo  pes,  qui  cogo  is 
innitor  baculum,  ut  miles 
insisto  hasta,  aut  ut  tectum 
incumho  columna. 

Amicitia  diu  inter cedo 
hie  populus  cum  jinitimus : 
bellum,  tamen,  tandem  ex- 
orior  inter  is  ;  commit  to 
praelium  in  vallis  plenus 
6  jilix,  qui  soleo  innascor 
neglectus  ager  :  primo  sol 
splendeo,  et  aurum  inter- 
mico  fulgens  arma ;  mul- 
tus  interficio  utrinque,  qui 
omnis  sepelio  in  fovea  qui 
interjaceo  mons,  ct  plus 
cado,  nisi  nox  intervenio 
praelium 

Sors  qui  obvenio  homo 
sum  mortali  ?  ;  mortalitas 
occurroy  imo  occurso  ani- 


86 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


thought,  and  all  men  struggle 
against  death  in  vain  ;  but  yet 
vices  creep  in  upon  us,  wick- 
edness stands  in  the  way  of 
piety,  one  decries  and  depre- 
ciates the  merits  of  another, 
few  withstand  the  allurements 
of  pleasure,  and  nobody  is  dis- 
posed to  die  for  his  country. 

Prae.  Mercury  is  said  to  pre- 
side over  gain  ;  but  a  fair  re- 
putation is  better  than  riches. 
Masters  ought  and  use  to  lead 
the  way  to  their  scholars,  and 
the  boy  is  worthy  of  honour 
who  outshines  his  ancestors,  or 
outstrips  his  contemporaries. 
Providence  over-rules  human 
devices,  and  certain  signs 
sometimes  go  before  certain 
events. 

Sub  and  Super.  Wave  suc- 
ceeds wave,  grief  comes  in  the 
midst  of  joy,  old  age  and  pover- 
ty steal  upon  you  :  but  do  not 
sink  under  the  burthen ;  for 
your  farm,  which  lies  under  the 
hill,  is  far  better  than  its  rent, 
and  will  find  a  purchaser  ;  and 
as  you  are  content  with  little, 
if  but  a  small  part  of  the  price 
shall  be  left  to  you,  you  will 
be  richer  than  a  covetous  man, 
whom  the  wealth  of  Croesus 
would  not  satisfy. 

Note  3.  All  the  rivers  run 
into  the  sea,  and  we  all  hasten 
to  one  habitation.  My  brother 
enlisted  in  the  army,  went  to  a 
battle  ;  but  being  worsted,  he 
hastened  to  the  shore,  fled  into 
Africa,  and  went  to  the  city 
Carthage.  His  friends,  to  whom 
the  business  chiefly  belonged, 


mus,  et  o?nnis  obluctor 
mors  f lustra  ;  attamen  vi- 
tium  obrepo  ego,  scelus  ob- 
sto  pietas,  alter  obstrepo  et 
obtrccto  laus  alter,  pauci 
obsisto  blanditiae  voluptas, 
et  nemo  sum  paratus  oc- 
cumbo  mors  pro  p atria. 

Mercurius  dico  praesi- 
deo  lucrum ;  sed  bonus  ex- 
istimatio  praesto  divitiae. 
Praeceptor  debeo  et  solco 
praeeo  discipulus,  et  puer 
sum  dignus  honor  qui 
praeluceo  majores,  aut  an 
tecello  aequalis.  Provi- 
dentia  praevaleo  humanus 
consilium,  et  certus  signum 
interdum  praecurro  certus 
res. 

Unda  succedo  unda,  luc- 
tus  supervenio  laetitia,  se- 
nectus  et  paupertas  subrepo 
tu  :  sed  ne  succumbo  onus  ; 
nam  ager  tuus,  qui  subja- 
ceo  mons,  longe  supercurro 
vectigal,  et  invenio  emptor ; 
et  cum  sum  content  us  par- 
vum,  si  modo  exiguus  pars 
pretium  super sto  tu,  sum 
ditior  avarus,  qui  opes 
Croesus  non  sufficio. 

Ornnis  jluvius  curro  in 
mare,  et  ego  omnis  sedes 
propero  ad  unus.  Meus 
f  rater  eo  in  militia,  vado 
in  praelium ;  sed  victus, 
festino  ad  littus,  fugio  in 
Africa,  et  per  go  ad  urbs 
Carthago.  Amicus,  ad 
qui  res  maxime  pertineo, 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


87 


afterwards  brought  him  back  ; 
his  years  are  now  on  the  de- 
cline towards  old  age.  Virtue 
aims  at  high  things. 

%  So  great  a  madness  had 
seized  their  cruel  minds,  that 
they  did  not  spare  the  age, 
which  even  enemies  would 
have  spared,  and  carried  on  a 
destructive  war  against  their 
children,  and  children's  mo- 
thers, for  whom  wars  use  to 
be  undertaken.  So  great  was 
the  havock,that  the  gods  seem- 
ed to  have  agreed,  together 
with  men,  for  the  destruction 
of  the  parricides. 

The  chief  of  the  fathers  said, 
that  his  speech  was  worthy  of 
the  consular  office,  worthy  of 
so  many  consulships,  worthy 
of  his  whole  life,  full  of  ho- 
noar  ;  that  other  consuls  had, 
by  betraying  their  dignity,  flat- 
tered the  common  people  ;  that 
he,  mindful  of  the  majesty  of 
the  fathers,  had  made  a  speech 
suitable  to  the  times. 

Polycletus,  a  man  terrible  to 
our  own  soldiers,  is  sent  into 
Britain  ;  but  he  was  an  object 
of  derision  to  the  enemy, 
amongst  whom  the  power  of 
freed  men  was  not  yet  known  ; 
and  they  wondered  that  an  ar- 
my should  obey  a  slave. 

The  Christian  religion  not 
only  commands  us  to  help  our 
friends,  but  to  relieve  those 
that  are  enemies  to  us  ;  for  so 
we  shall  make  them  our  friends, 
and  shall  promote  love,  kind- 
ness, peace,  and  good  will 


postea  reduco  ;  annus  jam 
vergo  in  senium.  Virtus 
ad  arduus  tendo. 

Tantus  rabies  invado 
ferus  animus,  ut  non  par' 
co  aetas,  qui  etiam  hostis 
parco,  geroque  interned 
vus  helium  cum  liberi,  li- 
berique  mater,  pro  qui  hel- 
ium soleo  suscipio.  Tan- 
tus strages  sum,  ut  deus 
videor  consentio,  pariter 
cum  homo,  in  exitium  par- 
ricida. 

Primores  pater  dico, 
concio  is  dignus  sum  im- 
perium  consularis,  dignus 
tot  consulatus,  dignus  to- 
tus  vita,  plenus  6  honor  ; 
alius  consul,  per  proditio 
dignitas,  adulor  plebs ;  is, 
memor  ma  jest  as  pater,  ha- 
beo  oratio  accommodatus 
tempus. 

Polycletus,  vir  terrihilis 
noster  miles,  mitto  in  Bri- 
tannia ;  scd  sum  irrisus 
hostis,  apud  qui  potentia 
libertus  nondum  cognosco  ; 
mirorque  quod  exercitus 
obedio  servitium. 

Christianus  religio  non 
modo  praecipio  ego  opitu- 
lor  amicus,  sed  succurro  is 
qui  sum  inimicus  ego  ;  sic 
enim  reddo  is  amicus,  et 
promoveo  amor,  benigni- 
tas,  pax   et  benevolejitia 


88 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


among  men  ;  which  things 
pleased  God. 

The  Parthians  were  former- 
ly the  most  obscure  among  the 
people  of  the  east.  When  the 
empire  of  Asia  was  transferred 
from  the  Medestothe  Persians, 
they  were  a  prey  to  the  con- 
querors ;  finally,  they  were 
subject  to  the  Macedonians  ; 
that  it  may  seem  strange  to  any 
one,  that  they  are  arrived  to 
such  a  flourishing  condition, 
that  they  now  command  those 
nations  to  which  they  formerly 
were  under  subjection. 

He  that  resisteth  his  own 
evil  inclinations,  obeyeth  God  ; 
and  deserves  greater  praise 
than  the  general  who  vanquish- 
es mighty  armies,  and  takes 
the  strongest  cities,  but  serves 
his  passions,  which  he  cannot 
govern. 

Taken  with  the  sweetness 
of  that  power,  you  suffer  any 
wickedness  to  lurk  under  it. 
Let  them  say  the  same  things, 
which  they  bawl  out  here,  in 
the  camp,  and  amongst  the  sol- 
diers ;  and  let  them  corrupt 
our  armies,  and  not  suffer  them 
to  obey  their  commanders  ; 
since  that  is  at  least  the  liberty 
of  Rome,  not  to  reverence  the 
senate,  the  magistrates,  or  the 
laws. 

The  Lacedemonians,  after 
the  manner  of  mankind,  the 
more  they  have,  the  more  they 
desire  ;  for,  not  content  with 
the  accession  of  the  Athenian 
powers,  they  began  to  affect  the 


inter  homo ;  qui  placeo 
Deus. 

Parthi  sum  olim  obscu- 
rus  inter  populus  oriens. 
Cum  imperium  Asia  trans- 
fero  a  Medi  ad  Persa,  sum 
praeda  victor ;  postremo, 
servio  Macedo  ;  ut  videor 
mirus  quivis,  is  proveho  ad 
tantus  felicitas,  ut  nunc 
impero  is  gens  qui  olim 
servio. 


Qui  repugno  suus  malus 
affectus,  obedio  Deus  ;  et 
mereor  magnus  laus  quam 
dux  qui  f undo  magnus  co- 
piae,  et  expugno  munitus 
urbs,  sed  servio  cupiditas, 
qui  non  possum  moderor. 

Captus  dulccdo  is  potes- 
tas,  sino  quilibet  scelus  la- 
teo  sub  is.  Dico  idem  ,  qui 
vociferor  hie,  in  castra,  et 
apud  miles ;  et  corrumpo 
exercitus,  nec  patior  is  pa- 
reo  dux  ;  quoniam  is  de- 
mum  sum  libertas  Roma, 
non  revereor  senatus,  ma- 
gistrates, aut  lex. 


Lacedaemonius,  de  mos 
genus  humanus,  quod  plus 
habeo,  id  plus  cupio  ;  nam, 
non  contentus  accessio  opes 
Atheniensis,  coepi  affecto 
imperium  totus  Asia,  qui 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


89 


empire  of  all  Asia,  the  greater 
part  of  which  was  subject  to 
the  Persians. 

King  Eumenes  met  the  Ro- 
mans with  aid,  and  a  little  after 
a  battle  was  fought  with  Antio- 
chus :  a  Roman  legion  was  beat 
in  the  right  wing,  and  fled  to 
the  camp  ;  but  M.  Aemilius,  a 
tribune  of  the  soldiers,  who 
had  been  left  for  the  security 
of  it,  commands  his  soldiers  to 
take  arms,  and  threaten  the 
runaways. 

Hiero  was  descended  of  Hie- 
rocles ;  his  very  education  was 
ominous  of  his  future  gran- 
deur :  he  had  a  remarkable 
handsomeness  of  person  ;  he 
was  smooth  in  his  address,  just 
in  business,  moderate  in  com- 
mand, that  there  seemed  no- 
thing at  all  wanting  to  him  suit- 
able for  a  king,  but  a  kingdom. 

And  that  no  misery  might  be 
wanting  to  the  most  honoura- 
ble families,  he  obliges  their 
wives  and  daughters  to  marry 
their  slaves,  that  he  might 
render  them  more  faithful  to 
himself,  and  more  violent 
against  their  masters.  But 
such  dismal  matches  were 
more  grievous  to  the  matrons 
than  sudden  death. 

We  were  not  bom  for  ourselves  only ;  we  ought  therefore  to  consult  the  in- 
terest of  our  friends,  to  be  beneficial  to  mankind,  and  serviceable  to  human  society- 
Canute,  one  of  the  kings  of  England,  piously  acknowledged,  that  none  truly 
deserves  the  name  of  King,  but  he  whose  eternal  laws,  heaven,  earth,  and  seas 
obey. 

Agamemr.on,  king  of  the  Argives,  commanded  the  Grecian  fleet  in  the  expe- 
dition against  Troy.  But  Diana  was  angry  with  Agamemnon,  because  he  had 
killed  one  of  her  deer.  Wherefore  the  provoked  goddess  caused  such  a  calm, 
that  the  Grecian  ships  became  fixed  and  immoveable.  Hereupon  they  consult- 
ed the  soothsayers,  who  ordered  to  sacrifice  one  of  Agamemnon's  children, 
and  so  satisfy  the  winds  and  Diana.  Accordingly  his  daughter  Iphigenia  is  brought ; 
but  whilst  the  young  lady  stood  at  the  altar,  the  goddess  pitied  her,  and  substi- 
tuted a  hind  in  h3r  stead.  Iphigenia  was  sent  into  the  Chersonese,  where  aha 
presided  over  the  sacrifices  of  Diana. 


magnus  pars  pareo  Per 
sa. 

Rex  Eumenes  occurro 
Romanics  cum  auxilium, 
et  paulo  post  praelium 
committo  cum  Antiochus : 
Romanus  legio  pello  in 
dexterior  cornu,  et  fugio 
ad  castra  ;  sed  M.  Aemi- 
lius, tribunus  miles,  qui 
relinquo  ad  tutela  is,  im- 
pero  miles  capio  arma,  et 
minor  fugiens. 

Hiero  gigno  Hierocles  ; 
ipse  educatio  sum  prae- 
nuncius  futurus  majestas : 
sum  is  insignis  pulchritU" 
do  corpus ;  sum  blandus 
in  alloquium,  justus  in  ne~ 
gotium,  moderatus  in  im- 
perium,  ut  nihil  prorsus 
video  desum  is  regium, 
praeter  regnum. 

Et  ne  quid  malum  desum 
honestus  domus,  compello 
uxor  isjiliaque  nubo  servus 
suus,  ut  reddo  isfidus  sui, 
et  infestus  dominus.  Sed 
tarn  lugubris  nuptiae  sum 
gravis  matrona  repentinus 
funus. 


90 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


Ib  it  not  better  to  die  by  bravery,  than  by  disgrace  to  lose  a  miserable  and  m 
glorious  life,  after  you  have  been  the  sport  of  other  men's  insolence  1  But  surely 
we  have  the  victory  in  our  own  hands  ;  our  age  is  fresh,  our  minds  are  vigorous  : 
On  the  other  hand,  all  things  are  decayed  to  them  ;  there  is  need  only  of  a  be- 
ginning. Who  of  mortals,  that  has  the  spirit  of  a  man,  can  endure  that  they 
should  have  an  excess  of  wealth,  and  that  a  private  estate  is  wanting  to  us 
•ren  for  necessaries  ?   In  short,  what  have  we  left  except  a  miserable  hfe* 


RULE  VI. 

28.  A  verb  signiiying  actively  governs  the  accusative. 

Love  God.  Ama  Deum. 

Reverence  your  parents.        Reverere  parentes. 

Note  1.  The  infinitive  or  a  sentence  sometimes  supplies  the  placs  of  the  ac- 
cusative ;  as,  Gell.  Poenitere  tanti  non  emo  ;  for  poenitentiam.  Ter.  Feci  e  serve 
hbertus  ut  esses  mihi  ;  for  feci  te  libertum. 

NoteZ.  NEUTER  VERBS  have  sometimes  an  accusative  :  1.  Of  their  own 
or  the  like  signification  ;  as,  vivere  vitam,  gaudere  gaudium,  servire  scrvitutem,  ire 
viam  longam,  pugnare  praelia,  garrire  nugas,  prandere  olus,  coenare  aprum,  sitirc 
tanguinem,  &c.  2.  When  taken  in  a  metaphorical,  or  in  an  active  sense  ;  as,  Cory- 
don  ardebat  Alexin,  creput  sulcos  et  vineta,  saltare  Cyclopa,  sonat  vitium  fidelia,  oltt 
kircum,  spiral  deam  :  Abolere  maculam,  laborare  arma,  clamare  aliquem,  horret  mar*, 
sensum  pulchre  calleo,  mcdias  fraudes  palluit,  &c.  But  some  preposition,  such 
as  ad,  in,  ob,  circa,  per,  is  always  understood. 

NoteZ.  The  accusatives,  hoc,  id,  quid,  aliquid,  quicquid,  nihil,  idem,  illud,  tan~ 
turn,  quantum,  multa,  pauca,  alia,  caetera,  omnia,  are  often  governed  by  propter, 
ob,  or  circa,  understood  ;  as,  Ter.  Num  id  lacrumat  virgo  ?  Plaut.  Scio  quid  er- 
r«s.    Hor.  Quicquid  delxrant  reges  plcctuntur  Achivi. 

Note  4.  ADVERBS  are  often  joined  to  verbs,  nouns,  and  other  parts  of  speech, 
to  express  some  circumstance,  quality,  or  manner  of  their  signification. 

Note  5.  The  poets  frequently  use  the  neuter  gender  of  adjectives  adverbially, 
or  instead  of  adverbs  ;  as,  Virg.  Torvumque  repente  clamat ;  for  torve.  Hot.  Mens 
laetatur  terbidum;  for  turbide.  Virg.  Et  pede  terram  crebra  ferit  ;  for  crebro.  Id. 
Transversa  tuentibus  hircis  ;  for  transverse. 

Note  6.  The  accusative  after  active  verbs,  in  some  figurative  expressions,  is 
governed,  not  by  the  verb,  but  by  some  preposition  understood,  while  the  true 
accusative  to  the  verbis  suppressed;  thus,  Ferire,  icere,percutere  foedus,  is  put 
for  Ferire,  &>C.por cum  ad  sanciendum  foedus.  Plangere  funera,  damna ;  for,  ?lan~ 
gere  pectus  ad  funera,  ad  damna.  Conserere  praelium;  for,  conserere  mavm  ad 
praelium  faciendum. 


*  29.  Recordor,  memini,  reminiscor ,  and  obliviscor,  go^r* rti 
the  accusative  or  genitive. 


I  remember  the  battle. 

I  remember  the  victory. 

I  mind  the  place. 

I  mind  the  day. 

He  remembers  the  time. 

He  remembers  the  night. 


Recordor  pugnam. 
Recordor  victoriae. 
Memini  locum. 
Memini  diei. 
Reminiscitur  tempus, 
Reminiscitur  noctis. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


91 


We  forget  reproaches. 
We  forget  hardships. 


Obliviscimur  contumelias. 
Obliviscimur  laborum. 


Note  1.  Memini,  when  it  signifies  to  make  mention  of,  takes  the  genitive  or  the 
ablative  with  de,  but  never  the  accusative  ;  as,  Caes.  Cujus  supra  meminimus. 
Quinct.  De  quibus  multx  meminerunt. 

Not"  2.  The  verbs  belonging  to  this  rule  are  generally  esteemed  neuter,  and 
when  they  take  the  accusative,  ad,  or  quod  ad,  is  understood;  when  they  take 
the  genitive,  quod  ad  negotium,  or  in  negotio,  is  suppressed. 

Note  3.  The  phrase,  Venit  mihi  in  mentem,  seems  someway  allied  to  this  rule, 
and  admits  of  three  varieties,  viz.  Venit  mihi  in  mentem  haec  res,  hujus  rei,  de  hac 
re  :  to  the  last  two  may  be  understood  memoria,  or  recordatio  ;  as,  Cic.  Si  quid 
in  mentem  veniet.  Id.  Mihi  solet  venire  in  mentem  illius  temporis,  quo  fuimus  una. 
Plaut.  In  mentem  venit  de  speculo. 


28.  T  love  virtue,  thou 
seekest  praise,  he  despises 
pleasure,  we  practise  charity, 
ye  fear  God,  they  honour  the 
king. 

The  boy  deserves  praise, 
the  slave  shall  suffer  punish- 
ment, the  man  defames  his 
wife,  care  attends  money,  pride 
accompanies  honours. 

God  wisely  governs  the 
world,  riches  sometimes  pro- 
cure envy,  birds  do  not  every 
where  build  their  nests,  the 
dogs  nimbly  pursue  the  hare. 

Discord  always  produces 
strife,  strife  generally  begets 
hatred,  quarrels  often  break  up 
friendship,  honours  commonly 
change  manners. 

29.  A  good  man  easily  for- 
gets injuries,  but  always  re- 
members a  good  turn  :  a  wick- 
ed man  sees  the  faults  of  oth- 
ers, and  forgets  his  own,  but 
at  length,  with  sorrow,  shall  he 
remember  his  villanies. 

Caesar  settled  the  differences 
among  the  Aeduans,  and  having 
exhorted  them  to  forget  their 
disputes  and  quarrels,  he  re- 


Amo  virtus,  quaero  laus9 
contemno  voluptas,  colo 
charitas,  timeo  Deus,  ho- 
noro  rex. 

Puer  mereor  laus,  ser- 
vus  pallor  poena,  vir  cri- 
minor  uxor,  cura  sequor 
pecunia,  super bia  comitor 
honor. 

Deus  sapienter  guberno 
mundus,  divitiae  interdum 
contraho  invidia,  avis  non 
ubivis  struo  nidus,  cams 
strenue  sector  lepus. 

Discordia  semper  pario 
lis,  lis  plerumque  genero 
odium,  jurgium  saepe  dis- 
solvo  amicitia,  honor  vul- 
go  muto  mos. 

Bonus  vir  facile  oblivis- 
cor  injuria,  sed  semper  re' 
miniscor  benejicium :  im~ 
probus  cerno  vitium  alius 
et  obliviscor  suus,  sed  tan- 
dem cum  dolor  recordor 
flagitium  suus. 

CcBsar  compono  lis  in- 
ter Aedui,  et  cohortatus  ut 
obliviscor  controversia  ac 
dissensio,  redeo  ad  castra. 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


turned  to  the  camp.  They  re- 
membered his  advice,  and 
complied  with  his  admonitions. 

Tf  In  the  mean  time  the  Ro- 
man people  received  a  terrible 
stroke  from  the  Parthians  :  nor 
can  we  complain  ;  for,  after 
Crassus  had  pitched  his  camp 
at  Nicephorium,  deputies  sent 
by  king  Orodes  advised  him  to 
remember  the  treaties  made 
with  Pompey  and  Sylla.  But 
the  consul  was  gaping  after 
the  Parthian  gold. 

Let  not  the  glare  of  gold  and 
silver  dismay  you,  which  nei- 
ther protects  nor  wounds.  In 
the  very  host  of  the  enemy  we 
shall  find  our  troops,  the  Bri- 
tons will  espouse  their  own 
cause,  the  Gauls  will  reflect  on 
their  former  liberty,  and  the 
Germans  will  abandon  the  Ro- 
mans. 

Antiochus,  though  he  ap- 
proved of  Annibal's  advice,  yet 
would  not  act  according  to  his 
counsel,  lest  the  glory  of  the 
victory  should  be  Annibal's, 
and  not  his  own.  He  was  con- 
quered therefore,  and  remem- 
bered Annibal's  counsel  when 
it  was  too  late. 

Remember  the  counsel  which 
I  gave,  it  will  profit  thee  very 
much  if  thou  dost  not  forget 
it :  obey  the  laws  of  almighty 
God  ;  obey  the  king  and  all 
[other]  subordinate  magis- 
trates, in  all  things  that  are 
iawful ;  resist  the  beginnings 
of  anger,  and  yield  not  to  the 
allurements  of  pleasure. 

Such  was  the  greatness  of 


Ille  memini  consilium,  el 
par co  monitum. 

Interim  Romanus  j.opu- 
lus  accipio  gravis  vulnus 
a  Parlhi:  ncc  possum 
queror ;  nam  postquam 
Crassus  pono  castra  apud 
Nicephorium,  legaius  mis- 
sus a  rex  Orodes  denuncio 
ut  mcmini  foedus  percus- 
sus  cum  Pompeius  ct  Syl- 
la. Sed  consul  inhio  Par- 
thicus  aurum. 

Ne  fulgor  aurum  atque 
argent  am  terreo  tu,  qui 
neque  tego,  neque  vulnero. 
In  ipse  acies  hostis  invenio 
noster  manus,  Britanni 
agnosco  suus  causa,  Galli 
recordor  prior  4  libertas, 
et  Germani  desero  Roma- 
nus. 

Antiochus,  tametsi  pro* 
bo  consilium  Annibal,  ta- 
rn en  nolo  ago  ex  sentcntia 
ille,  ne  gloria  victoria  sum 
Annibal,  etnon  suus.  Vin- 
co  igitur  et  memini  con- 
silium Annibal  cum  sum 
sero. 

Memini  4  consilium  qui 
do,  prosum  tu  plurimum 
si  4  is  7ion  obliviscor  :  obe- 
dio  lex  omnipotent  Deus  ; 
obedio  rex  et  ormiis  [alius] 
inferior  magistratus,  in 
07nnis  qui  sum  licitus  ;  re- 
pugno  principium  ira,  et 
ne  cedo  blanditiae  volup- 
tas. 

Tantus  sum  magnitudo 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


93 


Alexander's  soul,  that  though 
he  left  a  son  who  was  called 
Hercules,  a  brother  who  was 
named  Aridaeus,  and  his  wife 
Roxane  with  child,  he  forgot 
his  relations,  and  named  the 
most  worthy  his  heir,  just  as  if 
it  was  unlawful  for  any  other 
than  a  brave  man  to  succeed  a 
brave  man. 


Difficulties  stupify  the  sluggard,  and  terrify  the  fearful,  but  animate  the  coura- 
geous. 

A  faithful  friend  is  the  medicine  of  life,  and  they  that  fear  the  Lord  shall  find 
him. 

That  man  is  of  a  happy  memory,  who  forgets  injuries,  and  remembers  those 
things  that  are  worthy  of  his  character. 

Egeon,  called  also  Briareus,  was  one  of  the  giants  ;  Virgil  says  that  he  had  50 
heads  and  100  hands.  He  tore  up  solid  rocks  from  the  foundation,  and  hurled 
them  against  Jupiter  ;  yet  Jupiter  overcame  him,  and  thrust  him  under  mount 
Aetna  ;  where,  as  often  as  he  moves  his  side,  the  mountain  casts  forth  streams 
of  liquid  fire. 

The  poets  mention  a  river  in  hell  called  Lethe  ;  of  the  water  of  which  if  any 
one  drinks,  he  immediately  forgets  all  things  past ;  so  that  the  souls  of  the  pious, 
when  they  drink  of  the  water  of  this  river,  straightway  forget  the  miseries  which 
they  suffered  in  this  world. 


animus  Alexander,  ut 
quamvis  reiinquo  jilius  qui 
appello  Hercules,  frater 
qui  nomino  Aridaeus,  et 
uxor  Roxane  praegnans, 
obliviscor  necessitudo,  et 
nuncupo  dignus  haeres, 
prorsus  quasi  nefas  sum 
alius  quam  vir  fortis  sue- 
cedo  vir  fortis. 


RULE  VII. 

*  30.  Verbs  of  plenty  and  scarcity  ;  also,  utor,  abutor, 
fruor,  fungcr,  potior,  vescor,  and  some  others,  generally  go- 
vern the  ablative. 

He  abounds  in  riches.  Abundat  divitiis. 

He  is  free  from  every  fault.  Caret  omni  culpa. 

He  uses  deceit.  TJtitur  fraude. 

He  abuses  books.  Abutitur  libris. 

We  depend  on  hope.  Nitimur  spe. 

You  take  pleasure  in  poems.  Gaudes  carminibus. 

The  boy  is  sick  of  a  fever.  Puer  febri  labor  at. 

To  this  rule  belong, 

1.  Verbs  of  PLENTY  ;  as,  abundo,  exubero,  redundo, 
scateo,  affluo,  circumfluo,  diffluo,  superfiuo. 

2.  Verbs  of  SCARCITY  ;  as,  careo,  egeo,  indigeo,  vaco 
to  want  ;  to  which  add,  dejicior,  destituor. 

3.  Utor,  abutor  fruor,  fungor,  portior,  vescor. 

4.  Nitor,  innitor,  epulor,  naseor,  creor,  glortor,  laetorw 

i  2 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


delector,  gaudeo,  vivo,  victito,  fido,  conjido,  exu  to,  sto.  con- 
sto,  consisto,  cedo,  supersedeo,  laboro. 

Note  1.  Egeo  and  indigeo  frequently  take  the  genitive  ;  as,  Caes.  Egere  auxilii 
Cor.  Opis  indigent.  Also  among  the  more  ancient  writers  scateo  and  careo  ;  as.. 
Lucret.  Terra  scald  fcrarum.  Plaut.  Tui  carendum  erat.  Sometimes  careo  and 
egeo  take  the  accusative  ;  as,  Plaut.  Id  careo.    Cell.  Multa  egeo. 

Note  2.  Potior  sometimes  governs  the  genitive  ;  as,  Sail.  Potiri  urbis,  to  make 
himself  master  of  the  city.  Id.  Potiri  hostium,  to  get  his  enemies  into  iiis  power. 
Cic.  Potiri  rerum,  to  have  the  chief  command. 

Note  3.  Potior,  fungor,vescor,  and  epulor,  sometimes  take  the  accusative  ;  as,  Cic. 
Gens  wbern  nostrum  potitura.  Tac.  Ui  munera  fungcrentur.  Plin.  Si  caprivum 
jecur  vescantur.  Id.  Pullos  epulari.  As  also,  among  the  more  ancient  writers, 
titer,  abutor,  and  fruor  ;  as,  Plaut.  Uteris,  at  voles,  operam  me  am.  Ter.  Operant 
abutitur.    Id.  Ingenivm  frui. 

Note  4.  The  ablative  is  not  governed  by  these  verbs,  but  by  some  preposition  un- 
derstood ;  such  as,  a,  ab,  de,  ex,  in.  And  when  any  of  these  verbs  takes  the  geni- 
tive, some  ablative,  such  as  re,  ncgotio,  causa,  praesentia,  ope,  copia,  imperio,  or 
the  like,  with  a  preposition,  is  understood. 

Note  5.  With  some  of  these  verbs  the  preposition  is  frequently  expressed  ;  as, 
Liv.  Ne  a  metu  vacarent.  Cic.  Cum  conslemus  ex  animo  et  corpore.  Id.  Cum  gra- 
viter  ex  xntcstinis  laborarem.  Id.  Cujus  in  vxta  nitebatur  salus  civitatis.  Id.  In 
virtute  *ecte  gloriamur. 

Note  6.  The  verbs  fido,  confido,  innitor,cedo,  vaco,  instead  of  the  ablative,  take 
frequently  the  dative,  as  was  taught  No.  27. 


1 .  Many  men  abound  in  gold 
and  silver,  whose  houses  are 
full  of  wickedness. 

Some  men  flow  in  wealth, 
nay,  overflow  in  money,  and 
yet  desire  those  things  most 
with  which  they  abound. 

Neglected  sores  use  to 
swarm  with  vermin,  and  neg- 
lected fields  with  noxious 
weeds  ;  but  yet  this  garden 
abounds  in  apples. 

This  man  pleads  the  cause 
with  great  vigour ;  he  is  all  be- 
dewed with  sweat ;  he  is  over 
copious  in  his  language  ;  his 
discourse,  however,  abounds 
with  all  manner  of  ornaments. 

2.  Nature  needs  few  things  ; 
lie  however  that  wants  friends, 
and  he  that  is  weak  in  judg- 
ment, or  is  disappointed  of  his 


Multus  homo  abundo 
aurum  atque  argentum, 
qui  domus  scelus  affluo. 

Quidam  homo  circum- 
Jiuo  opes,  imo  super jluo 
pecunia,  et  tamen  deside- 
ro  is  maxime  qui  abundo. 

Neglectus  ulcus  soleo 
scateo  vermis,  et  neglectus 
agcr  noxius  herba ;  sed 
tamen  hie  hortus  exubero 
pomum. 

Hie  vir  ago  causa  stre- 
nue ;  diffluo  sudor ;  re- 
dundo  eloquium  ;  oratio 
tamen  abundo  omnis  orna- 
menlum. 

Natura  egeo  pauci  ;  qui 
autern  careo  amicus,  et  qui 
deficior  ratio,  aut  desti* 
tuor  spes,  indigeo  consi- 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


95 


expectations,  stands  in  need  of 
advice  ;  but  to  be  free  from  a 
fault  is  a  great  comfort. 

3.  We  ought  to  use  diligence, 
and  not  to  abuse  time  ;  the  life 
which  we  enjoy  is  short,  let  us 
therefore  do  our  duty  careful- 
ly ;  thus  at  length  we  shall  ob- 
tain the  golden  fleece,  we  shall 
feed  on  milk  and  honey. 

£).  Men  ought  to  depend  on 
virtue  rather  than  blood ;  for 
if  any  one  persist  in  this  prac- 
tice, and  take  pleasure  in  equi- 
ty, he  deserves  praise.  But 
fools  often  labour  under  this  dis- 
temper, that  they  glory  in  their 
faults,  rejoice  at  other  men's 
misfortunes,  are  delighted  with 
vain  hope,  and  exult  in  success. 

The  rich  feast  on  dainty 
dishes,  but  the  poor  live  on 
barley  bread,  nay,  some  live 
on  husks.  Let  us  lay  aside 
prolixity  of  words  ;  for  many 
poor  people,  descended  of  ho- 
nourable parents,  have  retired 
from  the  city,  on  account  of 
the  dearth  of  corn. 

Some  men  trust  to  strength 
of  body,  and  the  stability  of 
fortune,  as  stags  trust  to  their 
running  ;  brave  men,  say  they, 
descend  from  brave  men,  and 
a  pretty  girl  cannot  be  born  of 
a  disgraceful  mother. 

This  field  consists  of  vine- 
yards and  woods  ;  I  might  re- 
tain it,  but  I  will  stand  by  my 
bargain  and  my  promise  ;  thus 
good  men  will  praise  me,  the 
poor  will  bless  me. 

IT  In  Thessaly,  Caesar's  ar- 
my enjoyed  very  good  health, 


Hum  ;  sed  vaco  culpa  mag- 
nus  sum  solatium, 

Debeo  utor  diligentia, 
et  non  abutor  tempus ;  vi- 
ta  qui  fruor  sum  brevis, 
fungor  igitur  officium  se- 
dulo ;  sic  tandem  potior 
aureus  vellus,  vescor  lac  et 
mel. 

Homo  debeo  nitor  virtus 
potius  quam  sanguis  ;  nam 
si  quis  innitor  hie  ars,  et 
gaudeo  aequitas,  mereor 
laus.  Sed  stultus  saepe  is 
morbus  laboro,  ut  glorior 
vitium  suus.  laetor  alienus 
malum,  delect  or  vanus 
spes,  et  exulto  successus. 

Dives  epulor  opimus 
dopes,  sed  pauper  victito 
hordeaceus  panis,  imo  qui- 
dam  vivo  siliqua.  Svper- 
sedeo  multitudo  verbum ; 
nam  rnultus  pauper,  prog- 
natus  honestus  parens,  ce- 
do  urbs,  propter  caritas 
annona. 

Quidam  homo  conjido 
jirmitas  corpus,  et  stabili- 
t  as  for  tuna,  ut  cervus  fido 
cursus ;  fortis,  inquamy 
creor  fortis,  et  formosus 
puella  non  possum  nascor 
mater  pudendus. 

Hie  ager  consto  vinea  et 
sylva  ;  possum  retineo,  sed 
sto  pactum  et  promissum  ; 
sic  bonus  ego  laudo,  pau- 
per ego  benedico. 

In  Thessalia,  Cmsarer- 
ercitus  utor  bonus  valetu- 


96 


AN  INTRO DUCTI02* 


and  very  great  plenty  of  water, 
and  abounded  in  every  kind  of 
provision,  except  corn. 

Great  armies  need  great  ge- 
nerals. Though  Caesar's  sol- 
diers had  long  wanted  corn,  and 
had  endured  the  most  pinching 
famine,  yet  no  word  was  heard 
from  them  unworthy  of  the  ma- 
jesty of  the  Roman  people,  or 
of  their  former  victories. 

He  seems  to  me  to  live,  and 
enjoy  life,  who,  intent  on  busi- 
ness, pursues  the  glory  of  some 
famous  action  or  useful  art. 
But  in  the  great  multitude  of 
affairs,  nature  has  pointed  out 
different  ways.  It  is  a  glorious 
thing  to  act  well  for  the  re- 
public, and  it  is  no  despicable 
thing  to  speak  well. 

The  victory  was  the  The- 
bans' ;  but  Epaminondas, 
whilst  he  performed  the  office, 
not  only  of  a  general,  but  also 
of  a  very  gallant  soldier,  was 
grievously  wounded.  It  is 
uncertain  whether  he  was  a 
better  man  or  general ;  he  was 
frugal  of  the  public  money  ;  he 
was  more  greedy  of  glory  than 
of  riches. 

After  this,  Yitellius  obtained 
the  government,  a  man  of  an 
honourable  rather  than  a  noble 
family  ;  he,  as  he  had  a  mind 
to  be  like  Nero,  was  slain  by 
Vespasian's  generals,  and,  be- 
ing thrown  into  the  Tiber, 
wanted  common  burial. 

The  Scythians  have  not  any 
house,  or  dwelling,  or  habita- 


do,  summusque  copia  aqua, 
ahundoque  omnis  genus 
com meatus ,  praetcr  fru- 
mentum. 

Magnus  exercitus  egeo 
ma  gnus  dux,  Quam  vis 
C(Bsar  miles  diu  careo 
frumentum,  et  sustento  ex- 
tremus fames,  tamen  nullus 
vox  audio  ab  is  indig- 
jius  majestas  populus  Ro- 
manus,  aut  superior  victo- 
ria. 

Is  videor  ego  vivo,  et 
fruor  anima,  qui,  intentus 
negotium,  quacro  gloria 
aliquis  praeclarus  facinus 
aut  bonus  ars.  Sed  in 
magnus  copia  res,  natura 
ostendo  diversus  iter.  Sum 
pulcher  benefacio  respubli- 
ca,  et  non  sum  absurdus 
bene  dico. 

Victoria  sum  Thebanus ; 
sed  Epaminondas,  dum 
fungor  offcium,  non  tan- 
turn  dux,  verum  etiam  for- 
tis  miles,  graviter  vulnero. 
Sum  incertus  sumne  vir 
bonus  an  dux ;  sum  par- 
cus  publicus pecunia  ;  sum 
cupidus  gloria  quam  divi- 
tiae. 

Dein,  Yitellius  potior 
imperium,  vir  honoratus 
magis  quam  nobilis  6  fa- 
milia  ;  hie,  cum  volo  sum 
similis  Nero  occido  a  Ves- 
pasianus  dux,  et,  dejectus 
in  Tiberis,  careo  commu- 
nis sepultura. 

Scythae  non  sum  ullus 
domus,    aut   tectum,  aut 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


97 


tion  ;  they  carry  their  wives 
and  children  along  with  them 
in  waggons,  which  they  use  in- 
stead of  houses  ;  they  live  on 
milk  and  venison  ;  the  use  of 
wool  is  quite  unknown  to  them. 

Do  you  think  that  this  most 
beautiful  city  consists  of  houses 
roofs,  and  a  pile  of  stones  ? 
These  dumb  and  lifeless  things 
may  perish,  and  be  repaired  : 
the  eternity  of  the  state,  and 
the  peace  of  nations,  depend 
upon  the  safety  of  the  senate. 


sedes  ;  veho  uxor  liberique 
suicum  in  plaustrum,  qui 
utor  pro  domus ;  vescor 
lac  et  ferina ;  usus  lana 
sum  prorsus  ignotus  is. 

Tu  credo  hie  pulcher 
urbs  sto  domus,  tectum,  et 
congeslus  lapis  ?  Iste  mu- 
tus  et  inanimus  possum  in- 
terxido,  ac  reparo :  aeter- 
nitas  res,  et  pax  gens,  in- 
columitas  senatus  itor. 


The  land  of  Canaan,  into  which  Moses  conducted  the  Israelites,  not  only  flow- 
ed with  rnilk  and  honey,  but  with  wine  also  ;  as  appears  from  the  large  bunjh  of 
grapes  which  the  spies  brought  to  Moses.    It  abounded  also  in  springs  of  water. 

The  poor  man  wants  some  things,  the  luxurious  man  many,  and  the  covetous 
man  wants  all  things. 

When  liabel  was  a  building,  they  made  use  of  burnt  bricks  instead  of  stone, 
and  slime  instead  of  mortar.  Strabo  aihrms  the  tower  to  have  been  660  feet 
high.  It  consisted  of  eight  square  towers,  one  above  another,  wiiich  gradually 
decreased  in  breadth.  This,  with  the  winding  of  the  stairs  from  top  to  bottom, 
on  the  outside,  rendered  it  in  some  sort  like  a  pyramid. 


Active  VERBS  governing  another  case  together  with  the 
accusative 

*  31.  VERBS  of  accusing,  condemning,  acquitting,  and 
admonishing,  with  the  accusative  of  the  person,  govern  also 
the  genitive  of  the  crime  or  thing. 

He  accuses  me  of  theft.  Arguit  mefurti. 

I  condemn  myself  of  laziness.  Meipsum  inertiae  condem- 

no. 

They   acquit   him   of  man-  Ilium  homicidii  absolvunt. 
slaughter. 

We  put  the  grammarians  in  Grammaticos   officii  sui 
mind  of  their  duty.  commonemus. 

1.  Verbs  of  ACCUSING  are,  accuso,  ago,  appello,  arces» 
so,  anquiro,  arguo,  incuso,  insimulo,  inierrogo,  postulo,  alii'" 
go,  astringo,  defero^  compello. 

2.  Verbs  of  CONDEMNING  are,  damno,  condemno,  in- 
famo%  noto. 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


3.  Verbs  of  ACQUITTING  are,  absolvo,  Ubcro,  purgo. 

4.  Verbs  of  ADMONISHING  are,  moneo,  admoneo,  com- 
moneo,  commonefacio. 

Note  t.  Verbs  cf  ACCUSING,  CONDEMNING,  and  ACQUITTING,  instead  of 
the  genitive,  take  frequently  the  ablative,  and  that  either  with  or  without  the 
preposition  de ;  as,  Cic.  Accusare  me  de  epistolarum  negligentia.  Id.  De  repetundis 
eum  postulavit.  Id.  De  praevaricatione  eum  absolvere.  Id.  Eumde  vi  condemnavit. 
Id.  Suis  eum  eriminibus  accusabo.  Id.  Metuit  ne  scelere  se  alligct.  Liv.  Consulem 
suspicione  absolvere.  Cic.  Librarios  culpa  libero.  Tac.  Adohscentem  crimine  pur- 
eavit.  Virg.  Damnabis  tu  quoque  votis.  Cic.  Condemnabo  te  eodem  crxmine.  Eut. 
tlurimoa  capite  damnavit. 

Note  2.  Accuso,  incuso,  xnsimulo,  sometimes  take  two  accusatives  ;  as,  Plaut. 
Si  id  me  non  accusas.  Ter.  Quae  me  incusaveras.  Plaut.  Sic  me  insimulare  falsum 
facinus. 

Note  3.  Verbs  of  ADMONISHING,  instead  of  the  genitive,  take  sometimes 
the  ablathe  with  de ;  as,  Cic.  Ut  Tcrentiam  moneatis  de  testamento.  Id.  J)e 
quo  vos  paulo  ante  admonui.  Id.  Te  de  indulgentia  patria  commonebat.  And  some- 
times they  govern  two  accusatives  ;  as,  Cic.  Eos  hoc  monco.  Ter.  Id  unum  te  mo- 
neo.    Id.  Isthuc  me  admonere. 

Note  4.  The  genitive,  strictly  speaking,  is  notgoverned  by  the  verbs  mentioned 
in  this  rule,  but  by  some  ablative  understood  ;  such  as,  crimine,  scelere,  peccato, 
culpa,  poena,  actione,  multa,  nomine,  re,  causa,  ergo,  &c.  as,  Accuso  te  furti ;  i.  e. 
crimine  furti.  And  these,  or  any  other  ablative,  is  always  governed  by  de  or  in 
expressed  or  understood.  When  verbs  of  admonishing  take  two  accusatives, 
circa  or  quod  ad  may  be  understood  to  the  accusative  of  the  thing. 


1.  He  that  accuses  another 
of  a  crime,  ought  to  look  well 
to  himself ;  for  it  is  the  proper- 
ty of  a  fool,  to  accuse  another 
of  a  fault,  of  which  he  himself 
is  guilty. 

The  soldiers  were  in  a  rage, 
and  began  to  charge  the  tri- 
bunes with  treason  and  trea- 
chery, and  to  accuse  the  cen- 
turions of  avarice. 

The  deputies  have  accused 
this  man  of  extortion  ;  he  can- 
not govern  his  tongue,  he  will 
make  himself  guilty  of  theft  or 
of  bribery. 

2.  Forbear  to  charge  your 
friend  with  villany,  or  reproach 
him  with  arrogance  ;  he  con- 
demns himself  of  rashness,  he 
condemns  himself  of  foolish- 
ness. 

3.  The  senate  neither  freed 


Qui  incuso  alter  pro 
brum,   debeo   intueor  sui 
ipse ;  nam  sum  stultus,  ac- 
cuso  alter  peccatumf  qui 
ipse  sum  conscius. 

Miles  fremo,  et  coept 
arguo  tribunus  majestas  ac 
proditio,  et  insimulo  cen- 
turio  avaritia. 

Legatus  postulo  hie  ho- 
mo repetundae ;  ipse  non 
possum  moderor  lingua, 
alligo  sui  fur  turn  aut  am- 
bitus. 

Parco  damno  amicus 
tuus  scelus,  aut  infamo  is 
arrogantia  ;  condemno  sui 
ipse  temeritas,  condemno 
sui  ipse  amentia. 

Senatus  nec  libero  homo 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


9fl 


the  man  of  the  fault,  nor  accus- 
ed him  ;  but  after  he  had  clear- 
ed himself  of  all  the  things  that 
were  alleged,  the  judges  ac- 
quitted him  of  the  trespass. 

4.  Our  infirmity  often  re 
minds  us  of  mortality,  sickness 
warns  us  of  death,  adversity 
ought  to  admonish  us  of  our 
duty,  and  put  us  in  mind  of 
religion. 

Tf  Julius  Caesar  was  a  very 
spare  drinker  of  wine,  and  so 
easy  as  to  his  diet,  that  he  is 
said  once  to  have  made  use  of 
old  oil,  served  up  instead  of 
fresh,  that  he  might  not  seem 
to  accuse  his  landlord  of  care- 
lessness or  clownish  ignorance. 

Not  long  after  Coepio  and 
Hispo  accused  Marcellus,  pre- 
tor  of  Bithynia,  of  high  treason. 
The  calamities  of  the  times 
and  the  insolence  of  men  ren- 
dered Hispo  and  his  way  of  life 
afterwards  famous  :  at  first  he 
was  needy  and  obscure,  but 
turbulent ;  he  made  his  court 
to  the  cruelty  of  the  prince. 
There  remained  even  then 
some  traces  of  expiring  liberty. 

Capito  objected,  that  Thra- 
sea,  though  invested  with  the 
priesthood,  had  never  made 
oblations  for  the  safety  of  the 
prince,  and  that  he  had  not  at- 
tended the  funeral  of  Poppea. 
Capito  was  an  enemy  to  Thra- 
sea,  because  he  had  supported 
the  deputies  of  the  Cilicians, 
when  they  accused  him  of  ex- 
tortion. 

A  certain  informer  long  ago 


culpa,  neque  arguo ;  sed 

postquam  purgo   sui  om- 

nis  qui  affero,  judex  ab- 
solvo  is  injuria. 

Imbecillitas  nosier  saepe 
admoneo  ego  mortalitas, 
morbus  moneo  ego  mors, 
res  adversus  dcbeo  com- 
monefacio  ego  ojficium  nos- 
ter,  et  commoneo  ego  reli- 
gio. 

Julius  Ccesar  sum  par- 
ous vinum,  et  adeo  indiffe- 
rens  circa  victus,  ut  dico 
quondam  appeto  conditus 
oleum,  appositus  pro  viri- 
dis,  ne  videor  arguo  hos- 
pes  negligentia  aut  rusti- 
citas. 

Nec  multo  post,  Coepio 
et  Hispo  postulo  Marcel- 
lus, praetor  Bithynia,  ma- 
jest  as.  Miser ia  tempus  et 
audacia  homo  facio  Hispo 
et  forma  vita  postea  cele- 
ber :  primo  sum  egens  et 
ignotus,  at  inquies ;  adre- 
po  saevitia  princeps.  Ma- 
neo  etiam  turn  quidam  ves- 
tigium moriens  libertas. 

Capito  objecto,  Thrasea, 
quamvis  praeditus  sacer- 
dotium,  nunquam  immolo 
pro  salus  princeps,  et  non 
intcrsum  funus  Poppea. 
Capito  sum  inimicus  Thra- 
sea, quod  juvo  legatus  Ci- 
lix,  dum  interrogo  is  re 
petundae. 

Delator    quidam  olim 


100 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


accused  this  honest  man  of  a 
wicked  action  ;  the  judges  how- 
ever did  not  find  him  guilty  of 
the  villany,  but  absolved  him 
from  the  charge.  The  cursed 
rogue  was  cast  into  prison, 
where  he  leads  a  life  worse 
than  death.  He  often  blames 
the  times  for  the  mishap,  of 
which  he  himself  is  the  cause. 

On  the  other  side  the  consul 
bade  the  Romans  remember 
their  former  bravery ;  he  put 
them  in  mind  of  the  Aventine 
and  Sacred  mount,  that  they 
should  fight  for  their  liberty, 
which  they  had  lately  recover- 
ed. 

When  the  army  of  the  thirty 
tyrants,  of  which  the  greatest 
part  were  Athenians,  fled, 
Thrasybulus  called  out,  and  put 
them  in  mind  of  their  relation, 
their  laws,  and  their  old  fel- 
lowship during  so  many  wars, 
and  begged  that  they  would 
pity  their  banished  countrymen. 

Alexander,  in  his  passage, 
put  the  Thessalians  in  mind  of 
the  kindnesses  of  his  father 
Philip,  and  his  mother's  alli- 
ance with  them  by  the  family 
of  the  Aeacidae.  The  Thes- 
salians heard  these  things 
gladly,  and  made  him  captain- 
general  of  the  whole  nation. 


accuso  hie  probus  vir  fa- 
cinus ;  judex  tamen  non 
condeirmo  is  scclus,  scd  ab- 
soloo  is  crimen.  Scelera- 
tits  homo  conjicio  in  car- 
eer, ubi  vita  gravis  mors 
exigo.  Saepe  damno 
tempus  infelicitas,  qui  ipse 
sum  causa. 

Ex  alter  pars,  consul 
jubeo  Romanus  memini 
pristinus  virtus;  admoneo 
is  Aventinus  et  Sacer  mons, 
ut  pugno  pro  libertas,  qui 
nuper  recupero. 

Cum  exercitus  triginta 
tyr  annus,  qui  pars  magnus 
sum  Athcniensis,  fugio, 
Thrasybulus  exclamo,  et 
admoneo  is  cognatio,  lex, 
et  vetustus  commilitium 
per  tot  helium,  et  oro  ut 
misereor  exul  civis. 

Alexander,  in  transi- 
tus,  admoneo  Thessalu.? 
beneficium  pater  Philip- 
pus,  et  maternus  necessi* 
tudo  cum  hie  ab  gens 
Aeacidae.  Thessalus  au- 
dio hie  cupide,  et  creo  is 
dux  universus  gens. 


Midas  requested  of  Bacchus,  that  whatever  he  touched  might  become  go,d ; 
Bacchus  consented.  Whatever,  therefore,  Midas  touched,  instantly  became 
gold  ;  nay,  when  he  touched  his  meat  or  drink,  they  also  became  gold.  Midas, 
now  sensible  of  his  mistake,  accused  himself  of  folly,  and  desired  Bacchus  to  re- 
move this  pernicious  gift.  Bacchus  complied,  and  bid  him  bathe  in  the  river 
Pactolus.    Midas  did  so,  and  hence  the  sand  ot  that  river  became  gold. 

Sesostris,  king  of  Egypt,  had  his  chariot  drawn  by  four  captive  kings,  whom 
he  had  not  condemned  to  die.  But  as  one  of  them  continually  fixed  his  eye  upon 
the  chariot-wheel,  Sesostris  asked  him,  what  he  meant  ?  The  captive  king  re- 
plied, The  turning  of  the  wheel  puts  me  in  mind  of  our  fortune  ;  for  that  part 
which  is  now  highest,  presently  becomes  lowest ;  and  that  which  is  lowest, 
becomes  highest. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


101 


*  32.  Verbs  of  valuing,  with  the  accusative,  govern  such 
genitives  as  these,  magni,  parvi,  nihili,  &c. 

I  value  you  much.  Aestimo  te  magni. 

You  little  regard  me.  Tu  me  parvi pencils 

Verbs  of  VALUING  are,  aestimo,  existimo,  duco,  facio, 
habeo,  pendo,  puto,  taxo ;  to  these  add  sum  andjfo,  which 
likewise  govern  the  genitive  of  value,  but  do  not  take  the 
accusative. 

The  rest  of  these  genitives  are,  tanti,  quanti,  pluris,  mi 
noris,  maximi,  minimi,  plui  imi ;  also,  assis,  nauci,  Jiocci 
pili,  teruncii,  hujus,  pensi. 

Note  1.  To  this  rule  maybe  referred  these  phrases,  aequi  bonique facio,  or  aeqvr 
\oni  facio  ;  and  boni  consulo. 

Note  2.  The  verb  aestimo,  instead  of  the  genitive,  takes  sometimes  these  abla- 
tives, magno,  permagno,  parvo,  nihilo,  nonnihilo  ;  as,  Senec.  Data  magno  aestimas , 
accepta  parvo.  Cic.  Quia  sit  nonnihilo  aestimandum.  Id.  Tuistapermagno  aestimas. 

Note  3.  The  substantive  understood  to  the  adjectives  magni,  parvi,  &c.  is  pre' 
tii,  aeris,  ponderis,  momenti,  or  the  like  ;  and  the  construction  may  be  thus  sup- 
plied :  Aestimo  te  magni,  i.  e.  aestimo  te  esse  hominem  magni  pretii.  Aestimat 
pecuniam  parvi,  i.  e.  aestimat  pecuniam  esse  rem  parvi  momenti ;  or  thus,  aestimo 
te  pro  homine  magni  pretii,  aestimat  pecuniam  pro  re  parvi  momenti.  In  like  man- 
ner, Isthuc  aequi  bonique  facio,  i.  e.  facio  isthuc  rem  aequi  bonique  hominis  vel  ne- 
gotii.  And  someway  similar  to  this  is  that  of  Nep.  Quae  tile  vniversa  naturati 
quodam  bono  fecit  lucri,  i.  e.  fecit  rem  lucri. 


Epicurus  valued  pleasure  at 
a  great  rate  ;  but  a  wise  man 
values  pleasure  at  a  very  low 
rate. 

Brave  men  little  regard  big 
words,  and  they  value  threats 
as  nothing. 

I  do  not  value  those  men  a 
farthing,  I  do  not  value  the  au- 
gur a  rush,  I  value  you  more 
than  them  all. 

That  fellow  did  not  value  me 
one  penny ;  he  went  off,  nor 
did  he  value  a  pin  what  I  said. 

Cassius  likewise  plighted 
his  own  faith,  which  Jugurtha 
valued  no  less  than  that  of  the 
public. 

Most  men  value  money  very 
K 


Epicurus  voluptas  mag- 
vnm  aestimo  ;  sed  sapiens 
voluptas  minimum  facio. 

Vir  fortis  jactans  ver- 
bum  parvum  pendo,  et  mi- 
nac  nihilum  facio. 

Non  is  teruncius  facio, 
non  nauci  augur  liabeo,  tu 
plus  quam  omnis  ille  puto. 

Iste  homo  non  unus  as 
ego  aestimo  ;  abeo,  neque 
qui  dico  floccus  existimo. 

Cassius  quoque  fides  su- 
us  interpono,  qui  Jugurtha 
non  minus  quam  publicus 
duco. 

Plerique  liomo  petunia 


102 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


much,  and  gold  is  valued  a 
great  deal  every  where. 

Every  evil  is  as  great  as  we 
rate  it ;  a  wise  man,  however, 
values  reputation  more  than 
life  itself. 

There  is  nobody  in  all  this 
house  who  regards  what  he 
either  says  or  does  before  the 
child. 

War  makes  many  bishops 
who  in  peace  were  not  valued 
so  much  as  a  farthing  or  a  pin. 

It  is  not  the  part  of  a  wise 
man  to  say,  I  will  live  well  to- 
morrow. Virtue  is  the  most 
precious  of  all  things.  It  is 
therefore  the  part  of  a  fool  to 
despise  that,  which  all  men 
ought  to  value  more  than  riches 
or  pleasure. 

A  wise  man  values  pleasure 
very  little,  because  it  is  the 
bane  of  the  mind,  and  the  cause 
of  all  wickedness  and  misery  ; 
but  he  values  no  possession 
more  than  virtue,  because  it  is 
an  ornament  in  prosperity,  a 
comfort  in  adversity,  and  the 
fountain  of  all  public  and  pri- 
vate happiness. 

Thebes,  both  before  Epami- 
nondas  was  born,  and  after  hi3 
death,  was  always  subject  to  a 
foreign  power ;  on  the  other 
hand,  as  long  as  he  governed 
the  commonwealth,  it  was  the 
head  of  all  Greece.  From 
^vhich  it  may  be  understood, 
ttiat  one  man  was  more  worth 
than  the  whole  city,  and  that 
an  army  is  just  as  much  worth 
as  the  general  is 


maximum  facio,  et  passim 
plurimumjio  aurum. 

Unusquisque  malum  sum 
tantum  quantum  Me  taxo ; 
sapiens,  tamen,  aestimo  fa- 
ma  plus  quam  vita  ipse. 

Nemo  sum  in  hie  totus 
domus  qui  pensum  habeo 
quis  coram  infans  aut  dice 
aut  facio. 

Bellum  gigno  multus 
episcopus,  qui  in  pax  ne 
quidem  teruncius  aut  pilus 
fio. 

Non  sum  sapiens  dico, 
vivo  bene  eras.  Virtus 
sum  pretiosus  omnis  res. 
Sum  itaque  stultus  sperno 
is  qui  omnis  debeo  aestimo 
plus  quam  divitiae  aut  vo- 
luntas. 

Sapiens  facio  volupta* 
minimum,  quia  sum  pestis 
animus,  et  origo  omnis  sce- 
lus  et  miseria  ;  sed  aestimo 
nullus  possessio  plus  quam 
virtus,  quia  sum  ornamen- 
tum  in  res  secundus,  sola- 
tium in  adversus,  et  fons 
omnis  publicus  et  privatus 
felicitas* 

Thebae,  et  ante  Epami- 
nondas  natus,  et  post  is  in- 
teritus,  perpetuo  pareo  a- 
lienus  imperium ;  contra 
is,  quamdiu  ille  praesum 
respublica,  sum  caput  totus 
Graecia.  Ex  qui  possum 
intelligo,  unus  homo  sum 
plus  quam  totus  civitas,  et 
exercitus  sum  tantum  quan» 
turn  imperator. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


103 


A  boar  had  made  the  fountain  muddy,  out  of  which  a  horse  of  a  proud  spirit  used 
to  drink.  The  horse,  full  of  wrath,  inlreated  a  man,  that  he  would  assist  him 
against  the  boar.  The  man  leaped  upon  the  back  of  the  horse,  and  slew  the  boar. 
The  horse  was  glad  ;  nothing  was  more  joyful  than  the  foolish  horse.  The  man 
then  spake  to  the  horse  thus  :  I  value  you  more  than  the  boar  which  I  have 
slain  ;  a  horse  is  the  most  useful  of  all  quadrupeds  ;  hitherto  you  have  been  free 
from  labour,  you  shall  not  return  to  your  former  way  of  life.  The  horse,  now 
sad,  accused  himself  of  great  madness  :  Pride,  said  he,  hath  pushed  me  on  to  re- 
venge ;  my  foolish  pride  is  now  a  grief  to  my  heart ;  I  wish  I  had  forgot  the  small 
injury  done  by  the  boar  ;  I  am  no  more  my  own  master. 


33.  VERBS  of  comparing,  giving,  declaring,  and  taking 
away,  govern  the  dative  with  the  accusative. 


I  compare  Virgil  to  Homer. 

Give  every  man  his  own. 
You  tell  a  story  to  a  deaf  man. 
He  rescued  me  from  death. 
Give  not  up  your  mind  to  plea- 
sure. 


Comparo  Virgilium  Home' 
ro. 

Suum  cuique  tribuito. 
N arras  fabulam  surdo. 
Eripuil  me  morti. 
Ne  addicas  animum  volup- 
tatu 


h  Verbs  of  COMPARING  are,  comparo,  compono,  con- 
fero,  aequo,  aequiparo ;  also,  antepono,  antefero,  pracpcnoy 
praefero  ;  and postpono,  posthabeo,postfero,  &c. 

2.  Verbs  of  GIVING  are,  do,  tribuo,  largior,  praebeo, 
ministro,  suggero,  supptdito.  To  which  add  verbs  of  RE- 
STORING ;  as,  reddo,  restituo,  retribuo,  rependo,  reme- 
tior  :  of  ACQUIRING  ;  as,  quaero,  acquiro,  pa.ro,  par io  : 
of  PROMISING  ;  as, promitto,  polliceor,  recipio,  spondeo  ; 
also,  debeo,  solvo,  asscro,  vindico,  mitto,  relinquo,  and  in- 
numerable others. 

3.  Verbs  of  DECLARING  are,  narro,  dico,  memoro,  lo- 
quor,  nuncio,  refero,  declaro,  aperio,  expono,  explico,  signifi- 
co,  indico,  monstro,  ostendo,  &c.  To  which  add  verbs  of 
DENYING  ;  as,  nego,  inficior :  and  CONFESSING  ;  as, 
fateor,  confiteor,  &c. 

4.  Verbs  of  TAKING  AWAY  are,  aufero,  adimo,  eripio, 
eximo,  demo,  surripio,  detraho,  excutio,  extorqueo,  Sic. 

5.  To  these  may  be  added  a  great  many  active  verbs, 
compounded  with  the  prepositions  ad,  in,  cb,prae,  sub,  and 
innumerable  other  verbs  that  cannot  be  reduced  to  distinct 
classes.  In  short,  any  active  verb  may  govern  the  dative 
writh  the  accusative,  when  together  with  the  things  done  is 
also  signified  the  person  oi  thing  to  or  for  whom  or  which 
it  is  done- 


,04 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


Note  1.  Comparo,  confero,  componc,  instead  of  the  dative,  take  frequently  the 
ablative  with  cum  :  as,  Cic.  Ut  homintm  cum  homine  comparetis.  Sail.  IHcta  cum 
factis  componere.    Cic.  Conferte  kanc  paccm  cum  illo  hello. 

Note  2.  Verbs  of  TAKING  AWAY,  instead  of  the  dative,  have  often  *.he  ti  la- 
tive,  with  a,  ab,  de,  e,  or  ex ;  as,  Ter.  A  ujerre  ah  aliquo  triginta  minus.  Cic.  Eri- 
pite.  nos  ex  miseriis.  Plaut.  Demagnis  dxvitiis  si  quid  demas,  &C.  The  preposi- 
tion is  sometimes  suppressed;  as,  Virg.  Vagina  eripit  ensem. 

Note  3.  The  accusative  is  sometimes  suppressed  ;  as,  Supplicare  ahcui,  sc.  ge> 
nua.  Nubere  alicui,  sc.  se  vel  vultum.  hnponere  alicui,  sc.  sarcinam  vel  ridiculi 
quidpiam.    Dctrahere  alicui,  sc.  laudem.    Ignoscere  ahcui,  sc.  culpam,  &C. 

Note  4.  These  verbs  hortor,  invito,  voco,  provoco,  animo,  stimulo,  conformo,  la~ 
cesso,  instigo,  incito,  suscito,  allicio,  pellicio,  and  the  like,  instead  of  the  dative, 
take  the  accusative,  with  tne  preposition  ad}  or  sometimes  in. 


1 .  The  covetous  man  com- 
pares great  things  with  small, 
and  disregards  every  thing  in 
comparison  of  money.  Old 
men  compare  themselves  with 
old  men,  and  prefer  retirement 
to  business  ;  but  boys  general- 
ly postpone  serious  matters  to 
diversion. 

Fools  compare  themselves 
with  great  men,  and  prefer 
pleasure  to  virtue  ;  but  wise 
men  put  themselves  on  a  level 
with  their  inferiors,  and  prefer 
friendship  to  money ;  they  less 
value  wealth  than  liberty,  and 
prefer  death  to  slavery. 

2.  God  hath  given  an  erect 
countenance  to  man,  bestowed 
on  him  many  endowments  of 
mind,  and  granted  him  the  earth 
for  a  habitation,  which  yields 
grass  for  cattle,  affords  flowers 
for  bees,  finds  food  for  man, 
and  furnishes  fuel  for  fire. 

If  this  tyrant  will  not  restore 
liberty  to  the  citizens,  return 
things  to  their  owners,  refund 
the  money  to  the  people,  or  re- 
pay to  every  one  his  own,  the 
people  ought  to  seek  for  them- 
selves another  governor,  and 
procure  an  enemy  to  their  foe. 


Avarus  compono  mag- 
nus  parvus,  et postpono  om- 
uls nummus.  Senex  com- 
paro sui  senex,  et  antefero 
otium  negotium ;  at  puer 
fereposthabeo  serius  Indus, 


Stultus  conjero  sui  mag- 
nus,  et  praepono  voluptas 
virtus;  sed  sapiens  aequo 
sui  inferior,  et  praefero 
amicitia  pecunia ;  postfero 
opes  libertas,  et  antepono 
mors  servitus. 

Deus  do  sublimis  os  ha 
mo,  tribuo  is  multus  dos 
animus,  et  largior  is  terra 
in  domicilium,  qui  suggero 
gramen  pecus,  ministro 
Jlos  apis,  suppedito  alimcn- 
tum  homo,  et  praebeo  mate- 
ria ignis. 

Si  hie  tyrannus,  nolo 
reddo  libertas  civis,  resti- 
tuo  res  dominus  suits,  rc- 
tribuo  pecunia  populus,  out 
rependo  quisque  suus,  po- 
pulus debeo  quaero  alius 
praefectus  sui,  at  que  acqui- 
ro  hostis  inimicus  suus 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


105 


This  covetous  fellow  lays  up 
riches  for  others,  but  he  will 
not  gain  praise  to  himself :  he 
has  lately  betrothed  his  daugh- 
ter to  a  gentleman,  to  whom  he 
has  promised  a  large  portion ; 
but  he  will  not  perform  what 
he  has  promised  to  him  ;  for  he 
designs  to  leave  a  very  great 
estate  to  his  son. 

The  gentleman  who  used  to 
send  letters  and  presents  to 
you,  begins  now  to  claim  and 
assume  high  titles  to  himself ; 
you  owe  him  a  great  sum,  and 
it  is  not  your  part  to  pay  him 
bad  money  instead  of  good  ; 
you  owe  your  life  to  him. 

3.  This  man  brings  good 
news  to  us  ;  he  has  told  the 
whole  affair  to  his  master,  and 
has  assigned  me  the  reason  why 
he  did  so.  I  give  credit  to  his 
words,  for  he  does  not  use  to 
tell  a  falsehood  to  any  one,  but 
speaks  the  truth  to  all ;  in  this 
affair  he  has  behaved  well,  I 
will  return  him  the  favour. 

It  is  the  part  of  a  fool  to  dis- 
cover his  sentiments  to  every 
one,  to  unfold  his  thoughts  to 
mockers,  to  expose  his  mis- 
takes to  enemies,  or  to  open  his 
ears  to  flatterers  ;  but  we  may 
discover  any  thing  to  a  true 
friend,  or  signify  our  mind  to 
him  by  a  letter. 

It  is  the  part  of  a  good  man 
to  show  the  way  to  him  that 
winders,  and  point  out  to  him 
his  road.  It  is  also  the  part  of 
a  good  man  to  confess  his  sins 
to  God,  and  own  his  mistakes 
to  men.  But  he  does  wicked- 
k2 


Hie  avarus  paro  divi- 
tiae  alius,  sed  non  pario 
laus  sui :  nuper  spondeo 
fdia  vir,  qui  polliceor  am- 
plus  dos  ;  sed  non  praesto 
qui  promitto  is ;  nam  sta- 
tuo  relinquo  permagnus 
haereditas  fdius. 

Vir  qui  soleo  mitto  litera 
et  munus  tu,  nunc  incipio 
assero  et  vindico  tnagnus 
titulus  sui;  debeo  ille 
grandis  pecunia,  et  non 
sum  tuus  solvo  is  adulte- 
rinus  numrnus  pro  bonus  ; 
debeo  vita  ille. 

Hie  homo  nuncio  res 
laetus  ego ;  narro  omnis 
res  dorninus,  et  memoro 
ego  causa  quare  ita  facio. 
Tribuo  jides  verbum,  non 
enim  soleo  dico  falsuS  qui' 
vis,  sed  loquor  verum  om- 
nis ;  hie  in.  res  ago  bene, 
refero  is  gratia. 

Sum  stultus  declaro  sen-. 

tentia  suus  quivis,  eocplico 

cositatio  suus  irrisor,  ex- 
es ... 
pono  error  suus  inimicus, 

aut  aperio  auris  assenta- 
tor  ;  at  possum  indico  qui- 
vis res  verus  amicus,  aut 
signifco  mens  is  per  lite- 
rae. 

Sum  bonus  vir  monstro 
via  errans,  et  ostendo  is 
iter.  Sum  etiam  bonus 
vir  conjitcor  peccatum 
Deus,  et  fateor  error  homo 
At  improbe  facio,  qui  nego 
opis  patria,  aut  inficior  le~ 


106 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


ly,  who  denies  aid  to  his  coun- 
try, or  refuses  a  legacy  to  the 
man  to  whom  the  testator  hath 
left  it. 

4.  Pain  takes  away  the  en- 
joyment of  pleasure  from  men, 
and  often  removes  sleep  from 
their  eyes.  Wine  removes  the 
load  from  an  anxious  spirit, 
and  takes  off  the  gloom  from 
the  hrows.  But  it  is  the  pro- 
perty of  philosophy  to  remove 
error  from  the  mind. 

Fortune  often  snatches  away 
wealth  from  the  rich,  but  she 
cannot  filch  away  honesty  or 
probity  from  the  virtuous.  It  is 
not  easy,  however,  to  extort 
money  from  a  covetous  man  ; 
you  will  sooner  wrest  the  club 
from  Hercules.  But  you  may 
easily  strike  fire  from  a  flint. 

5.  A  wise  man  suits  himself 
to  nature,  and  adds  virtue  to 
virtue  ;  but  a  fool  gives  up  his 
mind  to  intemperance,  and 
brings  misery  on  his  country  ; 
sometimes  he  turns  robber,  and 
puts  a  sword  to  the  throat  of  his 
countrymen  ;  he  joins  wicked 
fellows  as  comrades  to  him,  and 
adds  strength  to  the  mischief. 

A  brave  man  easily  pardons 
others  many  things,  himself 
nothing  ;  he  proclaims  war 
against  his  lusts,  but  never  de- 
sires to  make  war  upon  his 
country,  or  engage  himself  in 
civil  broils  ;  he  rather  chuses 
to  fasten  his  darts  in  the  backs 
of  enemies,  to  strike  a  terror 
into  them,  or  to  inflict  punish- 
ment on  criminals. 

We  ought  to  oppose  a  stout 


gatum  homo  qui  legator 
relinquo. 

Dolor  aufero  fructas  vo- 
luptas  homo,  et  saepe  adi- 
rno  somnus  oculus.  Vinum 
eximo  onus  solicit  us  ani- 
mus, et  demo  nubes  super- 
cilium.  Sed  sum  proprius 
philosophia  detraho  error 
mens. 

For  tun  a  saepe  eripio 
opes  dives,  at  non  possum 
surripio  honestas  aut  pro- 
bitas  bonus.  Haud facilis 
tamen  sum  extorquco  pecu- 
nia  avarus ;  cito  extorquco 
clava  Hercules.  Sed  pos- 
sum facile  cxcutio  ignis 
silex. 

Sapiens  accommodo  sui 
natura,  ct  addo  virtus  vir- 
tus ;  at  stultus  addico  ani- 
mus in  temper  antia,  et  ad- 
fero  calamitas  patria  ;  in- 
terdum  fio  latro,  et  admo- 
veo  gladius  jugulum  civis  ; 
adjungo  pravus  homo  so- 
cius  sui,  et  adjicio  vires 
malum. 

Fortis  vir  facile  ignosco 
alius  multus,  sui  nihil ;  in- 
dico  bcllum  cupiditas  suus, 
sed  nunquam  cupio  infer o 
bellum  patria,  aut  insero 
sui  civilis  disse?isio  ;  malo 
infigo  telum  tergurn  hostis, 
incutio  terror  ille,  aut  ir- 
rogo  poena  peccans 

Debeo  oppono  fortis  pec* 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


107 


heart  to  hard  fortune  ;  but  we 
ought  not  to  throw  ourselves 
in  among  the  darts  of  the  ene- 
my, and  expose  our  life  to  dan- 
ger without  cause,  especially 
now  when  night  begins  to 
spread  darkness  over  the  earth. 

The  bees  prepare  meat  for 
the  winter  ;  and  a  king  ought 
to  imitate  them,  and  provide 
those  things  that  are  necessary 
for  war  or  a  siege  ;  he  ought 
to  set  a  general  and  lieutenants 
over  his  forces,  and  prescribe 
to  every  one  his  duty,  that  he 
may  be  able  to  prevent  access 
to  the  enemy. 

The  king  being  frighted, 
puts  spurs  to  his  horse,  and 
withdraws  himself  from  the 
battle  ;  his  army  was  routed 
and  put  to  flight ;  the  cities  and 
towns  soon  after  began  to  sub- 
mit themselves  to  the  conque- 
ror, to  put  their  necks  under 
his  yoke,  and  subject  them- 
selves to  his  government. 

Gold  and  poverty  have  often 
persuaded  men  to  bad  things  ; 
but  I  give  thanks  to  God,  that 
my  brother  has  done  you  no 
wrong  ;  I  give  credit  to  the 
words  of  the  messenger  more 
than  to  yours  ;  I  will  not  shut 
my  ears  to  the  truth. 

God,  who  has  threatened 
most  dreadful  punishment  to 
the  wicked,  commands  us  to 
set  bounds  to  our  desires,  and 
give  a  check  to  lust ;  let  us, 
therefore,  lend  a  patient  ear  to 
his  admonitions  ;  let  us  not  de- 
vote ourselves  to  pleasure,  nor 


tus  adversus  res  ;  sed  non 
debeo  olnicio  ego  telum 
hostis,  et  offcro  caput  peri- 
culum  sine  causa,  praeser- 
tim  nun  cumc  nox  incipio 
offundo  caligo  terra. 

Apis  praeparo  cihus 
kiems ;  et  rex  debeo  imitor 
is,  et  paro  is  qui  sum  ne- 
cessarius  bellum  aut  obsi- 
dio ;  debeo  praejicio  dux  et 
legatus  copiae,  et  praescri- 
bo  unusquisque  munia  suus, 
ut  possum  praecludo  aditus 
hostis* 

Rex  territus,  subdo  cal- 
car  equus,  et  subtraho  sui 
pugna ;  exercitus  is  fundo 
fugoque  ;  urbs  et  oppidum 
mox  coepi  submitto  sui  vic- 
tor, suppono  collum  jugum, 
et  subjicio  sui  imperium  is. 


Aurum  et  paupertas 
saepe  suadeo  malum  homo  ; 
sed  ago  gratia  Deus,  quod 
fratcr  meusfacio  tu  nullus 
injuria  :  habeo  fides  ver~ 
bum  nuncius  magis  quam 
tuus ;  nolo  claudo  auris 
Veritas. 

Deus,  qui  minor  gravis 
supplicium  impius,  jubeo 
ego  statuo  modus  cupido 
noster,  et  injicio  fraenum 
libido ;  commodo,  igitur, 
patiens  auris  monitum  is  , 
ne  dedo  ego  voluptas,  ne- 
que  trado  egomet  socordia 


108 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


give  up  ourselves  to  sloth  or 
idleness. 

Note  4.  The  general  con- 
formed himself  to  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  prince,  and  called 
the  rogues  hefore  him  ;  they 
had  provoked  us  to  anger,  had 
challenged  us  to  a  combat,  had 
spirited  up  others  to  the  same 
crime,  and  spurred  them  on  to 
arms.  The  next  day,  however, 
the  general  invited  them  all  to 
a  feast,  and  exhorted  them  to 
peace. 

Ihe  love  of  praise  rouses 
men  to  their  duty,  disposes  their 
minds  to  industry,  and  incites 
them  to  glorious  actions.  But 
the  love  of  money  prompts 
men  to  villanous  practices,  al- 
lures them  to  wickedness,  and 
entices  maids  to  dishonesty. 

Tf  When  Eumenes  under- 
stood these  things,  he  called  his 
soldiers  together,  and  first  he 
gives  them  thanks,  that  none 
was  found  who  preferred  the 
hopes  of  a  bloody  reward  to  the 
obligation  of  his  oath ;  then  he 
cunningly  subjoins,  that  he  had 
forged  these  letters,  that  he 
might  try  their  affections. 

After  this,  Alexander  invites 
his  friends  to  a  feast ;  where, 
when  mention  was  made  of  the 
things  which  Philip  his  father 
had  done,  he  began  to  prefer 
himself  before  his  father,  and 
to  extol  the  greatness  of  his 
own  exploits  to  heaven,  whilst 
the  greater  part  of  the  guests 
said  as  he  said. 

When  the  ambassadors  of  the 
Athenians  came  to  Alcibiades, 


aut  ignavia. 

Dux  conformo  sui  ad 
voluntas  rex,  et  scelestus  ad 
sui  voco  ;  lacesso  ego  ad 
ira,  provoco  ego  ad  certa- 
mcn,  animo  alius  ad  idem 
crimen  et  stimulo  is  ad  ar- 
ma.  Postridie,  tamen, 
dux  invito  omnis  ad  epu- 
lae,  et  hor  'or  is  ad  pax. 


A  mor  laus  svscito  homo 
ad  officium  suus,  inclino 
animus  ad  diligentia,  et  in- 
cito  is  ad  praeclarus  f aci- 
nus. Sed  amor  nummus 
instigo  vir  in  malus  ars, 
allicio  is  ad  nequitia,  et 
pellicio  virgo  ad  stuprum. 

Cum  Eumenes  cognosco 
hie,  convoco  miles,  et  pri- 
rno  ago  is  gratia,  quod  ne- 
mo invenio  qui  antepono 
spes  crucntus  praemium 
jldes  sacramentum ;  turn 
collide  subnecto,  sui  confin- 
go  hie  epistola,  ut  experior 
animus. 

Post  hie,  Alexander  vo- 
co amicus  ad  convixnum  ; 
ubi,  cum  mentio  orior  res 
qui  Philippus  pater  is  ge- 
ro,  coepi  praefero  sui  pa- 
ter, et  extollo  magnitudo 
res  suus  coclum  tenus,  dum 
magnus  pars  conviva  as- 
scntor. 

Cum  legatus  Atheniensis 
venio  aa  Alcibiades,  polli- 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


109 


he  promised  them  the  king's 
friendship,  if  the  government 
should  be  transferred  from  the 
people  to  the  senate.  The 
Athenians>  because  the  danger 
of  the  war  hung  over  them, 
had  a  greater  care  of  their 
safety  than  honour  ;  where- 
fore the  government  is  trans- 
ferred to  the  senate. 

The  coming  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians recalled  Dionysius  the 
tyrant  [out  of  Italy]  into  Sicily. 
Hanno  the  Carthaginian  was 
general  of  that  war,  whose  ene- 
my, Suniatus,  the  most  power- 
ful of  the  Carthaginians,  en- 
deavoured to  give  notice  of  his 
coming  to  Dionysius ;  but  Han- 
no intercepted  the  letter,  and 
condemned  Suniatus  of  treach- 
ery. 

Virginius  weeping  said  never 
a  word  a  long  time  ;  at  last  he 
lifted  up  his  hands  to  heaven, 
and  be  "-(red  of  his  fellow- sol- 
diers  that  they  would  not  as- 
cribe the  villany  of  Appius 
Claudius  to  him ;  that  they 
would  not  abhor  him  as  the 
murderer  of  his  children.  He 
told  them  that  the  life  of  his 
daughter  was  dearer  to  him 
than  his  own. 

After  Alexander,  Arrybas' 
step-son,  and  brother  of  Olym- 
pias,  was  come  to  the  age  of 
twenty  years,  Philip,  king  of 
Macedonia,  took  the  kingdom 
of  Epire  from  Arrybas,  and 
gave  it  to  the  youth  ;  being 
wicked  towards  both  ;  for  he 
did  not  observe  the  laws  of  af- 
finity towards  him  from  whom 


ceor  is  amicitia  rex,  si  res- 
publica  translatus  for  em  a 
populus  ad  scnatus.  Aihe- 
niensis,  quod  periculum 
helium  is  immineo,  sum 
magnus  cura  solus  quam 
dignitas ;  itaque  imperium 
transfero  ad  senatus. 

Adventus  Carthaginien- 
sis  in  Sicilia  revoco  Diony- 
sius tyr annus  [ex  Italia], 
Hanno  Carthaginiensis 
sum  dux  is  helium,  qui  ini- 
micus,  Suniatus,  potens 
Poenus,  conor  praenuncio 
adventus  is  Dionysius ;  sed 
Hanno  comprehendo  lite- 
rae,  et  damno  Suniatus 
proditio. 

Virginius  jlens  mitto 
nullus  vox  diu ;  tandem 
tendo  manus  ad  coelum,  et 
oro  commilito  ne  atiribuo 
scelus  Appius  Claudius 
sui  ;  ne  avers  or  sui  ut  par- 
ricida  liheri.  Dico  is  vita 
jilia  sum  carus  sui  suus. 


Postquam  Alexander, 
Arrybas  privignus,  et  f ra- 
ter Olympias,  pervenio  ad 
aetas  viginti  annus,  Phi- 
lippus,  rex  Macedonia, 
eripio  regnum  Epirus  Ar- 
rybas, et  do  puer  ;  scelestus 
in  uterque ;  nam  non  servo 
jus  cognatio  in  is  qui  adi- 
mo  regnum,  et  facio  is  qui 


110 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


he  took  the  kingdom,  and  he 
made  him  to  whom  he  gave  it 
a  debauchee,  before  he  made 
him  a  king. 

Alexander  commends  the 
loyalty  of  the  Persians,  as  well 
to  their  former  kings  as  to 
himself.  He  puts  them  in 
mind  of  his  kindnesses  to  them, 
how  he  had  never  treated  them 
as  a  conquered  people,  but  as 
the  companions  of  his  victory  ; 
and  now  he  says,  that  he 
would  trust  the  guard  of  his 
person,  not  only  to  the  Mace- 
donians, but  to  them  too. 

Almost  all  the  east  appoint- 
ed divine  honours  and  temples 
for  Jason  ;  which,  after  many 
years,  Parmenio,  a  general  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  ordered 
to  be  pulled  down,  lest  the 
name  of  any  one  should  be 
more  venerable  in  the  east  than 
the  name  of  Alexander.  After 
the  death  of  Jason,  Medius  his 
son  built  the  city  of  Medea,  in 
honour  of  his  mother. 

The  Athenians,  therefore; 
against  so  great  a  storm  of  war, 
chuse  two  generals,  Pericles,  a 
man  of  tried  conduct,  and  So- 
phocles, the  writer  of  trage- 
dies ;  who  both  laid  waste  the 
lands  of  the  Spartans,  and  add- 
ed many  cities  of  Achaia  to 
the  empire  of  the  Athenians. 
This  affair  procured  to  the  ge- 
nerals the  love  of  the  citizens. 

Wherefore,  as  all  the  pre- 
tenders were  invited  to  the 
wedding,  the  Grecian  strangers 
are  desired  likewise  to  the 
feast ;  then  the  young  lady  be- 


do  impudicus,  antequam 
facio  rex. 

A  lexander  laudo  fides 
Persae,  turn  in  pristinus 
rex,  turn  in  sui.  Admo- 
neo  is  beneficium  suns  in  is, 
ut  nunquam  habeo  is  quasi 
victus,  sed  veluti  socius 
victoria;  et  nunc  aio,  sui 
credo  custodia  corpus  suus, 
non  tantum  Macedo,  sed  is 
etiam. 


Totus  fere  oriens  consti- 
tuo  divinus  honor  et  tern- 
plum  Jason  ;  qui,  post  mul- 
tus  annus,  Parmenio,  dux 
Alexander  Magnus,  jubeo 
diruo,  ne  nomen  quisquam 
sum  vcnerabilis  in  oriens 
nomen  Alexander.  Post 
mors  Jason,  Medius  is  fi- 
lms condo  urbs  Medea,  in 
honor  mater. 

Atheniensis,  igitur,  ad- 
versus  tantus  tempestas  bel- 
lum,  deligo  duo  dux,  Peri- 
cles, vir  spcctatus  virtus, 
et  Sophocles,  scriptor  tra- 
goedia :  qui  et  vasto  agcr 
Spartanus,  et  adjicio  mul- 
tus  civitas  Achaia  imperi- 
um  Atheniensis.  Is  res 
concilio  dux  amor  civis. 

Itaque,  cum  omnis  pro- 
cus  invito  ad  nuptiae, 
Graecus  hospes  rogo  etiam 
ad  convivium  ;  deinde  vir- 
go  introductus,  jubeo  a  pa- 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


Ill 


ing  introduced,  was  ordered  by 
her  father  to  deliver  water  to 
him,  whom  she  chose  for  her 
husband.  She  turning  to  the 
Greeks,  delivers  the  water  to 
Protis,  who  afterwards  built 
Massilia  nigh  tjie  mouth  of  the 
river  Rhone. 

Claudius  Caesar  made  war 
upon  Britain,  which  none  of  the 
Romans  after  Julius  Caesar  had 
meddled  with  ;  he  added  like- 
wise some  islands  lying  in  the 
ocean  beyond  Britain  to  the 
Roman  empire,  which  are  call- 
ed the  Orkneys,  and  gave  the 
name  of  Britannicus  to  his  son. 

Vespasian  was  a  prince  of 
the  most  charming  goodness, 
as  who  did  not  easily  punish 
those  guilty  of  treason  against 
him,  beyond  the  pain  of  banish- 
ment ;  but  he  was  too  greedy 
of  money,  yet  so  that  he  took 
it  from  nobody  unjustly,  and 
bestowed  it  very  liberally  on 
people  in  want.  He  added  two 
very  potent  nations,  twenty 
towns,  and  the  isle  of  Wight 
near  Britain,  to  the  Roman  em- 
pire. Under  him  too  Judea 
was  added  to  the  Roman  em- 
pire, and  Jerusalem,  the  most 
famous  city  of  Palestine. 

Cyrus  takes  Sybaris,  and  re- 
turns to  Persepolis  ;  where  he 
called  the  people  together,  and 
orders  them  all  to  be  ready  with 
hatchets,  and  cut  down  the 
wood  which  hung  over  the 
highways  ;  which  when  they 
had  readily  done,  he  invites 
them  all  to  a  feast  the  day  after. 


ter  porrigo  aqua  is,  qui 
eligo  vir.  Ille  convcrsus 
ad  Graccus,  porrigo  aqua 
Protis,  qui  postea  condo 
Massilia  prope  ostium  am- 
nis  Rhodanus. 


Claudius  C(Bsar  infero 
helium  Britannia,  qui  nul- 
lus  Romanus  post  Julius 
CcBsar  attingo  ;  addo  etiam 
quidam  insula  positus  in 
oceanus  ultra  Britannia 
Romanus  imperium,  qui 
appello  Orcades,  impono- 
que  nomen  Britannicus  Ji- 
lius  suus. 

Vespasianus  sum  prin- 
ceps  placidus  bonitas,  ut 
qui  non  facile  punio  reus 
majestas  contra  sui,  ultra 
poena  exilium ;  sed  sum 
avidus  pecunia,  tamen  ita 
ut  aufero  is  nullus  injuste, 
et  largior  is  studiose  indi- 
gens.  Adjicio  duo  validus 
gens,  viginti  oppidum,  el 
insula  Vectae  proximus 
Britannia,  Romanus  impe- 
rium. Sub  hie  quoque  Ju- 
daea accedo  Romanus  im- 
perium, et  Hierosolyma, 
clarus  urbs  Palestina. 

Cyrus  assumo  Sybaris, 
et  regredior  ad  Persepo- 
lis ;  ubi  convoco  populus, 
et  jubco  omnis  praesto  sum 
cum  securis,  et  excido  syl- 
va  qui  immineo  via  ;  qui 
cum  strenue  facio,  invito 
omnis  ad  epulae  postridie. 


112 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


Annibal's  advice  pleased  king 
Antiochus  ;  wherefore  one  of 
Annibal's  companions  is  sent 
into  Africa  to  the  Carthagi- 
nians, to  encourage  them  to 
the  war,  and  tell  them  that  An- 
nibal  would  come  presently 
with  an  army ;  that  nothing 
was  wanting  but  the  counte- 
nance of  the  Carthaginians. 

Whilst  all  were  amazed  at 
the  cruel  tyranny  of  Aristoti- 
mus,  Hellenicus,  an  old  n-an, 
who  had  no  children,  gathers 
together  his  friends,  and  ex- 
horts them  to  the  delivery  of 
their  country.  They  conspire 
together  against  the  tyrant's 
life,  and  Aristotimus  is  taken 
off. 

It  is  a  commendable  thing 
for  a  boy  to  apply  his  mind  to 
the  study  of  good  letters  ;  they 
will  be  always  useful  to  him, 
they  will  procure  him  the  fa- 
vour and  love  of  good  men, 
which  those  that  are  wise  va- 
lue more  than  riches  and  plea- 
sure. 


Annibal  consilium  pla- 
ceo  rex  Antiochus;  quare 
unus  ex  co?ncs  Annibal  mit- 
to  in  Africa  ad  Carthagi- 
niensis,  ut  hortor  is  ad  bel- 
lum,  et  nuncio  Annibal 
mox  venio  cum  exercitus  ; 
nihil  desum  nisi  animus 
Carthaginiensis. 

Cum  omnis  stupeo  ad 
saevus  dominatio  Aristoti- 
mus, Hellenicus,  senex, 
qui  nallus  liberi  sum,  con- 
traho  amicus  suits,  et  hortor 
is  ad  vindicta  patria.  Con- 
juro  in  caput  tyr annus,  et 
Aristotimus  opprimo. 

Laudabilis  sum  puer  ad- 
jungo  animus  ad  studium 
bonus  literae ;  sum  semper 
utilis  ille,  concilio  ille  fa- 
vor  et  amor  bonus,  qui  qui 
sapio  aestimo  plus  quarn 
divitiae  et  voluptas. 


God  has  bestowed  upon  all  his  creatures  some  arms  or  weapons  for  theft  de- 
fence. To  the  birds  he  has  given  wings,  to  the  lions  strength  ;  horns  to  the 
brills  ;  stings  to  the  bees  ;  and  to  man  he  hath  given  wisdom,  which  is  a  more 
excellent  weapon,  and  sharper  than  a  two-edged  sword. 

Do  not,  says  Hanno,  give  yourselves  up  to  an  immoderate  joy  ;  Mago  deceives 
you.  It  is  only  imaginary  triumphs  he  promises  you.  If  we  are  to  believe  him, 
Annibal  has  cut  the  Roman  armies  to  pieces  ;  why,  therefore,  does  he  ask  more 
soldiers  ?  He  has  twice  taken  and  plundered  the  Roman  camp  ;  he  is  loaded 
with  boot}  ;  why,  therefore,  should  we  send  him  more  money  and  provisions  ? 
The  Romans  do  not  desire  peace,  and  consequently  are  not  so  much  humbled  as 
he  would  pursuade  us.  Let  us  not  exhaust  ourselves  merely  to  satisfy  Annibal's 
pri  le. 

When  Caius,  a  Roman  nobleman,  had  beaten  Pyrrhus  king  of  Epire,  and  driven 
him  out  of  Italy,  he  divided  some  lands  among  his  soldiers  ;  to  every  man  he  dis- 
tributed four  acres,  and  reserved  no  more  for  himself  ;  for  none,  said  he,  ought 
to  be  a  general,  who  will  not  be  content  with  the  share  of  a  common  soldier  ;  I 
wo  rld  rather,  quoth  he,  rule  over  rich  men,  than  be  rich  myself. 

There  are  a  great  many  miseries  to  which  nothing  but  death  can  give  reliel. 
Death  puts  an  end  to  the  sorrows  of  the  afflicted  and  oppressed  ;  it  sets  the  pri- 
son jrs  at  liberty  ;  it  dries  up  the  tears  of  the  widows  and  fatherless  ;  it  eases 
the  complaints  of  the  hungry  and  naked  ;  it  tames  the  proudest  tyrants,  and  puts 
an  tnd  to  all  our  labours. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


113 


*  34.  VERBS  of  asking  and  teaching  idmit  of  two  accu- 
satives, the  first  of  a  person,  and  the  second  of  a  thing. 

Beg  pardon  of  God.  Posce  Deum  veniam. 

He  taught  me  grammar.  Docuit  me  grammaticam. 

1.  Verbs  of  ASKING  are,  rogo,  oro,  exoro,  obsecro,  pre- 
cor,  posco,  reposco,jlagito. 

2.  Verbs  of  TEACHING  are,  doceo,  edoceo,  dedoceo, 
erudio. 

Note  !.  The  verb  celo  also  governs  two  accusatives  ;  as,  Celahanc  remuxorem, 
conceal  this  affair  from  your  wife.  But  we  also  say,  Celo  te  de  hac  re,  and  celo  tibi 
hanc  rem. 

Note  2.  Verbs  of  ASKING  often  change  the  accusative  of  the  person  into  the 
ablative,  with  a,  ab,  or  abs  ;  as,  Plaut.  Ab  ami co  argent urn  roges.  Cic.  Quid  stu- 
dia  a  te  jlagitent  tu  videbis.  Virg.  Veniam  oremus  ab  ipso.  Flaut.  Res  quaedam 
est,  quam  volo  ego  me  abs  te  exorare. 

Note  3.  Verbs  of  TEACHING  frequently  change  the  accusative  of  the  tlung 
into  the  ablative,  with  de  ;  as,  Cic.  Quid  est  tarn  arrogans,  quam  de  rebus  divinis 
collegium  pontificum  docerc  1    Sail.  De  itinere  hostium  senatum  edocet. 

Note  4.  We  say,  instruo,  instiluo,fomio,  informo,  imbuo  aliquem  artibus,  gene- 
rally without  any  preposition. 

Note  5.  Other  verbs  are  sometimes  found  construed  with  two  accusatives  ;  as, 
Ter.  Argentum,  quod  habes,  condonamus  te.  Cic.  Literas  ad  te,  a  consule,  non  quae 
te  aliqutd  juberent,  sumpsimus.  Ter.  Scin9  quod  ego  te  volebam.  Sail.  Multa  pnus 
de  salute  sua  Pomptinum  obtestatus. 

Note  6.  The  accusative  of  the  thing  is  not  governed  by  the  verb,  but  by  ad,  quod 
md,  secundum,  circa,  or  ob,  understood. 

1 .  When  1  ask  money  of  you  Cum  rogo  tu  nummus 

without  a  pawn,  you  say,  I  sine  pignus,  non  habeo,  in- 

have  none.  quam. 

This  one  thing  I  beg  of  you,  Hie  unus  tu  oro,  ut  de- 

that  you  would  give  over  lying  ;  sino  mentior ;  sino  ut  exo- 

grant  that  I  may  obtain  this  fa-  ro  tu  hie  venia. 
vour  of  you. 

We  all  beg  peace  of  you,  the  Pax   tu  posco  omnis, 

soldiers  beseech  this  of  you,  miles  tu  hie  obsecro,  dux 

the  general  himself  entreats  ipse  hie  tu  precor. 
this  of  you. 

He  ordered  that  they  should  Jubeo  ut  adeo  ad  Verves, 

go  to  Verres,  and  demand  of  et  reposco  is  simulacrum 

him  the  statute  of  Ceres  and  Ceres  et  Victoria. 
Victory. 

I  have  a  bounteous  stock  of  Sum  ego  benignus  vena 

natural  sense,  and  the   rich  ingenium,  divesque  ego  pe- 

court  me  though  poor  ;  I  im-  to  pauper ;  lacesso  deus  nu 


114 


AN  INTRODUCTION' 


portune  the  gods  for  nothing 
more,  nor  do  I  dun  my  potent 
friend  for  greater  things. 

2.  Poverty  teaches  some 
men  temperance,  and  makes 
them  relinquish  their  former 
fashions ;  but  those  men  act 
wisely,  who  ask  life,  health, 
and  subsistence  of  God. 

Minerva  taught  Telemachus 
all  her  arts,  she  taught  him  the 
laws  and  precepts  of  war. 

Note  4.  Instruct  this  boy  in 
the  Greek  and  Latin  languages; 
he  is  a  youth  of  extraordinary 
hopes,  and  of  the  highest  vir- 
tue ;  instruct  him  in  all  the  arts 
which  you  yourself  have  stu- 
died ;  and  this  I  chiefly  beg  of 
you,  that  you  season  his  mind 
with  piety. 

*If  The  people  conferred  on 
him  the  sovereignty  ;  they  did 
not  take  the  advice  of  the  more 
elderly,  nor  asked  them  their 
opinion.  Thus  whilst  they  are 
angry  at  the  senate's  power, 
they  deliver  themselves,  with 
their  wives  and  children,  into 
slavery  ;  wherefore  the  tyrant 
seizes  sixty  senators,  lays 
them  in  chains,  and  threatens 
them  with  death. 

After  they  all  with  tears  had 
begged  peace  of  the  king,  he 
replied,  if  they  would  give  him 
pledges,  that  he  might  know 
they  would  do  the  things  which 
they  had  promised,  and  if  they 
would  satisfy  his  allies  and 
neighbours  for  the  injuries 
which  they  had  done  them, 
that  he  would  make  peace 
with  them. 


kil  supra,  nec  flag i to  po* 
tens  amicus  largus. 

Egestas  doceo  aliquis 
lemperantia,  et  dedoceo  is 
prior  mos ;  sed  hie  homo 
ago  prudenter ;  qui  rogo 
Deus  vita,  salus,  et  victus. 

Minerva  edoceo  Telema- 
chus ornnisars  suus,  erudio 
is  lex  praeccptumque  hel- 
ium. 

Instituo  hie  puer  Grae 
cus  et  Latinus  litera ;  sum 
adolesccns  eximius  spes,  et 
summus  virtus ;  instruo 
ille  omnis  ars  qui  tu  ipse 
studeo ;  et  hie  praesertim 
tu  oro,  ut  animus  is  pietax 
imbuo. 

Plebs  defero  is  summus 
imperium ;  non  consulo  se- 
nior, neque  rogo  is  senten- 
tia  suus.  Ita  dum  irascor 
senatus  potentia,  trado  sui, 
cum  conyux  et  liberi,  in 
servitus  ;  itaque  tyr annus 
comprehendo  sexaginta  se- 
nator, compingo  in  vincu- 
lum, et  minor  ille  mors. 

Postquam  omnis  cum  la- 
cryma  posco  rex  pa<x\  re- 
spondeo,  si  do  sui  obses,  ut 
intelligo  isfacio  is  quipol- 
liceor,  et  si  satisfacio  so- 
cius  et  flnitimus  suus  de  in- 
juria qui  infer o  ipse,  sui 
facio  pax  cum  is. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


115 


"Vitellius,  bent  on  the  death 
and  punishment  of  almost  every 
one,  cut  off  a  great  many  no- 
blemen; he  scarcely  spared 
any  one  of  the  usurers  and 
publicans,  who  had  ever  de- 
manded of  him  a  debt  or  duty  ; 
he  put  to  death  also  some  of 
the  commons,  because  they 
had  cursed  the  blue  faction. 

After  him,  Marcus  Antoni- 
nus held  the  government  alone, 
a  man  of  the  most  frank  gene- 
rosity, whom  all  men  admired  ; 
he  was  trained  up  to  philoso- 
phy by  Apollonius,  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  Greek 
tongue  by  Sextus,  the  grandson 
of  Plutarch  ;  Fronto  the  orator 
taught  him  the  Latin  tongue. 

Pythagoras  taught  the  ma- 
trons chastity,  and  complai- 
sance to  their  husbands  ;  he 
taught  the  boys  modesty,  and 
the  study  of  letters  ;  amidst 
these  things  he  inculcated  upon 
all  frugality,  as  the  mother  of 
virtues  ;  he  recommended  tem- 
perance, and  recounted  every 
day  the  mischiefs  of  luxury. 
So  great  was  the  admiration  of 
this  man,  that,  after  his  death, 
they  made  a  temple  of  his 
house,  and  worshipped  him  for 
a  god. 

Catiline  taught  the  youth, 
whom  he  had  seduced,  many 
wicked  practices  ;  for  as  every 
one's  fancy,  according  to  their 
age,  was  fired,  he  furnished 
whores  to  some,  bought  dogs 
and  horses  for  others ;  in  short, 
he  spared  neither  expense  nor 


Vitellius,  pronus  ad  ncx 
atque  suppliciumfere  qxiis- 
que,  occido  multus  nobilis 
vir  ;  vix  parco  ullus  foene- 
rator  publicanusque,  qui 
unquam  flagito  sui  debitum 
aut  portorium. ;  interimo  et 
quidam  de  plebs,  quod  ma- 
ledico  venetus  f actio. 

Post  is,  Marcus  Antoni- 
nus teneo  respublica  solus, 
vir  promptus  liber alitas, 
qui  omnis  miror  ;  instituo 
ad  philosophia  per  Apollo- 
nius ;  ad  scientia  Graecus 
litera  per  Sextus,  nepos 
Plutarchus ;  Fronto  orator 
doceo  is  Latinus  litera. 

Pythagoras  doceo  ma- 
trona  pudicitia,  ct  obsequi- 
um  in  vir ;  doceo  puer  mo- 
destia,  et  stadium  litera; 
inter  hie  ingero  omnis  fru- 
galitas,  velut  genetrix  vir- 
tus ;  laudo  temperantia,  et 
enumero  quotidie  vitium 
luxuria.  Tantus  sum  ad- 
miratio  hie  vir%  ut,  post 
mors  is,facio  templum  ex 
domus  is,  coloque  is  pro 
dcus\ 


Catilina  edoceo  juven- 
tus,  qui  illicio,  multus  malus 
f acinus ;  nam  uti  quisque 
studium,  ex  aetas,  fiagro, 
praebeo  scortum  alius,  mer- 
cor  canis  atque  equus 
alius  ;  postremo,  parco  ne- 
que  sumptus  neque  modes 


116 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


his  own  modesty,  provided  he    tia  suus,  dum  facto  ille  ol* 
could  make  them  subject  and    noxius  fidusque  sui. 
trusty  to  him. 

Solomon  asked  wisdom  of  God  ;  and  God  said  unto  him,  Because  thou  hast 
asked  this  thing,  and  hast  not  asked  of  me  long  life,  nor  riches,  nor  the  life  of 
thine  enemies,  behold  I  have  done  according  to  thy  word.  Lo  !  1  have  given 
thee  a  wise  and  understanding  heart,  and  have  also  given  thee  that  which  thou 
hast  not  asked,  riches  and  honour. 

Before  Jove,  no  husbandman  manured  the  fields,  the  earth  of  itself  produced 
every  thing.  But  now  sturdy  steers  turn  up  the  soil,  harrows  break  the  sluggish 
clods,  and  the  swains  pray  to  the  gods  for  moist  summers  and  serene  winters. 

When  Hercules  killed  the  giants  Albion  and  Bergion,  his  arrows  were  wasted 
in  the  fight,  so  that  he  wanted  arms  :  wherefore  he  begged  aid  of  Jupiter,  and 
obtained  from  him  a  shower  of  stones. 

Teach  thy  son  obedience,  and  he  shall  bless  thee  ;  teach  him  temperance,  ind 
he  shall  have  health  ;  teach  him  prudence,  and  fortune  shall  attend  him  ;  teach 
him  science,  and  his  life  shall  be  useful ;  teach  lum  religion,  and  his  death  shall 
be  happy. 


*  36.  YERBS  of  filling,  loading,  binding,  depriving, 
clothing,  and  some  others,  require  the  accusative  with  the 
ablative. 

He  filled  the  bowl  with  wine,  Implevit  pater  am  mero. 

They  load  the  ship  with  gold.  Navem  onerant  auro. 

He  bound  Gaul  in  fetters.  Vinculis  Galliamastrinxit. 

He  deprived  his  father  of  life.  Patrem  vita privavit. 

He  clothed  the  wall  with  pic-  Parietem  tabulis  vestiehat. 
tures. 

He    exchanges  squares    for  Mutat  quadrata  rotundis. 
rounds. 

We  present  you  with  this  pipe.  Hac  te  donamus  cicuta. 

You  give  me  great  joy.  Afficis  me  magna  laetitia. 

1.  Yerbs  of  FILLING  are,  impleo,  compleo,  explcoy  replco% 
saturo,  obsaturo,  satio,  rffercio,  ingurgilo,  dito,  and  the 
like. 

2.  Yerbsof  LOADING  are,  onero,  cumulo,  premo,  oppri- 
mo,  operio,  obruo  :  to  which  add  Yerbs  of  UNLOADING  ; 
such  as,  levo,  exonero. 

3.  Yerbs  of  BINDING  are,  astringo,  alligo,  devincio, 
impcdio,  irretio,  illaqueo,  c^c.  to  which  add  verbs  of  LOOS- 
ING ;  such  as,  solvo,  exsolvo,  libero,  laxo,  expedio. 

4.  Verbs  of  DEPRIVING  are,  privo,  ?iudo,  orbo  :  to 
which  add  verbs  of  SPOILING;  such  as,  spolio,  fraudo, 
emungo. 

5.  Verbs  of  CLOTHING  are,  vestio,  a?nicio,  induo,  cingo 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


117 


tego,  velo,  corono,  calceo  :  to  which  add  their  contraries, 
cxuo,  discingo. 

6.  The  other  verbs  belonging  to  this  rule  are,  muto,  do- 
no,  mumero,  remunero,  communico,  pasco,  beo,  impertior, 
dignor,  officio,  prosequor,  spargo,  incesso,  insector,  oblecto, 
and  the  like. 

Note  1.  Impleo,  compleo,  and  expleo,  sometimes  take  the  accusative  and  geni- 
tive; as,  Liv.  Adolescentem  suae  temeritatis  implet.  Plaut.  Erroris  illos,  et  de- 
mcntiac  complebo.  Virg.  Animumque  expksse  juvabit  ultricisfiammae.  And  among 
the  more  ancient  authors,  also  saturo  and  obsaturo  ;  as,  Plaut.  Haeres  vitae  me 
saturant.  And  hence  their  passives  sometimes  retain  the  genitive  ;  as,  Virg.  Im- 
phntur  vettris  Bacchi.  Cic.  Cum  completes  jam  mercatorum  career  esset.  Lucret. 
Sanguinis  explstis  naribus.    Ter.  lstius  obsaturabcre. 

Note  2.  These  passive  verbs  of  clothing,  induor,  amicicr,vestior,  cingor,  accin- 
gor ;  also,  exuor,  discingor,  and  their  participles,  have  frequently  the  accusative 
with  the  poets  ;  as,  Ovid.  Induitur  facicm  cultumque  Dianae.  Virg.  Inutile  Jer- 
tum,  cingitur.  Id.  Exuvias  indutus  Achilhi.  Claud.  Canas  vesttta  nives.  Sil. 
Exuta  pudorcm.  But  with  prose  authors  they  have  the  ablative  ;  as,  Curt.  Veste 
Arabica  tnduitur :  Liv.  Hispano  cingitur  gladio.  Cic.  Pallium  quo  amictus.  Tac 
Exutus  omnibus  for tunis. 

Note  3.  Pascor  dep.  instead  of  the  ablative,  sometimes  takes  the  acccusative: 
as,  Virg.  Pascuntur  sylvas. 

Note  4.  The  ablative  is  not  governed  by  the  verbs  belonging  to  this  rule,  but 
by  some  preposition  understood  ;  such  as,  a,  ab,  de,  e,  ex,  cum,  pro  ;  and  which  are 
sometimes  expressed  ;  as,  Mait.  De  Jlava  loculos  implere  moneta.  Cic.  Arccm  ur- 
bis  ab  incendio  hberavi.  Liv.  Lax ar e  animum  a  laborious.  Caes.  Solvere  naves  e 
portu.  Sail.  Mutare  bellum  pro  pace.  Plin.  Mcntionem  alicujus  cum  honore  swn- 
mo  prosequi.  When  the  passive  verbs  of  clothing  take  the  accusative,  ad,  quod 
ad,  or  per,  is  understood.  And  when  any  verb  belonging  to  this  rule  takes  the  ge- 
nitive, some  ablative,  such  as  re,  negotioy  causa,  or  the  like,  with  a  preposition, 
is  understood. 

Note  5.  Several  of  these  ablatives  may  be  referred  to  the  cause,  manner,  or 
instrument,  of  which  in  No.  53. 


1 .  The  tyrant  filled  his  coun- 
try with  blood  and  slaughter,  he 
filled  the  city  with  havock  and 
carnage,  he  filled  every  house 
with  mourning,  which  filled 
men's  ears  with  dismal  stories. 

After  he  had  satiated  himself 
with  revenge,  after  he  had 
glutted  himself  with  slaughter, 
after  he  had  satiated  himself 
with  the  blood  of  citizens,  he 
sat  down  to  a  feast,  and  glutted 
himself  with  meat  and  drink. 

2.  After  they  had  loaded  the 
altars  with  presents,  they  dis- 
burden themselves  of  cares, 
and  load  the  ships  with  arms 

1  2 


Tyrannus  impleo  patria 
sanguis  et  caedes,  repleo 
civitas  strages  et  interne- 
cio,  compleo  omnis  domus 
luetics,  qui  refercio  homo 
auris  dims  rumor. 

Postquam  expleo  sui  ul- 
tio,  postquam  satio  sui  cae- 
des,  postquam  saturo  sui 
sanguis  civis,  accumbo 
epulae,  et  ingurgito  sui  ci- 
bus  potusque. 

Postquam  cumulo  altare 
donum,  exonero  sui  cura, 
et  onero  navis  arma  et  com- 
meatus%  et  egressus  e  por 


118 


A N  I X T R O DUCTIO Jf 


and  provision,  and  sailing  out 
of  the  harbour  they  covered 
the  whole  sea  with  their  fleet. 

But  Aeolus,  who  controls 
the  winds  with  imperial  sway, 
had  resolved, when  night  should 
cover  the  earth  with  darkness, 
to  bury  them  under  the  waves, 
whilst  there  should  be  none  at 
hand  that  could  relieve  their 
minds  from  the  distress. 

3.  You  will  easily  gain  over 
good  men  by  acts  of  kindness  ; 
but  it  is  necessary  to  tie  up 
some  men  by  laws,  to  bind 
others  with  chains,  that  they 
may  not  obstruct  the  public 
good  by  their  private  quarrels. 

The  wicked  endeavour  to 
ensnare  others  with  the  allure- 
ments of  vice  ;  but  they  can- 
not disengage  themselves  from 
troubles,  or  extricate  them- 
selves from  sorrows ;  for 
though  fortune  sometimes  deli- 
vers them  from  punishment,  she 
never  frees  them  from  fear. 

4.  This  new  philosophy  de- 
prives us  of  our  rest,  despoils 
us  of  our  judgment,  bereaves 
us  of  our  senses  ;  it  cheats  the 
young  men  out  of  their  diver- 
sion, cozens  the  old  men  out 
of  their  money,  nay,  it  robs  the 
temples  of  presents. 

5.  The  ancients  used  to 
clothe  their  bodies  with  the 
skins  of  wild  beasts,  and  to  co- 
ver the  temples  of  the  gods 
with  boughs  ;  but  men  now 
clothe  themselves  with  gar- 
ments of  silk,  even  when  winter 
has  covered  the  earth  with  snow 

The  Athenians  used  to  crown 


tus  operio  totus  pelagus 

classis. 

At  Aeolus,  qui  venlus 
imperium  premo,  statuo, 
cum  nox  obruo  terra  tene- 
brae,  opprimo  is  Jluctus, 
dum  nullus  adsum  qui  le- 
vo  animus  acgritudo. 

Facile  devincio  bonus 
beneficium  ;  at  necesse  sum 
ligo  qui  dam  lex,  astringo 
alius  vinculum,  ne  impedio 
bonum  publicus  privatus 
simultas. 

Malus  conor  irretio  alius 
illecebrae  vitium  ;  at  non 
possum  laxo  sui  molestia, 
ant  expedio  sui  aerumna  ; 
licet  enim  for  tuna  inter- 
dum  libero  is  suppiicium, 
nunquam  solvo  is  metus. 

Hie  novus  philosophia 
privo  ego  quies,  spolio  ego 
judicium,  orbo  ego  sensus  ; 
fraudo  adolescens  oblccta- 
mentum,  emungo  senex  ar- 
gen  turn,  imo  nudo  fanum 
donum. 

Vetuslus  soleo  vestio  cor- 
pus  spolium  fera,  et  velo 
delubrum  deus  frons ;  at 
nunc  homo  induo  sui  seri- 
cus  vestimentum.,  etiam 
cu?n  brum  a  amicio  terra 
nix. 

Atlieniensis  soico  coroni 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


119 


their  conquerors  with  olive,  or 
bedeck  the  temples  of  their 
heads  with  laurel,  when  they 
had  forced  an  enemy  from  their 
camp,  or  saved  a  citizen  by 
their  arms  ;  they  used  also  to 
crown  their  poets  with  ivy  or 
laurel  ;  they  shod  their  come- 
dians with  sandals,  and  their 
tragedians  with  buskins. 

6.  The  man  who  doth  not 
pursue  his  enemy  with  curses, 
nor  maul  him  with  darts,  but 
exchanges  resentment  for 
friendship,  is  worthy  to  be  lov- 
ed. The  poets  will  present 
him  with  immortality,  they  will 
reward  him  with  encomiums, 
they  will  extol  him  with  ho- 
nour, and  celebrate  him  with 
praises.  Others  will  enrich 
him  with  gifts,  and  entertain 
him  at  their  table. 

That  fellow  bestrews  the 
ground  with  leaves,  he  feeds 
himself  with  herbs,  and  amu- 
ses himself  with  trifles  ;  I  will 
not  compliment  him  with  a  sa- 
lutation, I  will  not  dignify  him 
with  such  an  honour. 

1[  Some  men  value  reputation 
more  than  riches,  or  life  itself; 
wherefore  the  tyrant,  whilst  he 
thinks  himself  despised,  is  in  a 
rage,  and  resolves  to  fill  the 
city  with  slaughter  ;  but  it  was 
to  no  purpose  to  be  angry  writh 
those  who  did  not  value  him  a 
rush. 

When  Alcibiades  returned, 
the  Athenians  loaded  him  not 
only  with  all  human  honours, 
but  divine  ;  they  compensated 
his  losses  with  presents :  they 


victor  olea,  aut  cingo  tern- 
pus  laurus,  cum  exuo  hostis 
castra,  aut  tego  civ  is  ar- 
ma ;  soleo  etiam  corono 
poeta  hedera  aut  laurus ; 
comocdus  calceo  soccus,  it 
tragocdas  cothurnus. 


Vir  qui  non  insector  int 
micus  rnaledictum,  aut  in- 
cesso  is  jaculum,  sed  muto 
ira  amicitia,  sum  dignus 
amo.  Poeta  dono  is  aeter- 
nitas,  remuneror  is  elogi- 
um  officio  is  honor,  et  pro- 
sequor  is  laus.  Alius  beo 
is  munus,  et  communico 
is  mensa. 


Iste  homo  spargo  humus 
folium,  pasco  sui  herba,  et 
oblecto  sui  nugae  ;  ego  non 
imperitor  is  solus,  haud 
dignor  is  talis  honor. 

Quidam  aestimo  fama 
plus  quam  divitiae,  aut  vi- 
ta ipse ;  itaque  tyrannus, 
dum  puto  sui  contemno, 
saevio,  et  statuo  repleo  ci- 
vitas  caedes ;  sed  de  nihi- 
lum  sum  irascor  ille  qui  is 
non  jloccus  facio. 

Cum  Alcibiades  redeo, 
Atheniensis  oncro  is  non 
tantum  omnis  humanus  ho- 
nor, sed  divinus ;  ecrpleo 
detrimentum  munus :  non 


120 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


had  not  the  unfortunate  battle 
of  Sicily  in  their  mouths,  but 
the  conquest  of  Greece  ;  nor 
did  they  make  mention  of  Sy- 
racuse, but  of  Ionia  and  the 
Hellespont. 

After  he  had  obliged  the 
neighbouring  princes  with  acts 
of  kindness  and  complaisance, 
he  lays  a  plot  for  his  sister's 
son,  whom  he  resolves  to  de- 
prive of  life  and  of  his  posses- 
sions ;  and  he  would  have  rob- 
bed him  of  his  kingdom,  had 
not  a  mutiny  of  the  soldiers  en- 
sued, whom  he  had  cheated  of 
their  pay. 

At  Alesia,  Csssar  drew  two 
ditches  fifteen  feet  broad,  the 
innermost  of  which  he  filled 
with  water  conveyed  from  the 
river.  This  the  enemy  after- 
wards endeavoured  to  cover 
over  with  hurdles,  and  fill  up 
with  the  rampart. 

Varro  says,  that  he  had  a  li- 
oness of  marble,  and  winged 
Cupids  sporting  with  her,  some 
of  which  were  holding  her  tied 
fast,  others  were  forcing  her  to 
drink  out  of  a  horn,  others  were 
shoeing  her  with  sandals,  and 
that  all  were  of  one  stone. 

Such  was  the  slaughter  of 
the  scattered  soldiers,  that  the 
Athenians  sustained  more  da- 
mage in  that  battle,  than  they 
had  caused  in  the  former; 
and  so  great  was  the  despair 
among  the  Athenians,  that  im- 
mediately they  changed  their 
general  Alcibiades  for  Conon. 

If  I  shall  only  touch  upon  the 
most  considerable  virtues  of 


tile  in  os  sum  adversus pug* 
na  Sicilia,  sed  victoria 
Graecia ;  nec  Syracusae, 
sed  Ionia,  Hellespontusque 
mernini. 

Postquam  devincio  jini- 
timus  rex  benejicium  et  ob- 
sequiurn,  soror  Jilius  insi- 
diae  instruo,  qui  statuo 
privo  vita  et  possessio  ;  et 
spolio  is  regnum,  ni  seditio 
miles  insequor,  qui  stipen- 
dium  fraudo. 


A  pud  Alesia,  CcBsar 
perduco  duo  fossa  quinde- 
cim  pes  latus,  qui  interior 
compleo  aqua  ex  Jiumen  de- 
rivatus.  Hie  hostis  postea 
conor  intego  crates,  atque 
expleo  agger. 

Varro  trado,  sui  habeo 
leaena  marmoreus,  aligcr- 
que  Cupido  ludens  cum  is, 
qui  alius  teneo  is  religatus, 
alius  cogo  is  bibo  ex  cornu, 
alius  calceo  is  soccus,  et 
ornnis  su?n  ex  unus  lapis. 

Tantus  sum  caedes  pa- 
taus  miles,  ut  Atheniensis 
accipio  plus  vulnus  in  is 
praelium^  quam  do  in  su- 
perior ;  et  tantus  sum  des- 
per  alio  apud  Atheniensis, 
ut  statim  muto  dux  A  lci- 
biades Conon. 

Si  tantummodo  summus 
virtus  Pelopidas  attingo, 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX, 


121 


Pelopidas,  I  fear,  lest  it  may 
less  plainly  appear  to  those 
ignorant  of  the  Greek  tongue 
how  great  a  man  he  was  :  after 
his  death,  the  cities  of  Thessa- 
ly  complimented  his  children 
with  a  great  deal  of  land. 

He  was  glad  that  his  rival  was 
forced  into  banishment,  and  re- 
joiced at  his  misfortune  ;  but 
never  did  an  exile  affect  the 
eyes  of  beholders  with  greater 
compassion  ;  his  enemies  in- 
deed filled  the  palace  with 
shoutings,  but  the  people  be- 
decked his  statues  with  flowers. 

The  Germans  do  not  mind 
husbandry,  and  the  greater 
part  of  their  food  consists  in 
milk,  and  cheese,  and  flesh ; 
nor  has  any  one  a  certain  por- 
tion of  land,  or  distinct  boun- 
daries, lest,  taken  with  the 
pleasantness  of  fields,  they 
should  exchange  the  study  of 
war  for  agriculture. 


vereor,  ne  rudis  Graecus 
liter  a  minus  lucide  appareo, 
quantus  vir  ille  sum :  post 
mors,  civitas  Thessalia  li- 
beri  is  multus  ager  dono. 

Gaudeo  aemulus  ago  in 
exilium,  ct  laetor  casus  is  ; 
sed  nunquam.  exul  oculus 
xnsens  magnus  misericor- 
dia  afficio :  inimicus  qui- 
dem  compleo  palatium  cla- 
mor, sed  populus  imago  is 
jlos  spargo. 

Germanus  agricultura 
non  studeo,  magnusque 
pars  victus  is  lac,  et  case- 
us,  et  caro  consisto  ;  neque 
quisquam  certus  modus 
ager,  out  finis  proprius 
habeo,  ne,  captus  amoeni- 
tas  ager,  studium  helium 
agricultura  commuto. 


Two  brothers,  kings  of  Thrace,  chose  Philip,  king  of  Macedonia,  umpire  of 
their  differences  ;  but  Philip,  at  first  filled  their  minds  with  vain  hopes;  at  last 
he  bound  both  princes  with  chains,  robbed  them  of  their  kingdom,  and  stripped 
thern  of  all  their  possessions. 

The  Chimaera,  according  to  the  poets,  is  a  monster,  which  vomiteth  forth  fire  , 
he  hath  the  head  and  breast  of  a  lion,  the  belly  of  a  goat,  and  the  tail  of  a  dragon. 
A  volcano  in  Lycia  gave  occasion  to  this  fable  ;  for  in  the  top  of  the  mountain 
were  lions,  the  middle  of  it  abounded  with  goats,  and  the  bottom  of  it  was  full  of 
serpents.  Eellerophon  rendered  the  mountain  habitable  ;  and  hence  he  is  said 
to  have  bound  the  monster  withfetters,  and  to  have  killed  or  deprived  the  Chi- 
maera of  life. 

Hamilcar  being  chosen  general,  discharged  that  office  with  great  applause.  Ho 
soon  restored  to  his  country  all  the  revolted  cities,  and  among  these  Utica  and 
Hippo,  the  strongest  of  all  Africa.  Nor  was  he  content  with  this,  but  likewise 
extended  the  bounds  of  the  empire.  He  subdued  several  great  and  warlike  na- 
tions in  Spain  ;  and  enriched  all  Africa  with  horses,  arms,  men,  and  money. 


ANNOTATIO. 


*  36.  The  passives  of  such  active  verbs,  as  govern  two 
cases,  do  still  retain  the  last  of  them. 


122 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


J  am  accused  of  theft. 
Slaves  are  rated  at  more. 

Virgil  is  compared  to  Homer. 

1  am  taught  grammar. 

The  bowl  is  filled  with  wine. 


Accusor  furti. 
Mancipia  pluris  acstiman- 
tur. 

Virgilius  comparatur  Ho- 
mero. 

Doceor  grammaticam. 
Patera  impletur  mero. 


1 .  The  passives  of  verbs  of  accusing,  condemning,  ac- 
quitting, and  admonishing,  retain  the  genitive. 

2.  The  passives  of  verbs  of  valuing,  retain  the  genitives 
magni,  parvi,  nihili,  &c. 

3.  The  passives  of  verbs  of  comparing,  giving,  declaring, 
and  taking  away,  retain  the  dative. 

4.  The  passives  of  verbs  of  asking  and  teaching,  retain 
the  accusative  of  the  thing. 

5.  The  passives  of  verbs  of  filling,  loading,  binding,  de- 
priving, clothing,  cj-c.  retain  the  ablative. 


1 .  He  was  accused  of  most 
heinous  crimes,  but  he  was 
cleared  of  all :  and  deservedly ; 
for  he  was  accused  of  faults, 
of  which  he  wTas  innocent. 

Albucilla,  the  famous  woman, 
wTas  accused  of  disaffection  to- 
ward the  emperor ;  but  she 
was  accused  of  this  crime  by 
her  enemies. 

One  was  condemned  for  mur- 
der, another  was  condemned 
for  extortion,  a  third  was  con- 
demned for  bribery  and  the 
public  money. 

If  any  Roman  knight  was 
seen  to  have  a  horse  somewhat 
lean,  or  not  very  sleek,  he  was 
censured  for  clownish  care- 
lessness. 

We  are  admonished  of  many 
things  by  our  friends  ;  do  not 
therefore  take  it  ill  that  you 
are  put  in  mind  of  your  duty. 


Accuso  gravis  sceius, 
sed  absolvo  omnis  :  et  rne- 
rito  ;  nam  arguo  culpa,  qui 
sum  insons. 

Albucilla,  famosus  mu- 
lier,  defer  o  impietas  in 
princeps ;  sed  compello 
hie  crimen  ah  inimicus. 

Alius  damno  caedes,  alius 
damno  repetundae,  alius 
condemno  ambitus  et  publi- 
cus  pecunia. 

Si  quis  Romanus  eques 
videor  habeo  equus  graci- 
lentus,  aut  parum  nitidus, 
noto  impolitia. 

Admonco  multus  ah  ami- 
cus ;  nolo  igitur  aegrefero 
tu  ojfeium  tuns  commoneo. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


123 


2.  Silver  is  valued  much, 
gold  is  valued  more,  but  virtue 
ought  to  be  valued  most. 

The  sayings  of  wise  men  are 
sometimes  little  esteemed,  bat 
the  words  of  a  fool  are  always 
regarded  less. 

3.  Death  is  rightly  compar- 
ed to  sleep,  and  fortune  is 
very  rightly  compared  to  the 
wind,  to  which  it  is  very  like. 

Speech  is  given  to  all,  wis- 
dom to  few ;  and  the  way  to 
true  happiness  is  shown  to  us 
from  the  word  of  God  only. 

Virtue  can  neither  be  forced 
away,  nor  stolen  away  from 
any  one  ;  but  nobody  can  serve 
pleasure  and  virtue  together. 

4.  The  consul,  when  he 
understood  these  things  were 
designed,  calls  the  senate  ;  and 
Silanus  was  first  asked  his 
opinion,  because  he  was  con- 
sul elect. 

Nor  was  the  earth  called 
upon  for  corn  and  food  only, 
but  riches  are  dug  up  ;  and 
now  the  iron  comes  out,  and 
gold  more  hurtful  than  iron. 

This  age  is  fertile  in  vice  ; 
a  young  lady  takes  pleasure 
to  be  taught  the  Ionic  dances, 
and  thinks  on  love  from  her 
tender  years. 

5.  Neither  are  bees  satis- 
fied with  heather,  nor  kids  with 
leaves,  nor  cruel  love  with 
tears. 

The  man  is  amused  with  tri- 
fles, he  is  surfeited  with  feast- 


Argentum  aestimo  mag- 
num, aurum  aestimo  plus, 
sed  virtus  debeo  aestimo 
plurimum. 

Dictum  sapiens  inter- 
dum  parvum  existimo,  sed 
verbum  stultus  minor  sem- 
per duco. 

Mors  recte  comparo 
somnus,  et  fortuna  recte 
comparo  ventus,  qui  sum 
similis. 

Sermo  do  cunctus,  sa- 
pientia  pauci ;  et  via  ad 
verus  felicitas  ostendo  ego 
ex  verbum  Deus  solus. 

Virtus  nec  possum  eri- 
pio,  nec  surripio  quis- 
quam ;  at  nemo  possum 
servio  voluptas  et  virtus 
simul. 

Consul,  ubi  cognosco  is 
paro,  convoco  senatus ;  et 
Silanus  primus  rogo  sen- 
tential quod  sum  consul 
designatus. 

Nec  humus  tantum  pos- 
co  seges  alimentumque,  sed 
opes  ejfodio  ;  jamque  fer- 
rum  prodeo,  et  aurum  no- 
cens  ferrum. 

Hie  seculum  sumfoecun- 
dus  culpa  ;  virgo  gaudeo 
doceo  motus  lonicus,  et  me* 
ditor  amor  de  tener  un- 
guis. 

Nec  cytisus  saturo  apis9 
nec  frons  capella,  nec  la~ 
cryma  crudelis  amor. 

Homo  oblecto  nugae^ 
onero  epulae  ;    at  f return 


124 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


ing ;  but  the  sea  is  not  over- 
charged with  waters.  The 
vallies  are  covered  with  dark- 
ness though  the  mountains  are 
clothed  with  snow. 

Tf  When  Pausanias,  king  of 
the  Lacedemonians,  came  to 
the  assistance  of  the  Athenians, 
he  made  peace  betwixt  Thrasy- 
bulus  and  those  who  held  the 
town.  Thrasybulus  also  made 
a  law,  that  nobody  should  be 
called  to  an  account  for  things 
past,  nor  punished  ;  and  they 
called  that  an  act  of  oblivion. 

He  that  is  accused  of  a  wick- 
ed action,  or  he  that  is  called 
in  question  about  any  thing,  is 
called  in  Lafin  reus;  but  he 
that  is  accused  of  a  fault,  is  not 
consequently  in  the  fault ;  nor 
ought  he  to  be  accounted  guilty 
of  the  crime,  till  it  be  proved  ; 
for  if  to  accuse  any  one  of  a 
crime  were  sufficient  for  con- 
demnation, who  could  be  safe  1 

Who  doubts  but  many  inno- 
cent persons  have  been  tried 
for  life,  and  condemned  to 
death  ;  and  that  a  great  many 
wicked  villains  have  been  tri- 
ed for  life,  and  absolved  from 
the  crimes  of  which  they  were 
guilty  1  But  they  will  not  es- 
cape in  the  world  to  come  ; 
God  will  not  absolve  them 
from  the  wickedness  which 
they  have  committed. 

Hippias  ordered  the  mur- 
derer of  his  brother  to  be  seiz- 
ed ?  who,  being  forced  by  tor- 
metns  to  name  those  that  were 
guilty  of  the  murder,  named  ail 
Ihe  tyrant's  friends  ;  who  were 


mm  satio  aqua.  Vallis 
tenebrae  tcgo,  licet  mo?is 
amicio  Mm. 

Cum  Pausanias,  rex  La- 
cedaemonius,  venio  auxili- 
um  Atticus ,  facio  pax  inter 
Thrasybulus  et  is  qui  teneo 
urbs.  Thrasybulus  quo- 
que  fero  lex,  ne  quis  accu- 
so  anteactus  res,  neve  mul- 
to  ;  appelloque  is  lex  obli- 
vio. 

Qui  accuso  J acinus \  aut 
qui  postulo  de  res  aliquis, 
voco  Latine  reus  ;  sed  qui 
accuso  culpa,  non  sum  con- 
tinue in  culpa  ;  rtec  debeo 
existimo  conscius  crimen, 
donee  probo ;  nam  si  accu- 
so aliquis  crimen  sum  sa- 
tis ad  condemnatio,  quis 
possum  sum  tutus  ? 

Quis  dubito  quin  multus 
homo  innocens  accuso  ca- 
put, et  damno  caput ;  et 
multus  homo  facinorosus 
accuso  caput,  et  absolvo 
crimen  qui  sum  conscius  1 
Sed  non  ejfugio  in  seculum 
futurus ;  Deus  non  absolvo 
is  scclus  qui  perpctro- 


Hippias  jubco  inter  fee- 
tor  f rater  suns  compr  eh  en- 
do  ;  qui,  coactus  per  tor- 
mentum  nomino  is  qui  sum 
conscius  caedes,  nomino 
omnis   tyrannus  a?nicus ; 


TO  LATIN"  SVxNTAX. 


125 


slain.  Thus  the  citizens  were 
put  in  mind  of  their  liberty, 
and  Hippias  was  forced  into 
banishment. 

If  cunning  valuers  of  things 
esteem  meadows  and  fields  at 
a  great  rate,  because  that  sort 
of  possession  can  least  be  da- 
maged ;  at  how  great  a  rate 
ought  virtue  to  be  esteemed, 
which  can  neither  be  forced 
away  nor  stolen  from  any  one  \ 

After  some  days,  another  let- 
ter of  Darius  is  delivered  to 
Alexander,  in  which  the  mar- 
riage of  a  daughter,  and  a  part 
of  his  kingdom  are  offered  him  : 
but  Alexander  returned  an- 
swer, that  his  own  was  given 
him,  and  ordered  Darius  to 
come,  and  leave  the  disposal  of 
his  kingdom  to  the  conqueror. 

When  Eumenes  was  return- 
ed to  the  camp,  letters  were 
found  scattered  throughout  the 
camp,  in  which  great  rewards 
were  promised  to  those  that 
should  bring  the  head  of  Eu- 
menes to  Antigonus.  But  this 
project  was  vain  ;  for  none  of 
the  soldiers  would  betray  their 
general. 

He  that  only  pleases  himself, 
does  himself  no  kindness,  be- 
cause he  displeases  God  his 
creator,  who  commands  us  to 
be  kind  and  good  to  all  men, 
and  to  do  to  others  those  things 
which  we  incline  should  be 
done  to  ourselves.  This  pre- 
cept is  delivered  to  us  in  the 
gospel,  and  comprehends  al- 
most the  whole  duty  of  a 
Christian. 

M 


qui  inter jicio.  Sic  civis  ad- 
monad  liber tas,  et  Hippias 
ago  in  cxilium. 

Si  callidus  aestimator 
res  aestimo  pratum  et  area 
magnum ,  quod  is  genus 
posses sio  possum  minime 
laedo ;  quantum  debeo  virtus 
aestimo,  qui  nec  possum 
eripio  nec  surripio  quis- 
quam  ? 

Post  aliquot  dies,  alius 
epistola  Darius  reddo  Al- 
exander, in  qui  matrimoni- 
um  filia  et  portio  regnum 
offer o  is  :  sed  Alexander 
rescribo  suus  do  sui,  et  ju- 
beo  Darius  venio,  et  per- 
mit to  arbitrium  regnum 
victor. 

Cum  Eumenes  reveixo 
in  castra,  liter  a  invenio  ab- 
jectus  per  castra,  in  qui 
ma  gnus  praemium  promt  t- 
to  is  qui  defero  caput  Eu- 
menes ad  Antigonus.  Sed 
Jiic  consilium  sum  irritus ; 
nam  nemo  miles  volo  prodo 
imperator. 

Qui  tan  turn  placeo  sui, 
non  pro  sum  sui,  quia  dis- 
pliceo  Deus  creator  suus, 
quijubeo  ego  sum  benignus 
et  beneficus  omnis,  et  facio 
alius  is  qui  volo  fto  ego 
ipse.  Hie  praeceptum  tra- 
do  ego  in  evangelium,  et 
complector  pene  tot  us  offi* 
cium  Christianus. 


126 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


Trajan  succeeded  him,  de- 
scended of  an  ancient  rather 
than  an  illustrious  family  ;  he 
so  managed  the  government, 
that  he  is  deservedly  preferred 
to  all  the  emperors.  He  was  a 
man  of  unusual  moderation  and 
bravery  ;  he  extended  far  and 
wide  the  boundaries  of  the  Ro- 
man empire,  which  had  been 
defended  rather,  after  Augus- 
tus, than  nobly  enlarged. 

When  Cato  was  asked  his 
opinion,  he  made  a  speech  to 
this  purpose  :  Do  you  demur, 
quoth  he,  what  you  should  de- 
termine with  respect  to  the 
most  barbarous  parricides  ? 
They  have  conspired  to  set 
their  country  in  flames  ;  they 
solicit  to  the  war  the  nation  of 
the  Gauls,  the  most  spiteful  to 
the  Roman  state. 

Cicero  had  been  informed  of 
every  thing  by  the  deputies  ; 
wherefore  he  unfolds  the  whole 
affair  to  the  pretors,  who  im- 
mediately beset  the  Mulvian 
bridge.  The  Allobroges  with- 
out delay  surrender  themselves 
to  the  pretors.  All  things  are 
instantly  notified  to  the  con- 
sul by  messengers  ;  but  a  vast 
concern  and  joy  seized  him  at 
once  ;  for  glad  he  was  that  the 
city  was  rescued  from  danger, 
but  he  thought  the  punishing  of 
the  conspirators  would  be  a 
burdensome  task  to  himself. 
The  ambassadors  of  the  Gauls 
returning,  set  forth  the  enemy's 
wealth  and  negligence  ;  they 
said,  that  their  camp  was  filled 
with  gold  and  silver ;  and  that 


Trajanus  succedo  is,  na* 
tus  antiquus  magis  quam 
clarus  familia  ;  ita  admi- 
nistro  respublica,  ut  merito 
praefero  omnis  princeps 
Sum  vir  inusitatus  civili- 
tas  et  fortitudo  :  diffundo 
longe  lateque  finis  Roma* 
nus  imperium,  qui  sum  de- 
fensus  magis,  post  Augus- 
tus, quam  nobiliter  ampli- 
atus. 

Cum  Cato  rogo  sententia, 
liabeo  oratio  hujuscemodi : 
Tu  cunctor,  inquam  ille, 
qu;s  statuo  de  crudelis par- 
ricida  1  Conjuro  incendo 
patria ;  arcesso  ad  helium 
gens  G alius,  infestus  Ro- 
manus  nomen. 


Cicero  cdoceo  cunctus 
per  legatus  ;  itaque  aperio 
res  omnis  praetor,  qui  sta- 
tim  obsideo  Mulvius  pons. 
Allobroges  sine  moro  dedo 
sui  praetor.  Omnis  pro- 
pere  declaro  consul  per 
nuncius ;  at  ingens  cura 
atque  laetitia  simui  occupo 
ille ;  nam  laetor  civitas  eri- 
pio  periculum,  credo  au- 
tem  poena  conjuratus  fo- 
rem  onus  sui. 


Legatus  Galli  reversus, 
ostendo  hostis  opes  et  negli~ 
gentia  ;  dico,  castra  repleo 
aurum  et  argentum  ;  et  is 
intermitlo  omnis  militaris 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


127 


they  neglected  all  military 
duty,  as  if  they  did  not  want 
the  help  of  the  sword,  because 
they  abounded  in  gold. 

This  place  is  encompassed 
on  all  sides  with  craggy  rocks, 
that  it  needs  no  defenders  ; 
and  such  is  the  fruitfulness  of 
the  adjacent  soil,  that  it  is  filled 
ivith  its  own  riches  ;  and  such 
is  the  plenty  of  fountains  and 
woods,  that  it  abounds  with  wa- 
ter, and  wants  not  the  diver- 
sions of  hunting. 


oflcium,  quasi  non  indigeo 
auxilium  ferrum,  quia 
abundo  aurum. 

Hie  locus  cingo  undique 
praeruptus  rupes,  ut  egeo 
nullus  defensor  ;  et  tantus 
sum  fertiiitas  circumjacens 
solum,  ut  expleo  proprius 
opes  ;  et  is  sum  copia  fons 
et  sylva,  ut  abundo  aqua, 
nec  careo  voluptas  venatio. 


Mars  was  accused  of  murder  and  incest,  and  obliged  to  undergo  atrial  before 
twelve  gods  as  judges  ;  but  was  acquitted  of  the  crimes.  The  place  of  trial,  which 
was  near  Athens,  became  afterwards  the  seat  of  a  court,  and  was  called  Areo- 
pagus, that  is,  the  hill  of  Mars.  The  judges  were  called  Areopagites,  who  were 
men  of  the  strictest  integrity,  and  of  the  most  blameless  life. 

Heaven  is  the  lofty  throne  of  God,  but  to  describe  the  glory  of  it  is  more  than 
human  tongue  can  do.  The  gTandeur  and  state  we  behold  on  earth  cannot  be 
compared  with  it.  It  is  the  abode  of  the  just,  the  resting-place  of  the  weary,  and 
the  reward  of  the  faithful.  There  are  rivers  of  pleasure  and  crowns  of  glory. 
Ask,  and  it  shall  be  given  you  ;  seek,  and  ye  shall  find  it ;  knock,  and  it  shall  be 
opened  unto  you. 

When  Cicero  was  asked  his  opinion  concerning  the  immortality  of  the  soul, 
he  replied,  For  many  reasons  I  persuade  myself  that  the  soul  is  immortal ;  and  if 
in  this  I  err,  I  err  with  pleasure  ;  nor  will  I  ever  be  forced  out  of  an  opinion, 
which  yields  me  so  much  delight. 

In  Britain,  says  Caesar,  there  is  a  vast  number  of  inhabitants  ;  the  buildings 
are  numerous,  and  much  like  those  of  Gaul ;  the  country  abounds  in  cattle  ;  in- 
stead of  money,  the  Britons  make  use  of  brass  or  pieces  of  iron  of  a  certain 
weight.  They  do  not  sow  much  corn  ;  but  live  on  milk  and  flesh,  and  are  clothed 
with  skins. 


§  2.  The  government  of  impersonal  verbs. 

RULE  VIII. 

37.  An  impersonal  verb  governs  the  dative. 

It  happened  to  me.  Accidit  mild.  • 

It  is  profitable  for  the  state.       Expedit  reipuhlicae. 
No  man  is  allowed  to  sin.  Licet  nemini  peccare. 

The  impersonal  verbs  belonging  to  this  general  rule,  ex- 
cluding those  contained  in  the  following  exceptions,  are 
such  as,  accidit,  contingit,  evenit,  conducit,  expedit,  lubet,  lu 
bet,  licet,  placet,  displicet,  vacat,  res  tat,  praestat,  liquet,  no- 
cet,  dolct,  sufjicit,  apparet,  &c.  Together  with  the  dative, 
ihey  have  frequently  an  infinitive  after  them,  which  sup- 
plies the  place  of  a  nominative  before  them. 


128  AN  INTRODUCTION 

Note  1.  The  dative  is  often  suppressed  ;  as,  Cic.  Sexccritalicet  ejus?nodiproferr§% 
•c.  nobis.    Ter.  Faciat  quod  lubet,  sc.  sibi. 

Note  2.  Impersonal  verbs  are  sometimes  used  personally,  especially  with  the 
pronouns  id,  hoc,  %Uud,  quod,  and  the  like  ;  as,  Cic.  St  tibi  id  minus  libebit.  Id. 
Non  idem  mihi  licet.  Id.  »S'i  habes  quod  liqueat.  Suet.  Quae  cuique  hbuissent. 
^•atul.  Marito  isla  non  licent. 

EXCEPTIONS. 
*  38.  Refert  and  interest  require  the  genitive. 
It  concerns  my  father.  Refert  patris. 

It  is  the  interest  of  all.  Interest  omnium. 

Note  I.  Refert  and  interest,  beside  other  genitives,  admit  also  of  these,  tanti 
quanti, magni,  permagni,  parvi,  pluris  ;  as,  Cic.  Parvi  refert  abs  te  jus  did.  Id. 
Magni  interest  mea  una  nos  esse. 

Note  2.  They  are  sometimes  used  personally,  and  admit  not  only  of  the  norm, 
natives  quid,  quod,  id,  hoc,  Mud,  &c.  but  of  others  also  ;  as,  Ter.  Tua  quod  nihil 
refert.  Cic.  Illud  mea  magni  interest.  Id.  Non  quo  mea  interesset  loci  natura 
Lucr.  Magni  refert  studiu/n  at  que  voluntas. 

Note  3.  The  adverbs  tantum,  quantum,  multum,  phtrimum,  infinitum,  parum,nihil, 
maxime,  minime,  and  the  like,  are  often  joined  with  them  ;  as,  Mart.  Multum  r« 
fert.    Juv.  Plurimumintercrit,  &c. 

Note  4.  The  construction  is  elliptical,  and  may  be  thus  supplied:  Refert  patris, 
i.e.  refert  se  ad  negotia  patris.    Interest  omnium,  i.  e.  est  inter  ncgotia  omnium. 

*  39.  But  mea,  tua,  sua,  nostra,  vestra,  are  put  in  the  accu 
sative  plural. 
I  am  not  concerned.  Non  mea  refert. 

It  concerns  both  you  and  me.    Et  tua  ct  mea  interest 

Note  1.  We  may  say  indifferently,  cuja,  or  cujus  interest ;  as,  Cic.  Detureicuja 
interfuit,  non  ei  cuja  nihil  interfuit.  Id.  Quis  enim  est  hodie,  cujus  intersit  istam 
legem  manere  1 

Note<Z.  The  construction  may  be  thus  supplied  :  Refert  mea,\.  e.  refert  se  ad 
mea  negotia.    Interest  tua,  i.  e.  est  inter  tua  ntgotia. 

*  40.  These  five,  miser  et,  poenitct,  pudet,  taedet,  and 
piget,  govern  the  accusative  of  a  person  with  the  genitive 
of  a  thing. 

I  pity  you.  Miseret  me  tui. 

I  repent  of  my  sin.  Poenitet  me  peccati 

J  am  weary  of  my  life.  Taedet  me  vitae. 

Note  1.  The  infinitive  frequently  supplies  the  place  of  the  genitive  ;  as,  Pocm* 
tet  me  peccasse,  for  poenitet  me  peccati.    Taedet  me  vivere,  for  taedet  me  vitae. 

Note  2.  The  accusative  of  the  person  is  often  suppressed  ;  as,  Ilor.  Scelerum  s\ 
poenitct,  sc.  nos. 

Note  3.  These  verbs  are  sometimes  used  personally  ;  as,  Lucr.  Ipse  sui  miseret. 
Plant.  Me  hate  conditio  non  poenitet.  Plaut.  Id  quod  pudet  facilius fertitr,  quam  id 
quod  piget. 

Notei.  The  genitive  is  governed  by  some  substantive  understood,  such  as, 
negotinm,  factum,  status,  fortuna,  respeclus,  cogitatio,  o/  the  like  ;  and  the  con- 
struction may  be  thus  completed  :  Miseret  me  tui,  i.  e.  nrgotivm  tui  malt  miseret 
me,  or  res*  ictus  ttd  miseret  me.  Poenitet  me  peccati,  i.  e.  negotiant  peccati,  or  cogi- 
tatio peccati  poenitet  me. 


TO  I..ATIX  SYNTAX. 


129 


#41.  These  four,  decet,  delectat,  juvat,  oportet,  govern  the 
accusative  of  the  person  with  the  infinitive. 

It  does  not  become  you  to  scold.  Non  decet  te  rixari. 
I  delight  to  study.  Delectat  me  studere. 

Note  1.  Decet,  instead  of  the  accusative,  sometimes  takes  the  dative  ;  as,  Ten 
Ita  nobis  decet.    Gell.  Aetati  ejus  decebat. 

Note  2.  Oportet  is  elegantly  joined  with  the  subjunctive  mood,  ut  being  under- 
stood ;  as,  oportet  facias,  for  oportet  te  Jaccre. 

Note  3.  Fallit,  fugit,  praeterit,  latet,  when  used  impersonally,  take  also  the  ac- 
cusative with  the  infinitive  ;  as,  Cic.  Fugit  me  ad  te  scribere,  &c. 

Note  4.  Attinetjpertinet,  and  spectat,  when  used  impersonally,  have  the  accusa- 
tive with  ad;  as,  Ter.  Pereat,  nihil  ad  me  attinet.  Cic.  Ad  rempublicam  pertinet 
me  conservari.    lncert.  Spectat  ad  omnes  bene  vivere 

Note  5.  Decet,  delectat,  and  juvat ,  are  often  used  personally,  and  oportet  some- 
times ;  as,  Hor.  Parvum  parva  decent.  Cic.  Me  status  hie  reipublicae  non  delectat* 
Juv.  Si  senem  juvat  alea.    Ter.  Haec facta  ab  illo  oportebant. 


37.  It  happened  to  the  young 
man,  that  he  was  very  dear  to 
the  senate. 

It  happened  ill  for  them,  but 
very  well  for  us,  if  you  please 
to  hear. 

It  contributes  to  health  to 
live  according  to  nature,  and 
it  is  proper  for  us  so  to  live. 

They  beg  that  it  may  be  al- 
lowed them  to  pass  their  days 
in  exile,  and  it  pleases  me  to 
allow  them. 

Jove  has  not  leisure  to  at- 
tend on  small  affairs  ;  but  it  is 
better  for  us  to  be  silent  than 
to  speak. 

It  appears  to  all  that  this 
man  aims  at  sovereignty  ;  nay, 
I  am  clear  to  swear  it. 

38.  It  concerns  all  men  to 
practise  virtue,  and  it  concerns 
all  men  to  pity  the  miserable. 

39.  It  concerns  me,  it  con- 
cerns you  and  the  common- 
wealth, that  you  do  your  duty. 

It  concerns  thee  not  to  be- 
m  2 


Contingit  adolescens,  ut 
sum  cams  Senatus. 

Male  evenit  tile,  at  bene 
ego,  si  placet  tu  audio. 

Conducit  salus  vivo  e 
natura,  et  expedit  ego  ita 
vivo. 

Peto  ut  licet  ille  ago  ae- 
tas  in  exilium,  et  lubet  ego 
sino. 

Non  vaeat  Jupiter  ad- 
sum  exiguus  res ;  sedprac- 
stat  ego  taceo  quam  lo- 
quor. 

Apparet  omnis  hie  homo 
affecto  imperium  ;  imo,  li- 
quet ego  dejero. 

Refert  omnis  colo  virtus, 
et  interest  omnis  miscreor 
miser. 

Refert  mens,  refert  tuus 
et  respublica,  ut  tufungor 
officium. 

Refirt  tuus  non  credo  te- 


130 


AN  INTRODUCTION* 


lieve  rashly,  and  it  concerns 
thee  to  know  thyself. 

Caesar  used  to  say,  that  it  did 
not  so  much  concern  him  as 
the  state,  that  he  should  be 
preserved. 

Caligula  sufTered  the  writings 
of  Labienus  to  be  searched  for 
and  read  ;  since  it  very  much 
concerned  him  that  every  ac- 
tion should  be  transmitted  to 
posterity. 

It  concerns  you,  who  are  fa- 
thers, to  take  care  that  your 
children  be  well  educated,  and 
it  concerns  children  to  obey 
their  parents. 

40.  I  look  for  death  as  the 
end  of  my  miseries  ;  but  I  pity 
you,  against  whom  wrars  and 
battles  are  prepared. 

If  thou  art  sorry  for,  and 
ashamed  of  thy  faults,  thou 
wilt  take  care  not  to  commit 
any  such  thing  hereafter. 

Sulpicius,  tribune  of  the 
commons,  after  he  had  acquir- 
ed the  greatest  honour,  made 
many  destructive  laws,  as  if 
he  had  been  sorry  for,  and 
weary  of  his  former  virtues. 

41.  It  becomes  all  men  to  be 
free  from  hatred,  love,  wrath, 
and  compassion,  when  they  de- 
liberate about  doubtful  matters. 

There  are  boys  that  delight 
to  lead  an  idle  life,  and  there 
are  boys  who  take  pleasure  to 
ply  their  studies. 

It  behoves  men  to  reckon 
that  God  sees  all  things,  that 
all  things  are  full  of  God. 

1  As  soon  as  Eumenes  un- 
derstood that  Perdiccas  was 


mere,  ct  interest  tuus  nosco 
ta  ipse. 

Cccsar  soleo  dico,  non 
tarn  interest  suus  quam 
respublica,  uti  salvus  sum, 

Caligula  pcrmiito  scrip- 
turn  habienus  requiro  et 
lectito ;  quando  maxirne 
interest  suus  ut  quisque 
factum  trado  posteri. 

Interest  vester,  qui  pater 
sum,  euro  ut  libcri  probe 
ins  tit  uo,  et  refert  liberi 
obedio  parens. 

Expecto  mors  ut  finis 
miseria ;  sed  miser  et  ego 
tut  adversus  qui  proelium 
et  acies  paro. 

Si  pocnitet,  ac  pudet  tu 
peccatuin  tuus,  caveo  ne 
quis  talis  posthac  commit- 
to. 

Sulpicius,  tribunus plebSy 
cum  quaero  magnus  dig- 
nitas,  fero  multus  pernicio- 
sus  lex,  quasi  piget,  ac 
tacdet  is  pristinus  virtus. 

Decct  omnis  homo  sum 
vacuus  ab  odium,  amicitia, 
ira,  at  que  miscricordia, 
cum  consulto  de  res  dubius. 

Sum  puer  qui  delectat 
scgnis  traduco  vita,  et  sum 
puer  qui  studium  invigilo 
juvat. 

Oportet  homo  existimo 
Deus  cerno  omnis,  omnis  6 
Dcus  plenus  sum. 

Ut  Eumenes  cognosco 
Ptrdiccas  occido,  sui  ju 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


131 


slain,  himself  judged  an  ene- 
my, and  the  management  of 
the  war  committed  to  Antigo- 
nus,  he  declared  those  things 
to  the  soldiers,  and  added 
moreover,  if  those  things  were 
a  terror  to  any,  it  was  permit- 
ted them  to  depart. 

The  anger  of  the  Almighty 
God  ought  to  be  terrible  to  all 
men,  no  less  to  the  highest 
and  haughtiest  of  the  lords  of 
the  earth,  than  the  meanest  of 
mortals.  He  can,  if  he  please, 
disjoint  all  the  parts  of  this 
beautiful  structure  of  the 
world,  and  reduce  them  into 
one  confused  mass,  like  that 
out  of  which  they  were  origi- 
nally formed. 

You  see,  says  Eumenes,  the 
dress  and  ornaments  of  your 
general,  which  not  any  of  my 
enemies  has  put  upon  me,  for 
that  would  be  a  comfort  to  me  ; 
you  have  made  me  of  a  general 
a  prisoner.  One  thing  I  beg, 
that  you  would  let  me  die 
among  yourselves ;  for  it  signi- 
fies nothing  to  Antigonus,  how 
or  where  I  fall.  If  I  obtain  this, 
I  free  you  from  your  oath. 

Honesty  hurts  nobody  ;  but 
knavery,  though  it  seems  to 
profit  a  man,  is  very  pernicious 
to  a  man's  credit,  which  all 
wise  men  value  more  than  mo- 
ney ;  and  very  often  it  is  hurt- 
ful to  a  man's  estate  and  life, 
which  fools  value  more  than 
all  things  else  ;  it  therefore 
concerns  all  men  to  beware 
of  and  avoid  injustice. 


dico  host  is,  et  summa  hel- 
ium commit  to  Antigonus, 
indico  is  miles ;  et  addo  in- 
super,  si  quis  is  terror 
sum,  licet  ille  discedo..  % 


Ira  Deus  Omnipotens  de- 
beo  sum  terribilis  omnis, 
non  minus  summus  et  super- 
bus  dominus  terra  or  bis, 
quam  infimus  mortalis. 
Possum,  si  placet  is,  divel- 
lo  omnis  pars  hie  pulcher 
aedificium  mundus,  et  redi- 
go  in  unus  moles  indiges- 
tus,  similis  is  ex  qui  pri- 
mum  formo. 

Cerno,  inquam  Eume 
nes,  habitus  atque  orna- 
mentum  dux  vester,  qui  non 
quisquam  hostis  impono  ego, 
nam  hie  forcm  solatium 
ego ;  tu  facio  ego  ex  im- 
perator  captivus.  Unus 
oro,  ut  volo  ego  morior  in- 
ter tu ;  nam  neque  interest 
Antigonus,  quemadmodum 
aut  ubi  cado.  Si  hie  im- 
petro,  solvo  tu  jusjuran- 
dum. 

Probitas  noceo  nemo ; 
sed  improbitas,  etsi  videor 
prosum  homo,  sum  perni- 
ciosus  existimatio  homo, 
qui  omnis  sapiens  aestimo 
plus  quam  pecunia ;  et 
saepe  sum  perniciosus  homo 
res  et  vita,  qui  stultus facio 
plus  quam  alius  omnis  ;  re- 
fer t  igitur  omnis  caveo  et 
vito  injustitia. 


132 


£N  INTRODUCTION 


God  is  angry  with  the  wick- 
ed, and  threatens  them  with 
most  dreadful  torments;  not  be- 
cause he  hates  them,  but  that 
they  may  repent  of  their  sin, 
and  be  happy  for  ever  in  hea- 
ven. Do  not  they,  therefore, 
deserve  the  punishment  of  eter- 
nal death,  who  value  eternal 
life  and  happiness  at  nothing  ? 

You  are  weary  of  the  patri- 
cian, and  we  of  the  plebeian 
magistrates.  What  do  you 
mean,  I  beseech  you  ?  You  de- 
sired tribunes  of  the  commons, 
we  grant  them  ;  you  desired 
the  decemvir s,  we  suffered  them 
to  be  made  ;  you  were  weary 
of  the  decemvirs,  we  forced 
them  to  lay  down  their  power. 

Wicked  men  provoke  God 
daily,  but  he  is  very  merciful  ; 
therefore  he  pities  them,  and 
is  ready  to  forgive  them  their 
sins,  if  they  repent  of  them, 
and  are  ashamed  of  their  folly, 
and  be  willing  to  obey  those 
precepts  which  are  prescribed 
to  us  in  the  gospel. 

.  King  Darius'  mother,  who 
till  that  day  had  not  been  weary 
of  her  life,  when  she  heard  that 
Alexander  was  dead,  laid  vio- 
lent hands  upon  herself ;  not 
that  she  preferred  an  enemy 
before  a  son,  but  because  she 
had  experienced  the  duty  of  a 
son  in  him  whom  she  had 
feared  as  an  enemy. 

Julian  was  a  man  of  great  elo- 
o^ience,  of  a  quick  and  most  te- 
nacious memory,  liberal  to  his 
friends,  as  became  so  great  a 
prince  to  be  ;  he  was  greedy 


Deus  irascor  impius,  et 
minor  ille  dims  suppli- 
cium ;  non  quod  odi,  sed 
uti  poenitet  is  pcccatum,  et 
sum  fclix  in  aeternum  in 
coelum.  Nonne,  igiiur, 
mereor  poena  aeternus 
mors,  qui  aestimo  aeternus 
vita  ctfelicitas  nihilum  ? 

Taedet  tu  patricius,  ego 
plebeius  magistratus.  Quts 
volo,  obsecro  tu  1  Concu- 
pio  tribunus  plebs,  ego  con- 
cedo ;  desidero  decemviri, 
ego  patior  creo ;  taedet  tu 
decemviri,  cogo  is  abdico 
magisti  atus. 

Improbus  lacesso  Deus 
quotidie,  sed  sum  clemens ; 
itaque  miseret  is  ille,  etpa- 
ratus  sum  condono  is  pec- 
catum,  si  poenitet  is  ille,  et 
pudet  is  stultitia,  et  volo 
obtempero  lex  qui  condo 
ego  in  cvangelium. 

Rex  Darius  mater,  qui 
in  is  dies  non  taedet  vita, 
cum  audio  Alexander  mo- 
rior,  infer o  manus  sui  ip- 
se ;  non  quodpraefero  hos- 
tis  Jilius,  sed  quod  experior 
pietas  films  in  is  qui  timeo 
ut  kostis. 


Julianus  sum  vir  inge:is 
6  facundia,  promptus  et 
tenax  memoria,  liberalis  in 
amicus,  ut  decet  tantus 
princcps  sum  ;  sum  avidus 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


133 


of  glory,  and  Lut  unlike  Mar- 
cus Antoninus,  whom  he  made 
it  his  business  to  imitate  :  he 
made  war  upon  the  Parthians, 
in  which  expedition  I  was 
likewise  present. 


gloria,  et  non  abs im His 
Marcus  Antoninus,  qui  ae- 
mulor  studeo  :  infero  bel- 
lum  Partlnts,  qui  cxpeditio 
ego  quoque  intersum. 


We  are  allowed  from  reason  and  scripture  to  conclude,  that  pnrt  of  the  plea 
sure  which  happy  minds  shall  enjoy  in  a  future  state,  will  arise  from  an  enlarg- 
ed contemplation  of  the  divine  wisdom  in  the  government  of  the  world  ;  and  from 
a  discovery  of  the  secret  and  amazing  steps  of  Providence  from  the  beginning  to 
the  end  of  time. 

It  concerns  subjects  to  obey  the  laws  .  and  it  is  of  great  importance  to  the  pub- 
lic, that  all  should  follow  peace,  practise  justice,  and  discharge  their  duty  in 
that  station  in  civil  life  which  they  hold  in  society. 

Thou  owest  thy  food,  thy  clothing,  thy  habitation,  and  every  comfort  and  plea- 
sure of  life,  to  the  labour  of  others  ;  it  concerns  thee  therefore  to  be  a  friend  to 
mankind,  as  it  is  thy  interest  that  men  should  be  friendly  to  thee. 

Ceres  was  ashamed  of  her  fault,  and  greatly  lamented  the  loss  of  her  honour. 
She  retired  into  the  dark  recesses  of  a  cave,  whore  she  lay  so  concealed  that 
none  of  the  gods  knew  where  she  was,  till  Pan,  the  god  of  the  woods,  discovered 
her. 

Robert  Bruce  addressed  Sir  William  Wallace  thus  :  What  madness  hath  seiz- 
ed you  ?  King  Edward,  against  whom  you  carry  on  war,  is  a  most  powerful  mo- 
narch ;  and  though  you  should  overcome  him,  the  Scots  will  never  deliver  up 
the  government  to  you.  Wallace  answered  thus  :  You  use  me  ill,  when  you 
say  that  I  aspire  to  the  kingdom.  I  am  not  desirous  of  royal  power  ;  the  honours  of 
a  kingdom  neither  agree  to  my  fortune  nor  to  my  mind.'  It  belongs  to  the  nobles 
to  defend  their  country.  W'hen  I  saw  that  our  nobles  had  neglected  theii  duty,  I 
pitied  my  wretched  countrymen,  who  are  destitute  of  governors,  and  expos- 
ed to  the  cruelty  of  barbarous  enemies.  Our  nobles  prefer  most  scandalous 
slav  ery  to  honourable  liberty.  War  is  a  ttiror  to  our  nobles.  Let  them  enjoy 
that  fort  une  which  they  value  so  much.    I  will  defend  my  country. 

It  becomes  us  to  be  kind  and  courteous  to  strangers,  for  we  know  not  to  what 
part  of  the  world  we  ourselves  may  go. 

If  you  would  have  God  to  hear  your  prayers,  it  behoves  you  to  hear  the  peti- 
tions of  the  poor. 


APPENDIX. 

42.  PASSIVE  VERBS  take  after  them  an  ablative  of  the 
agent  or  doer,  with  the  preposition  a,  ab,  or  abs. 

The  world  is  governed  by  God.  Mundus  gubernatur  a  Deo. 

Virtue  is  praised  by  all.  Virtus  laudatur  ab  omni- 

t  bus. 

[  am  glad  that  my  conduct  is  Gaudeo  meum  factum  abs 

approved  by  you.  te  probari. 

Notel.  The  preposition  is  sometimes  suppressed;  as,  Ovid.  Deseror  conjuge. 
id.  Cclitur  linigera  turba.    Senec.  Contra  Stertinium  quo  premebalur. 

Note2.  Passive  verbs,  instead  of  the  ablative  with  the  preposition,  scmetimej 
take  the  dative  ;  as,  Virg.  Neque  cerniiur  ulli.  Ter.  Meditata  rnihi  sunt  incom- 
moda.    Ovid.  Nulla  laudetur  mihi. 

Note  3.  A  great  many  other  verbs  take  also  the  ablative  with  a  or  ab ;  such  as, 

1.  Verbs  of  RECEIVING,  as,  accipio,  capio,  sumo,  mutuor  ;  also,  adipiscor,  cotw 
sequory  impetro,  &c  ;  as.  Cic.  A  majoribun  moron  accepimus 


134 


AS  INTRODUCTION 


2  Verbs  of  DISTANCE,  DIFFERENCE,  and  DISSENSION  ;  as,  disto,  diffe 

TO,  disscnto,  dissideo,  diixrepo,  discordo  ;  as,  Cic.  Vides  quantum  distet  a  veritate. 

3  Verbs  of  DESIRING,  ENTREATING,  and  ENQUIRING  ;  as,  peto}  expeto 
posco,  pcrcontor,  scitor,  sciacitor,  rogo,  oro,  obsecro, precor,  jjostulo,jlagito,  contenr 
do,  exigo,  &c. ;  as,  Cic.  A  te  op  cm  pelimus. 

4.  Verbs  of  CESSATION.;  as,  cesso,  desisto,  quiesco,  requiesco,  tempero  ;  as, 
Liv.  A  praeliis  cessare. 

5.  Verbs  of  EXPECTING;  as,  expecto,  spero ;  as,  Buchan.  Ab  uno  expccUs 
quod  a  multis  sperm  e  ntqueas. 

6.  Verbs  of  TAKING  AWAY  and  REMOVING  ;  as,  aufero,rapio,  surripio,  fu- 
ror, tollo  ;  removeo,  arceo,  prohibeo,  pello,  repello,  propulso,  revoco  ;  also,  contineo, 
cohibeo,  refreno  ;  also,  defendo,  munio,  tcgo,  tueor  ;  also,  deficio,  descisco,  dcgeneio, 
&.C  To  these  add  verbs  compounded  with  a  or  ab  ;  as,  abigo,  abstineo,  amovto, 
abduco,  abrado,  amitto,  avcllo,  avoco,  &c.  ;  Ter.  Minas  triginta  ab  Mo  obstuli. 

7.  Verbs  of  DISMISSING,  BANISHMENT,  and  DISJOINING  ;  as,  dimitto, 
relego,  disjungo.  divello,  segrego,  separo,  &c. ;  as,  Caes.  Eum  absedimitt.it. 

8.  Verbs  of  BUYING;  as,  emo,  mercer,  foener or,  conduco  ;  as,  V.  Max.  A  pisca 
toribus  jactum  emerat. 

9.  Many  other  verbs  of  different  significations  ;  as,  caveo,  declino,  dcjlccto  ;  dis- 
ctdo,  recedo  ;  affero,  do,  reddo,fero,  reporto  ;  incipio,  ordior  ;  servo,  cusiodio,  vindi- 
co  t  timeo,  metuo,  formido,  &c. ;  as,  Cic.  Regem  monuerunt,  a  veneno  vt  caveret. 

Note  4.  Verbs  of  STRIVING  ;  as,  contendo,  certo,  bello,  pugno :  and  JOINING 
TOGETHER  ;  as,  jungo,  conjungo,  concumbo,  coeo,  misceo,  take  the  ablative  with 
cum;  as,  Ovid.  Mecum  certasse  feretur.  Id.  Contendite  mecu?n.  Cic.  Be  Hare  cum 
dhs.  Id.  Salutem  meam  cum  communi  salute  conjungerc  decrevi.  Tac.  Consilia  cum 
illo  non  miscuerant. 

Note  5.  The  verbs  mereor,  facio,fit,  erit,futurum  est,  take  the  ablative  with 
de  ;  as,  Bene  vel  male  de  aliquq  mereri.  Cic.  Indicium  dc  fide  ejus  Jccisti.  Ter. 
Qui  de  me fiet  1  &c. 

Note  6.  Verbs  of  PERCEIVING  and  KNOWING  ;  as,  intelligo,  sentio,  cognos- 
ce, conjicio,  disco,  percipio,  colligo,  audio,  take  the  ablative  with  e  or  ex  ;  as,  Cic. 
Ex  gestu  tuo  xntelligo  quid  velis.  Id  Ex  tuis  Uteris  statum  rerum  cognovi.  Id.  Hoe 
ex  illo  audivi,  &c. 

Notel.  Passive  IMPERSONALS  are  either  put  absolutely;  as,  Ter.  Quid 
agitur?  statur.  Cic.  Ab  bora  tertia  bibebatur,  ludebatur,  vomcbatur.  Or  they  take 
after  them  the  case  of  their  PERSONALS  ;  as,  Cic.  lit  majoribus  natu  assurga- 
tur,ut  supplicum  miser ealur.  Ovid.  Nec  mini  parcaiur.  Virg.  ltur  in  st/lvam.  JLiV 
Pestilcntia  laboratum  est. 

Note  8.  These  six  verbs,  potest,  coepit,  incipit,  desinit,  debet,  and  solet,  when 
joined  with  impersonal  verbs,  become  impersonal  themselves  ;  as,  Quinct. 
Perveniri  ad  summa  nisi  ex  principiis  non  potest.  Just  .  Pigerc  eum  facii  coepit. 
Cic.  Singulis  a  Deo  consuli  el  provxderi  solet.  Id.  Negat  jucunde  posse  vivi,  nisi 
cum  virtute  vivatur. 

He  is  miserable,  who  neither  Miser  sum,  qui  neque 
loves  any  one,  nor  is  himself  diligo  quisquam,  nec  ipse 
beloved  by  any  one.  diligo  ab  ullus. 

The  affairs  of  a  good  man  Res  bonus  vir  nunquam 
are  never  neglected  by  God.      mgligo  a  Lfeus. 

Do  not  trust  [to]  a  man  by       Ne  fido  homo  a  qui  se* 
whom  thou  hast  been  once  de-    met  decipio. 
ceived. 

Carthage  was  destroyed  by        Carthago  deleo  a  celcher 
the   famous    captain    Scipio    dux  Scipio  Africanus. 
Africanus. 

Learning  and  virtue  are  Doctrina  et  virtus  ap- 
sought  by  few,  pleasure  by  pelo  a  pauci,  voluptas  a 
many  plurimus. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


135 


We  are  so  formed  by  nature, 
that  we  do  not  seem  made  for 
6port  and  jest. 

TT  For  these  achievements 
Codomannus  is  set  over  Arme- 
nia ;  and,  after  the  death  of 
king  Ochus,  is  made  king  by  the 
people  for  his  former  bravery. 
He  waged  war  with  Alexander 
the  Great:  at  last, however,  he 
was  conquered  by  Alexander  ; 
and  being  slain  by  his  own  rela- 
tions, he  ended  his  life,  together 
with  the  empire  of  the  Persians. 

Whilst  these  things  are  doing, 
he  is  acquainted  that  a  plot  is 
laid  for  him  by  Alexander  the 
son-in-law  of  Antipater,  who 
has  been  set  over  Macedonia  ; 
for  which  reason,  fearing  lest, 
if  he  should  be  slain,  some  tu- 
mult should  arise  in  Macedonia, 
he  kept  him  in  chains.  After 
this  he  goes  to  the  city  Gor- 
dium,  which  is  situated  betwixt 
the  greater  and  lesser  Phrygia. 

Whilst  the  Gauls  plunder  the 
ships,  they  are  cut  in  pieces  by 
the  rowers  and  a  partof  the  ar- 
my, which  had  fled  thither  with 
their  wives  and  children  ;  and 
so  great  was  the  slaughter  of 
the  Gauls,  that  the  fame  of  this 
victory  procured  Antigonus  a 
peace  not  only  from  the  Gauls, 
but  from  all  his  neighbours. 

Queen  Thessalonice,  the  la- 
dy of  Cassander,  was  slain  by 
her  son  Antipater,  though  she 
begged  her  life  by  his  mother's 
breasts  :  the  reason  of  which 
parricide  was,  that  after  the 
death  of  her  husband,  in  the 
division  of  the  kingdom  betwixt 
the  brothers,  she  seemed  to 


Ita  genero  a  natura,  ut 
non  videor  f actus  ad  ludus 
jocusque. 

Ob  hie  decus  Codoman- 
nus praejicio  Armenia; 
et,  post  mors  rex  Ochus, 
constituo  rex  a  populus 
propter  pristinus  virtus. 
Gero  helium  cum  Alexan- 
der Magnus :  postremo, 
tamen,  vinco  ab  Alexan- 
der ;  et  occisus  a  suus,Jinio 
vita,  pariter  cum  imperium 
Persa. 

Dum  hie  ago,  jio  certi- 
or  insidiae  paro  sui  ab  Al- 
exander gener  Antipater, 
qui  praepono  Macedonia  ; 
ob  qui  causa,  timens  ne,  si 
interficio,  quis  motus  ori- 
or  in  Macedonia,  habco  is 
in  vinculum.  Post  hie 
peto  urbs  Gordium,  qui 
positus  sum  inter  magnus 
et  parvus  Phrygia. 

Dum  Gallus  diripio  na- 
vis,  trucido  a  remex  et 
pars  exercitus,  qui  confu- 
gio  eo  cum  conjux  et  libe- 
ri  ;  et  tantus  sum  caedes 
Gallus,  ut  opinio  hie  vic- 
toria praesto  Antigonus 
pax  non  tantum  a  Gallus, 
sed  ab  omnis  jinitimus. 

Regina  Thessalonice, 
uxor  Cassander,  occ'ido  a 
Jilius  Antipater,  cum  de* 
precor  vita  per  uber  ma- 
ternus :  causa  qui  parri* 
cidium  sum,  quod  post 
mors  maritus,  in  divisio 
regnum  inter  frater,  vide* 
or  propensus  Alexander. 


136 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


have  been  more  favourable  to 
Alexander. 

Pluto  desired  of  Jupiter,  that 
Proserpine  might  be  given  to 
him  in  marriage,  by  him  and 
her  mother  Ceres.  Jupiter  de- 
nied that  Ceres  would  suffer 
her  daughter  to  live  in  hell ; 
but  he  bids  him  steal  her, 
whilst  she  gathered  flowers  up- 
on mount  Aetna,  which  is  in 
Sicily.  Afterwards  Ceres  ob- 
tained of  Jupiter,  that  she 
should  be  with  her  sometimes. 

Perdiccas  pretends  to  desire 
the  daughter  of  Anti pater  in 

marriage,  that  he  might  the 

.  .  . 

more  easily  obtain  of  him  re- 
cruits out  of  Macedonia  ;  but 
Antipater  perceived  his  cun- 
ning, and  balked  his  hopes. 
After  this  a  war  broke  out  be- 
tween Antigonus  and  Perdic- 
cas, in  which  Perdiccas  was 
worsted  by  Antigonus. 


Pluto  peto  a  Jupiter, 
ut  Proserpina  do  sui  in 
matrimonium,  ab  Me  et 
mater  Ceres.  Jupiter 
nego  Ceres  patior  jilia 
suus  vivo  in  tartarus  ;  sed 
jubeo  is  rapio  is,  dum  lego 
Jlos  in  mons  Aetna,  qui 
sum  in  Sicilia.  Postea 
Ceres  impetro  a  Jupiter, 
ut  sum  suicum  aliquando. 

Perdiccas  simulo  peto 
jilia  Antipater  in  matri- 
monium,  ut  facile  oblineo 
ab  is  supplementum  ex 
Macedonia ;  sed  Antipa- 
ter praesentio  dolus,  et 
fallo  spes  is.  Post  hie 
bellum  orior  inter  Antigo- 
nus et  Perdiccas,  in  qui 
Perdiccas  super o  ab  Anti- 
gonus. 


The  poets  say,  that  the  first  woman  was  made  by  Vulcan,  and  that  every  god 
gave  her  some  present,  whence  she  was  called  Pandora.  Pallas  gave  her  wis- 
dom, Apollo  the  art  of  music,  Mercury  the  art  of  eloquence,  and  Venus  gave  her 
beauty. 

Acrisius,  king  of  the  Argives,  shut  up  his  daughter  Danae  in  a  strong  tower, 
and  suffered  none  to  enter  into  it  ;  because  he  had  heard  from  the  oracle,  that 
he  should  be  killed  by  his  grandson.  Jupiter  turned  himself  into  a  shower  of 
gold,  and  entered  into  the  tower  through  the  tiles.  Thus  Danae  was  got  with 
child  by  the  god.  When  Acrisius  heard  that  his  daughter  had  brought  forth 
a  son,  he  ordered  her  and  the  child  to  be  put  into  a  chest,  and  thrown  into  the  sea. 
The  chest  was  found  by  a  fisherman,  and  given  by  him  to  Pilumnus  king  of  the 
Rutilians,  who  married  Danae.  When  Perseus,  the  son  of  Danae,  was  grown  up, 
he  slew  his  grandfather  Acrisius,  and  so  fulfilled  the  oracle. 


§  3.  The  government  of  the  infinitive,  participles,  gerunds, 
and  supines, 

RULE  IX. 

43.  One  verb  governs  another  in  the  infinitive. 

I  desire  to  learn.  Cupio  discere. 

Thou  art  glad  to  be  taught.  Gaudes  doceru 

Mercury  is  said  to  have  invent-  Mercurius    dicitur  inve~ 
ed  the  harp.  nisse  lyram. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


137 


Note\.  The  infinitive  is  frequently  governed  by  adjectives  or  participles;  as, 
Dignus  legi,  cupidus  nwri,  indocilis  pauperiem  pali,  avidi  committere  pugnatn,  audax 
omnia perpcti ;  cupiens  cognoscere,  metuens  pollui,  meritus  relinqui,frugesconsumere 
nati.  And  sometimes  by  substantives  ;  as,  Tempus  abire,  occasio  scribere,  signa 
dedi  ventsse  Deum. 

Note  2.  The  governing  word  is  sometimes  suppressed  ;  as,  Ter.  Omnes  mihi 
invidere,  sc.  coeperunt.  Virg.  Merit  inccpto  desistere  1  sc.  decet  or  par  est.  And  to 
these  phrases,  videre  est,  animadvertere  est,  rcperire  est,  &c.  we  may  understand 
facultas,  potestas,  copia,  or  the  like. 

Note  3.  The  infinitive  itself  is  sometimes  suppressed  ;  as,  Cic.  Socratcmjidibm 
docuit,  sc.  canere.    Sail.  Ex  provinciam  Namidiam  populus  jussit  ;  sc.  dart. 

Note  4.  The  infinitive  is  a  kind  of  substantive  noun,  has  adjectives  sometimes 
joined  with  it,  and  occurs  in  all  cases.  In  the  nominative  ;  as,  Pers.  Scire  tuum 
nihil  est,  for  scientia  tua.  Cic.  Adulterare  turpe  est,  for  adulterium.  Gen.  Virg. 
Soli  cant are  periti,  for  cantandi  or  cant  us.  Dat.  Sail.  Servire  parati,  for  servituti. 
Acc.  Hor.  Da  Mihi  fallere,  for  ar tern  fallendi.  Voc.  O  vivere  nostrum,  for  vita  nos- 
tra.   Abl.  Quinct.  Haec  demonstrasse  contentus,  for  horwn  demonstration  facta. 


I  desire  to  know,  thou  art 
afraid  to  tell,  he  despises  to  be 
taught,  we  are  forbid  to  prate, 
ye  ought  tc  study,  they  are  or- 
dered to  write. 

I  will  take  care  to  avoid  in- 
temperance, thou  oughtest  to 
seek  wisdom,  he  endeavours  to 
perform  his  promise,  we  have 
resolved  to  hear  the  lesson,  ye 
design  to  make  verses,  they 
seem  to  have  done  an  injury, 
learn  thou  to  lay  aside  pride. 

Money  cannot  change  nature, 
a  soldier  always  rejoices  to  re- 
count his  dangers,  a  sailor  often 
uses  to  relate  his  losses,  Egna- 
tius  before  this  had  resolved  to 
kill  Caesar,  the  general  order- 
ed his  men  carefully  to  keep 
rank. 

i|  He  then  recites  his  own 
services;  how  he  had  revenged 
the  revolt  of  their  allies,  and 
quelled  the  Thessalians  ;  how 
he  had  not  only  defended,  but 
advanced  the  dignity  of  the 
Macedonians ;  for  which  if  they 
were  sorry,  he  said  he  laid 
down  his  authority,  and  restor- 
ed them  their  present ;  they 
N 


Cupio  scio,  vereor  dico, 
spemo  doceo,  veto  garrio, 
debeo  studeo,  jubeo  scribo. 

Curo  vtio  intemperan- 
tia,  debeo  expeto  sapien- 
tia,  conor  praesto  pro* 
7nissum,  statuo  audio 
praclectio,  volo  compono 
versus,  video  facto  inju- 
ria, disco  depono  superci- 
lium. 

Pecunia  nescio  muto 
natura,  miles  semper  gau- 
dco  memoro  periculum, 
nauta  saepe  soleo  refer o 
damnum,  Egnatius  antca 
statuo  interimo  Ccesar, 
dux  jubeo  miles  sedulo 
servo  ordo. 

Deinde  commemoro 
suus  beneficium ;  ut  vin- 
dico  defectio  socius,  et 
compesco  Thessalus ;  utnon 
tantum  defendo,  verum 
augeo  dignitas  Macedo ; 
qui  si  is  poenitet,  dico  sui 
depono  imperium,  et  red" 
do  tile  munus  suus ;  ipse 
quaero  rex  qui  impero. 


138 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


might  seek  a  king  whom  they 
could  govern. 

There  were  besides  a  great 
many  accomplices  of  this  de- 
sign, whom  the  hope  of  power 
encouraged,  more  than  want 
or  any  necessity.  Most  of  the 
youth,  but  especially  of  the 
nobility,  favoured  the  designs 
of  Catiline  ;  they  chose  war 
rather  than  peace,  who  might 
have  lived  in  peace  quietly  and 
splendidly. 


Sum  praetcrea  complu« 
res  particeps  hicce  consi- 
lium, qui  spes  dominatio 
hortor,  magis  quam  inopio 
aut  alius  neccssitudo.  Pie' 
rique  juvenis,  sed  prae- 
sertim  nobilis,faveo  incep* 
turn  Catilina  ;  malo  helium 
quam  pax,  qui  licet  vivo 
in  otium  molliter  et  mag- 
nifice. 


The  minutest  plant  or  animal,  if  attentively  examined,  affords  a  thousand  won- 
ders, and  obliges  us  to  admire  and  adore  that  jmnipotcnt  hand  which  created 
ourselves,  as  weJl  as  the  object  we  admire. 

So  great  was  the  impudence  of  the  giants,  that  they  strove  to  turn  Tupiter  out 
of  heaven  ;  and  when  they  began  to  fight  against  the  gods,  they  heaped  up  moun- 
tains upon  mountains,  and  from  thence  darted  trees  set  on  fire.  They  hurled 
also  massy  stones  and  solid  rocks :  some  of  which  falling  upon  the  earth  again, 
became  mountains  ;  others  fell  into  the  sea,  and  became  islands. 


GERUNDS. 

44.  The  gerund  in  DUM  of  the  nominative  case,  with 
the  verb  est,  governs  the  dative. 

I  must  live  well.  Vivcndum  est  mild  recte. 

All  must  die.  Moriendum  est  omnibus. 

Note  1.  This  gerund  always  imports  necessity  or  obligation,  and  the  dative  af- 
ter it  is  the  person  on  whom  the  necessity  or  obligation  lies. 

Note  2.  The  dative  is  often  suppressed  ;  as,  Si  pereundum  sit  ;  sc.  mihi,  tibi, 
illi,  nobis,  vobts,  Mis,  &c. 

Note  3.  This  gerund,  when  it  comes  after  a  verb  in  the  same  clause,  passes  into 
the  accusative,  and,  with  the  infinitive  esse,  expressed  or  understood,  governs  the 
dative  ;  as,  Cic.  Quotidie  mediterc  rcsistendum  esse  iracundiae.  Caes.  Quibus  re 
bus  quam  maturrime  occurrendum  [esse]  putabat. 

45.  The  gerund  in  DI  is  governed  by  substantives  or  ad- 
jectives. 

Time  of  reading.  Tempus  legendi. 

Desirous  to  learn.  Cupidus  discendi. 

The  substantives  are  such  as,  amor,  causa,  gratia,  studi* 
um,  tempus,  occasio,  ars,  facultas,  otium,  cupido,  voluntas, 
consuetudo,  &c. 

The  adjectives  are  such  as,  peritus,  imperitus,  cupidus  y 
msuetusfcertusi  rudis,  and  others  belonging  to  No.  14. 


TO  LATIN  S\  NTAX. 


139 


Note  L  Tlie  infinitive  is  sometimes  used  for  the  gerund  in  DI,  especially  by 
the  poets  ;  as,  Ttmpus  abire,  occasio  scribere,  peritus  cant  are  ;  instead  of  abeun* 
li,  scribendi,  cantandi. 

Note  2.  The  governing  substantive  is  sometimes  suppressed ;  as,  Cic.  Cum 
hcberem  in  animo  navigandi,  sc.  propositum.  Plaut.  Huic  ducendi  interca  abscesse- 
ritt  sc.  voluntas. 

• 

46.  The  gerund  in  DO  of  the  dative  case  is  governed 
by  adjectives  signifying  usefulness  or  fitness. 

Paper  useful  for  writing.  Charta  utilis  scribendo. 
Iron  fit  for  beating.  Ferrum  habile  tundendo. 

These  adjectives  are  such  as,  utilis,  inutilis,  aptus,  in- 
eptus,  var,  habilis,  idoneus,  accommodatus,  bonus,  communis, 
&c 

Note  1.  The  adjective  is  sometimes  suppressed  ;  a<?,  Cic.  Cum  solvcndo  civitates 
non  essent,  sc.  pares  vel  habilts.  ±*lin.  Alezandrinae  Jieus  non  sunt  vescendo,  sc. 
idoncae  vel  utiles. 

Note  2.  This  gerund  is  sometimes  governed  by  a  verb ;  as,  Plaut.  Epidicum 
quaerendo  operant,  dabo.  Cic.  Cum  omnes  scribendo  adessent.  Liv.  Is  censendo 
finis f actus  est. 

47.  The  gerund  in  DUM  of  the  accusative  case  is  go- 
verned by  the  prepositions  ad  or  inter,  and  sometimes  by 
ante,  circa,  or  ob. 

Ready  to  hear.  Promptus  ad  audiendum. 

Attentive  in  time  of  teaching.  Attentus  inter  docendum. 
A  reward  for  teaching.  Merces  ob  docendum. 

Note  1.  This  gerund  is  sometimes  governed  by  the  verb  habeo  ;  as,  Plin.  Quum 
enitendum  haberemus. 

Note  2.  It  frequently  supplies  the  place  of  the  accusative  before  the  infinitive 
esse  or  fuisse,  as  was  already  observed  in  note  3.  on  No.  44. 

48.  The  gerund  in  DO,  of  the  ablative  case  is  governed 
by  the  prepositions  a,  ab,  de,  e,  ex,  or  in  ;  but  if  the  cause 
or  manner  of  a  thing  be  signified,  the  preposition  is  gene- 
rally suppressed. 

Punishment    frightens    from    Poena  a  peccando  abster* 

sinning.  ret. 
Pleasure  is  found  in  learning.      Voluptas capitur  ex  discen- 

do. 

I  am  weary  with  walking.  Dcfessus  sum  ambulando. 
A  wife  by  obeying  governs.        Uxor  par endo  imperat. 

Note  1.  This  gerund  is  sometimes,  though  rarely,  governed  by  pro  or  cum  ;  as, 
Plaut.  Prcr  vapulando  abs  te  mercedem  petam.  Quinct.  Ratio  recte  scribendi  juncta 
cum  loguendo  est. 

Note<Z.  Gerunds  are  substantive  nouns,  and  consequently  subject  to  the  same 
rules  of  construction  with  thein. 


140 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


49.  Gerunds  of  verbs  governing  the  accusative  .are  ele- 
gantly turned  into  the  gerundives,  or  participles  in  DUS, 
which  agree  with  their  substantives  in  gender,  number, 
and  case. 

The  affair  must  be  managed. 

The  time  of  managing  the  affair. 

Fit  for  managing  the  affair . 

To  manage  the  affair. 

In  managing  the  affair. 

To  these  may  be  added  the  gerunds  of  utor,  abator,  fru- 
or,fungor,  and  potior  :  as,  Cic.  Ad  vitam  utendam.  Plin. 
In  fruendis  voluptatibus.  Cic.  In  munere  fungendo.  Sail. 
Urbis  potiundae  cupido  eum  invasit. 

Note  1.  The  meaning  of  the  rule  is,  that  the  gerunds  of  active  verbs  govern 
the  accusative,  as  will  be  more  fully  taught  in  No.  54.  following  ;  but  the 
same  sense  is  more  usually  and  more  elegantly  expressed  by  the  gerundive  joined 
with  the  substantive,  which  the  gerund  governs.  And  here  observe,  that  the 
gerundive,  with  its  substantive,  are  always  put  in  the  case  of  the  gerund. 

Note  2.  In  the  plural  we  likewise  say,  curandae  sunt  res,  idoneus  curandis  rebus, 
ad  curandus  res,  and  in  curandis  rebus,  rather  than  curandum  est  res,  idoneus  curan- 
do  res,  ad  curandum  res,  in  curando  res  ;  but  tnnpus  curandarum  rerum  in  the  geni- 
tive, on  account  of  its  harsh  sound,  is  seldom  used  ;  tempus  curandi  res  is  more 
usual  and  more  ornate. 

Note  3.  Though  the  grounds  of  active  verbs  have  generally  an  active  significa- 
tion ;  yet  sometimes  they  seem  to  be  used  in  a  passive  sense  ;  as,  Just.  Athenas 
trudiendi  gratia  missus,  i.  e.  ut  erudirttur.  Sail.  Cum  ipse  ad  imperandum  Tisidrum 
vocaretur,  i.  e.  ut  ipsi  imptrarclur.  Veil.  Ut  cives  ad  censendum  in  Italiam  revoca- 
verint,  i.  e.  ut  censerentur,  &c. 


^  Curandum  est  rem. 
I  Curanda  est  res. 
^  'i  empus  curandi  rem. 
(  Tempus  curandae  rex. 

Idoneus  curando  rem. 

Idoneus  curandae  rei. 

A  d  curandum  rem. 

Ad  curandam  rem. 

In  curando  rem. 

In  curanda  re. 


SUPINES. 

*  50.  The  supine  in  UM  is  put  after  a  verb  of  motion. 

He  hath  gone  to  walk.  Abiit  deambulatum. 

They  come  to  see.  Spectatum  veniunt. 

Note  1.  This  supine  is  sometimes  put  after  the  participle  ;  as,  II or.  Spectatum 
admissi,  rij'iin  teneatis  amid. 

Note  2.  The  supine  in  UM  is  a  substantive  noun  in  the  accusative,  of  the  fourth 
declension,  and  governed  by  ad  or  tn  understood,  or  sometimes  expressed;  as, 
Var.  Nonomnis  tempestas  apes  ad  pastum  prodire  longius  patitur.  Lucr.  In  com* 
*>iulatum  veniunt. 

Note  3.  This  supine  with  the  verb  in,  constitutes  the  future  of  the  mf.nitiv# 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


141 


passive,  and  tlu  supins  being-  a  substantive  noun  never  varies  its  termination  ; 
for  we  do  not  say,  Mas  occisos  iri,  but  illos  occisum  iri. 

Note  4.  An  expression  by  this  supine  may  be  varied  several  ways.  Thus,  in- 
stead of  Venit  oratum  opem,  we  may  say,  I.  Venit  ut  oret  opem.  2.  Venit  opis 
orandae  causa.  3.  Venit  ad  orandam  opem.  4.  Venit  opem  oraturus.  5.  Venit  opem 
orandi  causa.  6.  Venit  ad  orandum  opem.  7.  Venit  opi  orandae.  8.  Venit  qui  opem 
oret.  9.  Venit  opem  orare.  But  of  these  varieties  the  first  four  are  usual  and  ele- 
gant ;  the  next  four  less  ornate  and  more  rare  ;  and  the  last  seldom  used  but  by 
poets. 


*  51.  The  supine  in  U  is  put  after  an  adjective  noun. 

Easy  to  tell,  or  to  be  told.       Facile  dictu. 
Dreadful  to  be  mentioned.      Horrendum  relatu. 

Note  1.  It  is  also  put  after  these  substantives,  fas,  nefas,  opus ;  as,  Cic.  Fas 
dictu.  Id.  Nefas  dictu.  Id.  Quod  scitu  opus  est.  It  is  put  also  after  verbs  signi- 
fying motion  from  a  place  ;  as,  Plaut.  Nunc  obsonatu  redeo.  Cato,  rrimus  cubitu 
surgat. 

Note  2.  This  supine  is  a  substantive  noun  in  the  aDlative  of  the  fourth  declen- 
sion, and  governed  by  in,  e,  or  ex,  understood,  or  sometimes  expressed ;  as, 
Quinct.  In  receptu  difficilis.    Virg.  E  pastu  vitulos  ad  tecta  reducit. 

Note  3.  An  expression  by  this  supine  may  be  varied  several  ways  :  Thus,  in- 
stead of  Utile  cognitu,  we  may  say,  1.  Cognnsci  utile.  2.  Ad  cognoscendum  utile. 
3.  Cognitione  utile. 


44.  I  must  ride,  but  you 
must  walk. 

We  must  fight  stoutly  with 
our  vices. 

You  ought  to  beware,  lest 
you  fall  into  a  distemper. 

He  must  fly,  but  they  must 
fight,  that  they  may  be  safe. 

45.  The  lust  of  governing  is 
more  violent  than  all  the  other 
passions. 

The  gods  have  given  you 
riches,  and  the  art  of  enjoying 
them. 

In  a  new  kind  of  war  new 
methods  of  carrying  on  the  war 
are  necessary. 

Dionysius  obliged  the  physi- 
cians to  give  his  father  a 
sleepy  dose,  lest  Dion  should 
have  an  opportunity  of  tamper- 
ing with  him. 

This  man  is  courageous  in 
danger,  prudent  in  his  conduct, 
n  2 


Equitandum  sum  ego, 
sed  ambulandum  sum  tu. 

Pugnandum  sum  ego 
fortiter  cum  viiium  noster. 

Cavendum  sum  tu,  ne 
incido  in  morbus. 

Fugiendum  sum  is,  at 
dimicandum  sum  ille,  ut 
sum  salvus. 

Cupido  dominandum 
sum  jiagrans  cunctus  ali- 
us affectus. 

Deus  do  tu  divitiae, 
arsque  fruendum. 

In  novus  genus  helium 
novus  ratio  bellandum  sum 
necessarius. 

Dionysius  cogo  medicus 
do  pater  sopor,  ne  Dion 
sum  potestas  agendum  cum 
is. 

Hie  vir  sum  jortis  adpe- 
riculum,  prudens  ad  con- 


112 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


and  skilled  in  carrying  on  a 
war. 

He  acknowledges  himself  to 
be  unskilled  in  pleading,  but 
not  unacquainted  with  war. 

A  great  many  young  men 
take  pleasure  in  horses  and 
dogs,  and  are  fond  of  hunting. 

46.  Bituminous  and  nitrous 
water  is  good  to  be  drunk. 

Nature  has  given  the  frogs 
legs  fit  for  swimming. 

This  is  common  to  studying 
and  writing,  that  good  health 
contributes  a  great  deal  to  both. 

47.  Wisdom  provides  things 
to  us  for  living  happily. 

The  Parthians  are  more  dis- 
posed to  act  than  to  speak. 

As  we  walk  we  will  talk  to- 
gether about  the  great  works 
of  God. 

Nobody  ought  to  receive  a 
reward  for  accusing. 

48.  Lazy  boys  are  soon  dis- 
couraged from  learning. 

No  question  is  now  made 
about  living  well. 

Greater  glory  is  acquired  by 
defending  than  by  accusing. 

The  spirit  of  the  Cantabrians 
was  obstinate  in  rebelling. 

The  dog  by  barking  dis- 
covered the  thieves. 

Scipio reformed  the  soldiers 
by  exercising  rather  than  by 
punishing. 

Caesar,  by  giving,  by  reliev- 
ing, and  forgiving,  acquired 
great  glory. 


silium,  et  peritus  bellige- 
randum. 

Fateor  sui  sum  rudis  di- 
cendum,  at  non  ignarus 
helium. 

Plurimus  adolesccns 
gaudco  equus  et  cants ,  et 
sum  studiosus  venandum. 

Bituminatus  et  nitrosus 
aqua  sum  utilis  bibendum. 

Natura  do  rana  cms 
aptus  natandum. 

Ille  sum  communis  edis- 
cendum  scribendu  rn  q  uey 
quod  bonus  valetudo  con- 
fero  plurimum  uterque. 

Sapientia  comparo  res 
ego  ad  beate  vivendum. 

Parthi  sum  promptus 
ad  faciendum  quam  ad 
dicendum. 

Inter  ambulandum  con* 
fabulor  de  magnus  opus 
Deus. 

Nemo  debeo  accipio 
praemium  ob  accusandum. 

Ignavus  puer  cilo  de- 
tcrreo  a  discendum. 

Nullus  quaestio  jam 
moceo  de  bene  vivendum. 

Uber  gloria  comparo  ex 
defendendum  quam  ex  ac- 
cusandum. 

Animus  Cantabrus  sum 
pertinax  in  rebellandum. 

Ca?iis  latrandum  prodo 
fur. 

Scipio  corrigo  miles  ex" 
ercendun  mag  is  quam 
puniendum. 

Ccssar^  dandum,  sub- 
levandum,  et  ignoscen- 
dum,  magnus  gloria  adi* 
pise  or. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


US 


49.  Friends  ought  to  be 
admonished  and  chid,  and  that 
ought  to  be  taken  kindly  which 
is  done  with  a  good  intention. 

Why  do  you  hesitate  ?  says 
he  ;  or  what  place  of  trying 
our  courage  do  you  expect  ? 
This  day  shall  determine  con- 
cerning our  disputes. 

Old  oil  is  said  to  be  ^ood  for 
clearing  ivory  from  rottenness. 

Claudius  was  a  modest  man, 
tenacious  of  what  was  just,  and 
lit  for  managing  the  common- 
wealth. 

The  boy  is  fit  for  bearing  the 
burden  ;  but  this  place  is  pro- 
per for  spreading  the  nets. 

All  the  cities  of  Greece  con- 
tributed money  for  equipping  a 
fleet  and  raising  an  army. 

Men  use  care  in  purchasing 
a  horse,  and  are  negligent  in 
ckusing  friends. 

50.  This  man  came  to  Cae- 
sar to  entreat  that  he  would 
pardon  him. 

Maecenas  went  to  diversion, 
I  and  Virgil  went  to  bed. 

51.  A  true  friend  is  a  thing 
hard  to  be  found. 

Let  nothing  filthy  to  be 
spoken  or  to  be  seen  touch 
those  doors  within  which  there 
is  a  child. 

%  A  general  must  endeavour 
to  accustom  his  soldiers  to  ob- 
serve the  tricks,  plots,  and 
stratagems  of  the  enemy,  and 
what  [it]  is  proper  to  pursue, 
and  what  to  avoid. 


Amicus  sum  monendus 
et  ohjurgandus,  et  is  sum 
accipiendus  amice  qui  be- 
ncvole  jio. 

Quid  dubito  ?  inquam  ; 
aut  quis  locus  probandus 
virtus  expecto  ?  Hie  dies 
judico  de  noster  controver- 
sial. 

Vetus  oleum  dico  sum 
utilis  vindicandus  ebur  a 
caries. 

Claudius  sum  vir  mo- 
dest us,  tcnax  jus  turn,  et 
idoneus  gerendus  respub- 
lie  a. 

Puer  sum  par  ferendus 
onus  ;  sed  hie  locus  sum 
habilis  pandendus  rete. 

Omnis  civitas  Graecia 
do  pecunia  ad  aedifican- 
dus  classis,  et  comparan- 
dus  excrcitus. 

Homo  adhibeo  cura  in 
parandus  equusf  et  sum 
negligeiis  in  diligendus 
amicus. 

Hie  homo  venio  ad 
Ccesar  oratum  ut  ignosco 
sui. 

Maecenas  eo  lusum,  ego 
Virgiliusque  eo  dormitum. 

Verus  amicus  sum  res 
difficilis  inventu. 

Nil  foedus  dictu  visuve 
tango  hie  limen  intra  qu. 
puer  sum. 

Laborandum  sum  dux 
ut  consuefacio  miles  cog- 
nosco  dolus,  insidiae,  et 
artificium  hostis,  et  quis 
convenit  sequor,  quisque 
vito. 


4 


144 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


After  a  long  series  of  ages, 
the  bird  phoenix  came  into 
Egypt,  and  furnished  an  occa- 
sion to  the  most  learned  of  the 
natives  and  Greeks  of  making 
speculations  on  that  prodigy. 

In  that  battle  the  general  was 
wounded  ;  who,  when  he  saw 
his  men  slaughtered,  demand- 
ed by  a  crier  the  bodies  of  the 
slain  for  burial ;  for  this  among 
the  Greeks  is  a  sign  of  the  vic- 
tory's being  yielded  up  :  with 
which  confession  the  Thebans 
being  content  gave  the  signal 
of  giving  quarter. 

Whilst  each  of  the  states  of 
Greece  are  ambitious  of  domi- 
neering, they  were  all  ruined  ; 
for  Philip  king  of  Macedonia 
plotted  against  their  common 
liberty  ;  he  fomented  the  quar- 
rels of  the  states,  gave  assist- 
ance to  the  weaker,  and  at 
last  reduced  all,  the  conquer- 
ors and  conquered  alike,  under 
his  power. 

The  Carthaginians  attempted 
to  renew  the  war,  and  excited 
the  Sardinians,  who  by  an  ar- 
ticle of  the  peace  were  oblig- 
ed to  be  subject  to  the  Romans, 
to  rebel  :  an  embassy,  howev- 
er, of  the  Carthaginians  came 
to  Rome  and  obtained  peace. 

How  desperately  the  fight' 
was  maintained  the  event 
shewed  ;  none  of  the  enemies 
survived  the  battle.  The  place 
that  every  one  had  received  in 
fighting,  that  he  covered  with 
his  body.  Catiline  was  found  a 
great  way  from  his  men  amongst 
the  carcases  of  the  enemies. 


Post  longus  ambitus  se- 
culum.,  avis  phoenix  venio 
in  Aegyptus  praebcoque 
mater  ies  doctus  indigena 
et  Graecus  disscrenaum 
super  is  miraculum. 

In  is  praelium  dux  vul- 
nero  ;  qui,  cum  video  suus 
caedo,  posco  per  praeco 
corpus  interfectus  ad  sc~ 
pultura ;  hie  cnim  apud 
Graecus  sum  signum  vic- 
toria traditus :  qui  con- 
fessio  Thebanus  conte?itus, 
do  signum  pare endum. 

Dum  singulus  civitas 
Graecia  su?n  cupidus  do- 
minandum,  ornnis  perco ; 
nam  PJnlippus  rex  Mace- 
donia  insidior  communis 
libertas ;  ole  contentio 
civitas,  fero  auxilium  in- 
fer us,  et  tandem  redigo 
omnis,  victor  et  victus  pa- 
riter,  sub  suus  potestas. 

Carthaginiensis  tento 
reparo  bcllum,  et  impello 
Sardiniensis,  qui  ex  con- 
ditio pax  debeo  pareo 
Romanus,  ad  rebellan- 
dum :  legatio,  tamen, 
Carthaginiensis  ad  Roma 
venio,  et  pax  impetro. 

Qua?n  atrociter  dimico, 
exit  us  do  ceo  ;  nemo  hostis 
supersum  bcllum.  Qui 
locus  quis  in  pugnandum 
capio,  is  corpus  tego.  Ca- 
tilina  longe  a  suus  intef 
hostis  cadaver  reperio. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


145 


Eumenes  being  thus  received 
by  the  Argyraspides,  by  de- 
grees assumes  the  command  ; 
first  by  admonishing,  and  then 
by  gently  correcting,he  brought 
it  to  pass  that  nothing  could  be 
done  in  the  camp  without  him. 

Clearchus  thought  the  disa- 
greement of  the  people  an  op- 
portunity of  seizing  the  govern- 
ment ;  wherefore  he  confers 
first  with  Mithridates,  the  ene- 
my of  his  countrymen,  and 
promises  to  betray  the  city  to 
him  ;  but  afterwards  he  turn- 
ed the  plot  which  he  had  form- 
ed against  his  countrymen  up- 
on Mithridates  himself.  But 
faith  ought  to  be  kept. 

All  the  sons  of  Hanno,  not 
only  those  that  appeared  fit  for 
assuming  the  government,  but 
the  rest  also,  and  all  his  rela- 
tions, are  delivered  up  to  pu- 
nishment ;  that  no  one  of  so 
wicked  a  family  might  be  left, 
either  to  imitate  his  villany  or 
to  revenge  his  death. 

The  Phocensians  fly  to  arms  ; 
but  there  was  neither  leisure  to 
prepare  for  war,  nor  time  to 
get  together  auxiliaries  ;  they 
are  slaughtered,  therefore, 
every  where,  and  carried  off. 
The  miserable  people  had  one 
comfort,  that,  as  Philip  had 
cheated  his  allies  of  their  part 
of  the  plunder,  they  saw  none 
of  their  goods  in  the  hands  of 
their  enemies. 

When  he  came  to  the  admi- 
nistration of  the  government,  he 
did  not  think  so  much  of  go- 


Eumenes  it  a  reccptus 
ah  Argyraspidae,  pau- 
latim  usurpo  imperium ; 
primum  monendum,  mox 
blande  corrigendum,  offi- 
cio, ut  nihil  possum  ago 
in  castra  sine  ille. 

Clearchus  cxistimo  dis- 
sensio  populus  occasio  in- 
vadendus  tyrannis  ;  itaqve 
colloquor  primo  cum  Mi- 
thridates, civis  suus  hos- 
tis,  et  promitto  prodo  urbs 
is  ;  postea  autem  verto  in- 
sidiae  qui  civis  paro  in 
ipse  Mithridates.  Sed  ji- 
des  sum  servandus. 


Omnis  jilius  Hanno, 
non  tantum  is  qui  video 
habilis  capessendus  res- 
publica,  sed  cactcr  quoque, 
omnisque  cognatus,  trado 
supplicium  ;  ne  quisquam 
ex  tarn  nefarius  domus 
supersum,  aut  ad  imitan- 
dus  scelus,  aut  ad  ulcis- 
cendus  mors. 

Phocensis  ad,  arma  con- 
fugio  ;  sed  neque  sum  spa- 
tium  instruendus  bellum, 
neque  tempus  ad  contra- 
hendi auxilium  ;  cacdo, 
igitur,  passim,  rapioque. 
Unus  solatium  miser  sum, 
quod,  cum  Philippus  frau- 
do  socius  portio  praeda% 
video  nihil  res  suus  apud 
inimicus. 

Cum  venio  ad  adminis* 
tratio  regnum,  non  tarn 
cogito  de  regendum  quam 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


kerning  as  of  increasing  his 
kingdom  :  wherefore  he  sub- 
dued the  Scythians,  till  that 
time  invincible,  who  had  cut 
off  Sopyrion,  a  general  of  Al- 
exander the  Great,  and  had 
slain  Cyrus,  king  of  the  Persi- 
ans with  two  hundred  thousand. 

Lysander,  when  he  found 
by  his  scouts,  that  the  Atheni- 
ans were  gone  ashore  to  plun- 
der, and  that  the  ships  were 
left  almost  empty,  did  not  let 
slip  the  opportunity  of  doing 
his  business,  and  so  put  an 
end  to  the  whole  war. 

Whilst  these  things  are  doing 
in  Egypt,  king  Dejotarus 
comes  to  Domitius,  to  entreat 
that  he  would  not  suffer  the 
lesser  Armenia,  his  kingdom, 
to  be  laid  waste  by  Pharnaces. 

Among  the  ancient  Romans 
some  matron  of  approved  and 
well  known  morals  was  made 
choice  of,  to  whom  was  com- 
mitted all  the  children  of  the 
family,  in  whose  presence  it 
was  neither  allowable  to  speak 
what  appeared  shameful  to  be 
said,  nor  to  do  what  was  inde- 
cent to  be  done. 

When  the  enemies  saw  Al- 
exander alone,  they  flock  toge- 
ther from  all  quarters  :  nor  did 
he  less  courageously  resist,  and 
alone  light  against  so  many 
thousands.  It  is  incredible  to 
be  said,  that  not  the  multitude  of 
the  enemies,  nor  the  vast  num- 
ber of  weapons,  nor  so  great  a 
shout  of  those  that  attacked 
him  should  fright  him,  that  he 
alone  should  slaughter  and  put 
to  flight  so  many  thousands. 


de  augendus  regnum  .■ 
itaque  perdomo  Scythae, 
usque  ad  id  tcmpus  invic- 
tus,  qui  deleo  Sopyrio, 
dux  Alexander  Magnus, 
et  trucido  Cyrus,  rex  Per- 
sa,  cum  ducenti  mille. 

Lysander,  cum  per  spe- 
culator comperio,  Athe- 
niensis  exeo  praedatum, 
navisque  relictus  sum  pene 
inanis,  tempus  gerendus 
res  non  dimitto,  atque  ita 
totus  helium  deleo. 

Dum  hie  in  Aegyptus 
gcro,  rex  Dejotarus  ad 
Domitius  venio  oratum, 
ne  patior  Armenia  minor, 
regnum  suus,  vasto  a 
Pharnaces. 

Apud  vetus  Romanus 
aliquis  matrona  probatvs 
spectatusque  6  mos  eligo, 
qui  commit  to  omnis  sobo- 
les  familia,  coram  qui 
neque  fas  sum  dico  qui  vi- 
deo turpis  dictu,  neque 
facio  qui  sum  inhonestus, 
factu. 

Cum  hostis  conspicio 
Alexander  solus,  undique 
concurro :  nec  minus 
constanter  resisto,  et  unus 
praelior  adversus  tot  mille. 
Sum  incredibilis  dictu,  ut 
non  multitudo  hostis,  non 
vis  ma  gnus  telum,  non  tan- 
tus  clamor  lacessens  terreo, 
ut  solus  caedo  ac  fugo  tot 
mille. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


147 


The  last  and  dreadful  day  will  soon  approach,  when  we  mast  all  appear  before 
our  Judge.  What  consternation  Mall  then  seize  the  wicked  !  That  mighty  hand, 
which  once  opened  the  windows  of  heaven,  and  broke  up  the  fountains  of  the 
great  deep,  will  then  unlock  all  the  magazines  of  fire,  and  pour  a  second  deluge 
on  the  earth.  The  everlasting  mountains  will  then  melt  like  the  snow  which 
covers  their  summits,  and  all  nature  will  be  laid  in  ashes. 

Ceres  is  the  goddess  of  fruits  ;  she  first  taught  the  art  of  ploughing  and  sowing. 
Before  her  time  the  earth  lay  rough  and  uncultivated,  covered  with  briers  and 
full  of  weeds,  and  the  people  lived  on  acorns. 

How  wonderful  are  the  birds  !  A  passage  through  the  air,  which  has  been  deni- 
ed to  other  animals,  is  open  to  them.  They  are  capable  of  soaring  up  to  the 
clouds  :  they  suspend  their  bodies  and  continue  motionless  in  an  element  lighter 
than  themselves.  They  remount,  and  then  precipitate  themselves  to  the  earth 
like  a  descending  stone. 

Virgil  describes  the  seasons,  and  gives  the  signs  of  the  weather  proper  for  sow- 
ing, planting,  grafting,  and  reaping. 

When  men  are  freed  from  the  business  and  cares  of  life,  they  are  generally 
more  inclined  to  hear  and  to  learn  ;  but  they  mistake  when  they  consider  the 
knowledge  of  abstruse  and  strange  things  as  necessary  to  living  happily. 

When  Ceres  was  weary  with  travelling,  and  thirsty,  she  came  to  a  cottage, 
and  begged  a  little  water  of  an  old  woman  that  lived  there  :  The  old  woman  not 
only  gave  her  water,  but  also  barley  broth  ;  which,  when  the  goddess  supped  up 
greedily,  the  woman's  son  Stellio,  a  saucy  boy,  mocked  her.  Ceres  being  thus 
provoked,  threw  some  of  the  broth  into  the  boy's  face,  and  metamorphosed  him 
into  an  evet. 

A  good  man  enjoycth  the  tranquillity  of  his  own  breast,  and  rejoiceth  in  the  hap- 
piness and  prosperity  of  his  fieighbour  :  he  openeth  not  his  ear  unto  slander:  the 
faults  and  failings  of  men  give  a  pain  to  his  heart.  His  desire  is  to  do  good  ; 
and  in  removing  the  oppression  of  others,  he  relieveth  himself. 

Here  is  the  place  whither  we  are  come  to  bathe  ;  you  may  walk  along  the 
side  of  the  river,  I  with  my  maid  will  repair  to  the  grove,  to  enjoy  the  cool  shade. 

The  poets  tell  many  stories  hard  to  be  believed  :  They  say,  that  when  Prome- 
theus stole  fire  from  heaven,  Jupiter  was  incensed,  and  sent  Pandora  to  Prome- 
theus with  a  sealed  box ;  but  Prometheus  would  not  receive  it.  Jupiter  sent  her 
again  with  tiie  same  box  to  the  wife  of  Epimetheus,  the  brother  of  Prometheus  : 
and  she  being  curious,  as  is  natural  to  her  sex,  opened  it ;  whereupon  all  sorts  ot 
diseases  and  evils  with  which  it  was  tilled,  flew  out  amongst  mankind,  and  have 
infested  them  ever  since. 

RULE  X. 

52.  Participles,  gerunds,  and  supines,  govern  the  case 
of  their  own  verbs. 

Loving  virtue.  Amans  vir  tit  tern. 

Wanting  guile.  Carens  fraudc. 

Having  got  riches.  Nadus  divitias. 

Having  forgot  your  own  affairs.    Oblitus  rerum  tuarum. 
About  to  write  a  letter.  Scripturus  literas. 

Going  to  accuse  him  of  theft.  Accusaturus  eum  furti. 
Fond  of  reading  books.  Cupidus  legendi  libros. 

We  must  improve  time.  Utendum  est  aetate. 

They  came  to  complain  of  in-    Venerunt    questum  inju~ 

juries.  rias. 
I  shall  go  to  serve  the  Gre-    Gratis  servitum  matribus 

cian  dames.  ibo. 

Note  1.  The  participle  in  DUS  governs  the  dative  by  No.  17.  And  the  supina 
in  U  has  no  case  after  it. 

Note  2.  Participles,  gerunds,  and  supines,  partake  both  of  the  nature  of  a  noun 
and  of  a  verb;  and,  accordingly,  admit  of  a  two-fold  construction.  In  the  first 
respect,  participles  are  construed  as  other  adjectives,  and  the  gerunds  and  su- 
pines, like  other  substantive  nouns  ;  but  as  they  partake  of  the  nature  of  a  verb, 
they  govern  the  case  of  the  verbs  from  whence  they  come. 


148 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


Note  3.  VERBAL  nouns,  as  well  substantives  as  adjectives,  sometimes  govern 
the  case  of  their  verbs  ;  as,  Cic.  Juztitia  est  oolemperatio  scnptis  legibus.  Sail. 
Insidiie  consult  ron  procedebant.  Ovid.  Ignis  aquae  pugnax.  Just.  Gratulabundus 
patriae.    Gell.  Populabundus  agros.    Liv.  Vitabundus  castra  hostium. 

Note  4.  Exosus,  perosus,  always,  and  pertaesvs,  often,  govern  the  accusative  , 
as,  Ovid.  Tacdas  exosajugatcs.  Liv.  Plebc  sonsulum  nomen  perosa.  Suet.  Per- 
taesus  ignaviam  suam.  But  pertaesvs  sometimes  takes  the  genitive  ;  as,  Tac. 
Lentitudinis  eorum  pertaesa. 

Note  5.  The  gerund  in  Df,  in  imitation  of  substantive  nouns,  instead  of  the 
accusative,  sometimes  governs  the  genitive  plural ;  as,  Piaut.  Nominandi  isto- 
rum  eril  copia.    Cic.  Facultas  agrorum  condonandi. 

Note  6.  The  verbs  do,  reddo,  volo,  euro,  facio,  habe.o,  with  a  participle  perfect 
in  the  accusative,  are  often  used  by  way  of  circumlocution,  instead  of  the  verb 
of  the  participle  ;  as,  Ter.  Effectum  dabo,  i.  e.  ejficiam.  Id.  Inventus  reddam,i.  e 
eas  inveniam.    Id.  Vos  oratos  volo,  i.  e.  vos  oro.    Id.  Mc  missum  face,  i.  e.  me  mitle 

Note  7.  The  verbs  euro,  habeo,  mando,  loco,  conduco,  do,  tribuo,  accipio,  mitto, 
relinquo,  and  some  others,  instead  of  the  infinitive  or  substantive  are  elegantly 
construed  with  the  participle  in  DUS,  joined  with  a  substantive  ;  as,  Cic.  Funus 
ex  amplum  faciendum  curavi ;  instead  of  fiei  t,  or  utjieret.  Id.  Demus  nos  philoso- 
phiae  excolendos,  &c. 


The  Asiatics,  remembering 
the  dignity  of  Berenice's  fa- 
ther, and  pitying  her  hard  for- 
tune, sent  aid. 

Perseus,  forgetting  his  fa- 
ther's fortune,  bid  his  soldiers 
remember  the  old  glory  of 
Alexander. 

Julius  Silanus,  being  asked 
his  opinion  concerning  those 
that  were  detained  in  prison, 
voted  that  punishment  ought  to 
be  inflicted. 

Pausanias  too,  the  other  ge- 
neral of  the  Lacedemonians, 
being  accused  of  treachery, 
went  into  banishment. 

Good  magistrates,  promoting 
the  public  interest,  observing 
the  laws,  and  favouring  virtue, 
are  worthy  of  honour. 

Alexander,  king  of  Egypt, 
dreading  the  cruelty  of  his  mo- 
ther, and  preferring  a  secure 
and  a  safe  life  before  a  king- 
dom, left  her. 

Darius  went  about  encourag- 
ing his  men,  and  putting  them 


Asiatici,  recordans  4 
dignitas  pater  Berenice, 
et  miser  tus  is  indignus 
for  tuna,  mitto  auxilium. 

Perseus,  oblitus  pater 
fortuna,  jubeo  suus  miles 
reminiscor  vetus  gloria 
Alexander. 

Julius  Silanus,  roga- 
tus  sententia  de  hie  qui 
in  custodia  teneo,  decerno 
supplicium  sum  sumendus. 

Pausanias  quoque,  al- 
ter dux  Lacedaemonius, 
accusatus  proditio,  abeo  in 
exilium. 

Bonus  magistratus,  ser- 
viens  communis  utilitas* 
parens  lex,  et  favens  vir- 
tus, sum  dignus  honor. 

Alexander,  rex  Aegyp- 
tus,  timens  crudelitas  ma- 
ter,  et  anteponens  secu- 
rus  et  tutus  vita  rcgnu?n9 
relinquo  is. 

Darius  circumeo  hor- 
tans  suus,  et  admonens  is 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


149 


in  mind  of  the  ancient  glory  of 
the  Persians,  and  of  the  per- 
petual possession  of  empire 
given  him  by  the  gods. 

Having  got  Egypt  without 
ai./  contest,  he  goes  into  Li- 
bya, designing  to  visit  the  tem- 
pi e  of  Jupiter  Hammon,  and 
consult  him  concerning  the 
event  of  the  war. 

Boys  are  not  to  be  glutted 
v,  ith  meat ;  for  we  cannot  use 
our  reason  well,  being  filled 
with  much  meat  and  drink. 

Many  men  abounding  in  gold 
and  flowing  in  wealth,  cannot 
deliver  their  minds  from  cares  ; 
no  possession  therefore  is  to 
be  valued  more  than  virtue. 

Tiberius  seldom  used  the 
Greek  language,  and  abstained 
from  it  chiefly  in  the  senate  ; 
insomuch  that,  being  about  to 
mention  the  word  monopolium, 
he  asked  pardon,  because  he 
was  obliged  to  make  use  of  a 
foreign  word. 

Sylla  for  a  long  time  so  be- 
haved himself  that  he  seemed 
to  have  no  thought  of  setting 
up  for  the  consulship. 

There  will  be  no  other  more 
seasonable  time  of  delivering 
ourselves  from  the  dread  of 
the  Carthaginians  than  now, 
whilst  they  are  weak  and  nee- 

After  this  the  Carthaginians 
sent  generals  into  Sicily,  to 
prosecute  the  remains  of  the 
war,  with  whom  Agathocles 
made  a  peace. 

It  would  be  tedious  to  re- 
O 


vetus  gloria  Persa,  et  per- 
petuus  possessio  imperium 
datus  sui  a  deus. 

Potitus  Aegyptus  sine 
cert amen ,  per  go  in  Libya, 
visum s  templum  Jupiter 
Hammon,  et  consulturus  is 
de  eventus  helium, 

Puer  non  sum  implendus 
cibus ;  non  enim  possum 
utor  mens  recte,  completus 
multus  cibus  et  potio. 

Multus  homo  abundans 
aurum,  et  circumjluens  di- 
vitiae,  non  possum  libero 
animus  cura ;  nullus  pos- 
sessio  igitur  sum  plus  acs- 
timandus  quam  virtus. 

Tiberius  raro  utor  Grae- 
cus  sermo,  abstineoque 
maocime  in  senatus ;  adeo 
quidem  ut,  nominaturusvox 
monopolium,  postulo  ve- 
nia,  quod  sui  utendum  sum 
verbum  peregrinus. 

Sylla  diu  it  a  sui  gero, 
ut  videor  habeo  nullus  co- 
gitatio  petendum  consula- 
tes. 

Non  su?n  alius  oppor- 
tunus  tempus  liberandum 
ego  mctus  Carthaginiensis 
quam  nunc,  dum  sum  in- 
jirmus  et  egenus. 

Post  hie  Poeni  mitto  dux 
in  Sicilia  ad  persequen- 
dum  reliquiae  helium,  cum 
qui  Agathocles  paxfacio. 

Longus   sum  recenseo 


150 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


count  what  Annibal  has  done 
against  us  and  our  armies,  by- 
plundering  our  cities,  and  kill- 
ing our  fellow-soldiers. 

The  Bituriges  sent  deputies 
to  Caesar  to  complain  of  inju- 
ries, and  to  beg  assistance 
against  the  Carnutes. 

Timoleon  took  Mamercus, 
the  Italian  general,  a  warlike 
man,  and  of  great  power,  who 
had  come  into  Sicily  to  assist 
the  tyrants. 

Tf  All  the  soldiers  of  Alex- 
ander, forgetting  their  wives 
and  children,  looked  upon  the 
Fersian  gold  and  the  riches  of 
all  the  East,  as  their  plunder  ; 
nor  did  they  talk  of  wars  and 
dangers,  but  the  riches  which 
they  hoped  to  obtain. 

Lysimachus  being  wont  to 
hear  Callisthenes,  and  receive 
precepts  of  virtue  from  him, 
pitying  so  great  a  man  suffer- 
ing the  punishment,  not  of  any 
crime,  but  his  freedom,  gave 
him  poison  for  a  remedy  of  his 
misery ;  which  Alexander  took 
so  ill,  that  he  ordered  him  to 
be  delivered  to  a  very  fierce 
lion. 

The  conditions  of  peace  of- 
fered to  Antiochus,  king  of 
Asia,  were  these  :  That  Asia 
should  be  the  Romans' ;  that 
he  should  have  the  kingdom  of 
Syria  ;  that  he  should  deliver 
up  all  his  ships,  prisoners,  and 
deserters,  and  restore  the  Ro- 
mans the  whole  charge  of  the 
war. 

God,  though  angry  with  sin, 
invites  sinners  to  repentance  : 


qui  Annibal  patro  in  ego 
exercitusque  noster,  popu- 
landum  urbs,  et  interficien- 
dum  commilito. 

Bituriges  mitto  legatus 
ad  Cdssar  questum  de  in- 
juria, et  petitum  auxilium 
contra  Carnutes, 

Timoleon  capio  Mamer- 
cus, Italicus  dux,  homo 
bellicosus  et  potens,  qui 
venio  in  Sicilia  adjutum 
tyrannus. 

Omnis  miles  Alexander, 
oblitus  cojijux  et  liberi, 
duco  Persicus  aurum,  et 
opes  totus  Oriens,  ut  suus 
praeda ;  nec  memini  bel- 
lum  et  periculum,  sed  di- 
vitiae  qui  spero  obtinco. 

Lysimachus  solitus  au- 
dio Callisthenes,  et  accipio 
praeceptum  virtus  ab  is, 
misertus  tantus  vir  pen- 
dens poena,  non  culpa,  sed 
libertas,  do  is  venenum  in 
remedium  calamitas ;  qui 
Alexander  fero  tarn  aegre, 
utjubeo  is  trado  ferox  leo. 

Conditio  pax  oblatus 
Antiochus,  rex  Asia,  sum 
hie :  Ut  Asia  sum  Roma- 
nus  ;  ut  ille  habeo  regnum 
Syria ;  ut  trado  univcrsus 
navis,  captivus,  et  transfu- 
ga,  et  restituo  totus  sump- 
tus  bellum.  Romanus. 


Deus,  licet  iratus  pec* 
catum,  invito  peccatoi  ad 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


151 


he  offers  them  eternal  happi- 
ness in  heaven  ;  but  they  de- 
spise his  mercy,  and  hearken  to 
the  devil,  who  endeavours  to 
tempt  them  to  wickedness. 
They  repent  of  their  sins  when 
it  is  too  late,  and  their  repen- 
tance cannot  profit  them,  that 
is,  when  they  suffer  the  pun- 
ishment due  to  their  folly. 

Antoninus  was  a  man  of  an 
illustrious  family,  but  not  very 
ancient,  and  who  deservedly 
may  be  compared  with  Numa  ; 
he  was  cruel  to  nobody,  kind 
to  all,  seeking  out  the  most 
just  men  to  manage  the  govern- 
ment, giving  honour  to  the 
good,  detesting  the  wicked,  no 
less  venerable  than  terrible  to 
kings  ;  he  was  called  pious, 
on  account  of  his  clemency. 

It  was  a  thing  worth  the 
sight,  to  see  Xerxes  lurking  in 
a  small  vessel,  whom  a  little 
before  the  whole  sea  hardly 
contained  ;  wanting  likewise 
the  attendance  of  servants, 
whose  armies,  by  reason  of 
their  number,  were  burden- 
some to  the  earth. 

Epaminondas  was  modest, 
prudent,  steady,  wisely  using 
the  times,  skilled  in  war,  of  a 
great  spirit,  a  lover  of  truth, 
merciful,  not  only  bearing  with 
the  injuries  of  the  people,  but 
his  friends  too  ;  he  was  exer- 
cised very  much  in  running 
and  wrestling,  and  employed 
a  great  deal  of  his  application 
in  arms. 

Philip  sends  deputies  to 
Atheas,  king  of  the  Scythians, 


poenitentia :  offero  ille  ae- 
ternus  feiicitas  in  coclum ; 
sed  contemno  is  misericor- 
dia,  et  pareo  diabolus,  qui 
conor  pellicio  is  ad  scelus. 
Poenitet  is peccatum  quan- 
do  sum  sero,  et  poenitentia 
suus  non  possum  prosum 
is,  is  sum,  cum  do  poena 
debitus  stultitia  suus. 

Antoninus  sum  vir  cla- 
rus  6  genus,  sed  non  ad- 
modum  vetus,  et  qui  merito 
confer o  Numa ;  sum  acer- 
bus  nullus,  benignus  cunc- 
tus,  quaerens  justus  ad  ad- 
ministrandus  respublica, 
habens  honor  bonus,  detes- 
tans  improbus,  non  minus 
venerabilis  quam  terribilis 
rex ;  pius  propter  demen- 
tia dico. 

Sum  res  dignus  specta- 
culum,  video  Xerxes  latens 
in  exiguus  navigium,  qui 
paulo  ante  vix  omnis  ae- 
quor  capio  ;  carens  etiam 
ministerium  servus,  qui 
exercitus,  propter  multi- 
tudo,  sum  gravis  terra. 

Epaminondas  sum  mo- 
destus,  prudens,  gravis, 
sapienter  uteris  tempus, 
peritus  bellum,  magnus  6 
animus,  diligens  Veritas, 
elemens,  non  solum  fer ens 
injuria  populus,  sed  etiam 
amicus ;  exerceo  plurimum 
currendum  et  luctandum, 
et  consumo  plurimum  stu- 
dium  in  arma. 

Philippus  mitto  legatus 
ad  Atheas,  rex  Scythae, 


152 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


desiring  a  part  of  the  expense 
of  the  siege.  Atheas,  blaming 
the  rigour  of  the  climate,  and 
the  barrenness  of  the  land, 
which  did  not  enrich  the  Scy- 
thians with  wealth,  replied, 
That  he  had  no  riches  where- 
with he  might  satisfy  so  great 
a  king,  and  that  he  thought  it 
more  scandalous  to  do  but  a 
little,  than  to  refuse  the  whole. 

Alexander,  fond  of  high  ti- 
tles, ordered  himself  to  be 
adored.  The  most  violent 
among  the  recusants  was  Cal- 
listhenes,  which  thing  brought 
ruin  on  him,  and  on  many  of 
the  great  men  of  Macedonia  ; 
for  they  were  ail  put  to  death, 
under  pretence  of  a  plot.  Ne- 
vertheless, the  custom  of  sa- 
luting their  king  was  retained 
by  the  Macedonians. 

Many  cities  of  Greece  came 
to  complain  of  the  injuries  of 
Philip,  king  of  Macedonia ; 
but  such  a  dispute  arose  in  the 
senate  betwixt  Demetrius, 
Philip's  son,  whom  his  father 
had  sent  to  satisfy  the  senate, 
and  the  deputies  of  the  cities, 
that,  to  soothe  their  minds,  and 
to  compose  the  differences, 
there  was  need  of  threats. 

They  do  not  believe  there 
are  any  gods,  and  he  thinks 
they  are  to  be  saved,  to  avoid 
the  odium  of  gods  and  men. 
But,  1  think  the  gods  have  re- 
duced the  Carthaginians  to  this 
condition,  that  they  may  suffer 
the  punishment  of  their  im- 
piety ;  who,  by  breaking  the 
treaties  made  with  us  in  Sicily, 
Spain,  Italy,  and  Africa,  have 


petens  portio  impensa  ob- 
sidio.  Athens,  causatus 
inclementia  caelum,  et  ste- 
rilitas  terra,  qui  non  dito 
Scythae  patrimonium,  res- 
pondeo,  Nullus  sui  opes 
sum,  qui  expleo  tantus 
rex,  et  puto  turpis  defun- 
gor  parvus,  quam  abnuo 
totus. 

Alexander,  gaudens  mag- 
nus  titulus,jubco  suiadoro. 
Acer  inter  recusans  sum 
Callisthenes,  qui  sum  exiti- 
um  ille,  et  multus  princeps 
Macedonia  ;  nam  omnis  in- 
terficio,  sub  species  insi- 
diae.  Tamen,  mos  salutan- 
dum  rex  retineo  a  Macedo- 
nes. 


Multus  civitas  Graecia 
venio  questum  de  injuria 
Philippus,  rex  Macedonia ; 
sed  tantus  disceptatio  orior 
in  senatus  inter  Demetri- 
us, Philippus  fdius,  qui 
pater  mitto  ad  satisfacien- 
dum senatus,  et  legatus  ci- 
vitas, ut,  ad  mitigandus 
animus,  et  ad  componen- 
dus  lis,  opus  sum  minae. 

Non  credo  sum  deus,  et 
ille  censeo  is  sum  servan- 
dus,  ad  vitandus  invidia 
deus  homoque.  At  ego 
puto  deus  redigo  Pocni  in 
hie  status,  ut  luo  poena  irn- 
pietas  ;  qui,  violandum 
foedus  ictus  egocum  in  Si- 
cilia,  Hispania,  Italia,  el 
Africa,  infer o  ego  gravis 
calamitas. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


153 


brought  upon  us  the  heaviest 
calamities. 

When  both  the  prayers  and 
the  threats  of  the  deputies 
were  slighted,  they  came  arm- 
ed to  the  city  ;  there  they  call 
gods  and  men  to  witness,  that 
they  came  not  to  force,  but  to 
recover  their  country ;  and 
would  shew  their  countrymen, 
that  not  their  courage  but  for- 
tune, had  failed  them  in  the 
former  war. 

The  Helvetii  by  this  time 
had  carried  their  forces  through 
the  straits  and  the  territories 
of  the  Sequani,  and  had  come 
into  the  dominions  of  the  Ae- 
dui,  and  were  ravaging  their 
country  ;  the  Aedui,  as  they 
were  not  able  to  defend  them- 
selves and  their  possessions 
against  them,  sent  deputies  to 
Caesar  to  beg  assistance. 


Cum  et  precis  et  minae 
legatus  sperno,  arrnatus  ad 
urbs  venio ;  ibi  deus  ho- 
moque  testor,  sui  venio  non 
expugnatum,  sed  recupe- 
ratum  patria  ;  ostensur- 
usque  civis  suus,  non  vir- 
tus, sed  for  tuna  descm 
sui  in  prior  bellum. 

Helvetii  jam  transduco 
suus  copiae  per  angustia 
et  finis  Sequani,  et  perve- 
nio  in  finis  Aedui,  popu- 
torque  is  ager  ;  Aedui, 
quum  non  possum  defendo 
sui  suusque  ab  hie,  mitto 
legatus  ad  Casar  rogatum 
auxilium. 


Demetrius  compares  prosperity  to  the  indulgence  of  a  fond  mother,  which  of- 
ten ruins  the  child  ;  but  he  compaies  the  affection  of  the  Divine  Being  to  that  of 
a  wise  father,  who  would  have  his  sons  to  labour,  to  feel  disappointment  and 
pain,  that  they  may  gather  strength  and  improve  their  fortitude.  There  is  not 
on  earth,  says  he,  a  spectacle  more  worthy  the  regard  of  a  Creator  intent  on  his 
works,  than  a  brave  man  superior  to  his  sufferings  \  it  must  be  a  pleasure  to  Ju- 
piter himself  to  look  down  from  heaven,  and  see  Cato,  amidst  the  ruins  of  his 
country,  preserving  his  integrity. 

Bacchus  is  said  to  have  taught  the  art  of  planting  the  vine,  of  making  honey, 
and  tilling  the  ground  ;  but  the  ass  of  Nauplia  also  deserves  praise,  who  used  to 
gnaw  the  vines,  and  so  taught  men  the  art  of  pruning  them. 


4.  The  Construction  of  CIRCUMSTANCES. 
1.  The  Cause,  Manner,  and  Instrument. 
RULE  XI. 

*  53.  The  cause,  manner,  and  instrument,  are  put  in  the 
ablative. 

I  am  pale  for  fear.  Palleo  metu. 

He  did  it  after  his  own  way.    Fecit  suo  more. 
I  write  with  a  pen.  Scribo  calamo. 

o2 


154 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


Note  1.  The  CAUSE  is  known  by  the  question  CUR  or  Q  UARET  Why  ?  Where- 
/ore?  the  MANNER,  by  the  question  QUOMODOI  How/  and  the  INSTRU- 
MENT, by  the  question  QUOCUM?  Wherewith  f 

Note  2.  The  cause  sometimes  takes  the  prepositions  per,  propter,  or  dc,  e,  ex, 
p*ae  ;  as,  Cic.  hegihus  propter  metum  paret.  Id.  Cum  e  via  languercm.  Id.  Nee 
loqui  prae  rr.oerore  potuit. 

Note  3.  The  manner  frequently  admits  the  preposition  cum,  and  sometimes  de, 
t,  ex,  01  per  ;  as,  Cic.  Semper  mag  no  cum  metu  dicere  incipio.  Virg.  Sohtio  rna- 
trum  de  more  locuta  est.    Cic.  Quod  adeptus  est  per  scelus,  id  per  luxuriam  effundit. 

Note  4.  The  instrument  seldom  or  never  admits  the  preposition  cum,  but  it  is 
expressed  sometimes  with  a  or  ab  by  the  poets  ;  as,  Ovid.  Hi  jacuto  pisces,  illi 
capiuntur  abhamo.  But  here  observe,  that  cum  is  generally  expressed  with  the 
ablative  of  concontitancy,  which  signifies  something  to  be  in  company  with  another 
thing  ;  as,  Ingressus  est  cum  gladio,  lie  entered  with  a  sword,  i.  e.  having  a  sword 
with  him,  or  about  him.  In  like  manner,  Cic.  Desinant  obsidere  cum gladiis  curi 
am.    Id.  Ut  Vettiusin  foro  cum  pugionc  comprehenderetur. 

Note  5.  To  the  cause  may  be  referred  the  matter  of  which  any  thing  is  made  ; 
as,  Liv.  Capitoliumsaxo  quadrato  substructum.  Virg.  Acre  cavo  clypeus.  But  the 
preposition  is  more  frequently  expressed  ;  as,  Cic.  Pocula  ex  uuro.  Virg.  Tern- 
plum  de  mamwre.  Caes.  Naoes  factae  ex  robore.  Cic.  Candelabrum  factum  e  gem- 
mis. 

Note  6.  To  the  manner  may  be  referred  the  means  by  which  ;  as,  Cic.  Amicos  ob- 
servantia,  rem  parsimonia  retinuit.  Sail.  Huic  quia  bonae  artes  desunt,  dohs  aique 
fallaciis  contendit :  and  the  respect  wherein  ;  as,  Cic.  Floruit  cum  acumine  ingenii, 
turn  admirabili  quodam  lepore  dicendi.  Id.  Scipio  omnes  sale  facetiisque  superabat. 
Caes.  Fama  nobiles  potentesque  bello.  These  also  sometimes  have  the  preposi- 
tion expressed. 

CcBsar  habeo  magnus 
bencficium  ac  munijicentia, 
Cato  integritas  vita. 

Limus  duresco  et  cera 
liquesco  unus  idemque  ig- 
nis. 

Nemo  violo  tuus  com- 
modum  gratia  ;  homo  homo 
causa  genero. 

Pausanias  cpulor,  mos 
Persae,  luxuriose  quam 
qui  adsum  possum  perpe- 
tior. 

Xerxes  vinco  magis  con- 
silium Themistocles,  quam 
arma  Graecia. 

Syria  vasto  terra  motus, 
qui  centum  septuaginta  mil- 
Ic  homo  et  mult  us  urbs 
per°o. 

Mithridates  sum  vir 
accr  helium i  eximius  vir- 
tus, dux  consilium,  mh& 


1.  Caesar  was  esteemed 
great  for  his  favours  and  gene- 
rosity, Cato  for  the  integrity  of 
his  life. 

Clay  hardens  and  wax  softens 
by  one  and  the  same  fire. 

Wrong  nobody  for  thy  own 
interest's  sake  ;  men  were 
born  for  the  sake  of  men. 

2.  Pausanias  feasted  after 
the  manner  of  the  Persians, 
more  luxuriously  than  they  that 
were  with  him  could  endure. 

Xerxes  was  conquered  more 
by  the  contrivance  of  Themis- 
tocles,  than  the  arms  of  Greece. 

Syria  was  desolated  by  an 
earthquake,  wherein  a  hundred 
and  seventy  thousand  men  and 
many  cities  perished. 

Mithridates  was  a  man  very 
brisk  in  war,  extraordinary  for 
courage,  a  general  for  conduct, 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


155 


a  soldier  in  action,  a  Hannibal 
for  spite  against  the  Romans. 

3.  Alexander  stabbed  his 
most  dear  friend  Clitus  with 
a  sword. 

They  cut  down  the  wood, 
which  hung  over  the  wTay,  with 
hatchets. 

Nero  fished  with  golden  nets 
which  he  drew  with  cords  of 
purple  silk. 

The  Metapontini  shew,  in 
the  temple  of  Minerva,  the 
iron  tools  with  which  Epeus 
made  the  Trojan  horse. 

Antonius  fills  the  houses  nigh 
the  walls  with  the  bravest  of 
the  soldiers,  who  forced  away 
the  defenders  with  trees,  cud- 
gels, tiles,  and  torches. 

Fulvius  surrounded  the  lurk- 
ing places  of  the  enemy  with 
fire;  Posthumius  so  disarmed 
them  that  he  scarce  left  them 
iron  wherewith  the  ground 
might  be  tilled. 

TT  The  contest  was  dubious 
till  his  army  broke  into  the 
town.  In  that  battle,  being 
wounded  under  the  breast,  he 
began  to  faint  through  loss  of 
blood  ;  yet  he  fought  upon  his 
knees,  till  he  killed  him  by 
whom  he  had  been  wounded. 
The  dressing  of  the  wound  was 
more  painful  than  the  wound 
itself. 

The  Lacedaemonians,  as 
they  observed  the  excellent 
conduct  of  Alcibiades  in  all 
things,  were  afraid,  lest,  tempt- 
ed by  the  love  of  his  country, 
he  should  revolt  from  them, 
and  return  to  a  good  under- 


manus,  Hannibal  odium  in 
Romanus. 

Alexander  transfodio 
earns  suus  amicus  Clitus 
gladius. 

Excido  sylva,  qui  im- 
mineo  via,  securis, 

Nero  piscor  aureus 
rete,  qui  extraho  blatteus 
funis. 

Metapontini  ostento,  in 
templum  Minerva,  ferra- 
mentum  qui  Epeus  fabrico 
Trojanus  equus. 

Antonius  compleo  tec- 
tum propinquus  murus  f or- 
ris miles,  qui  deturbo  pro- 
pugnator  trabs,  fustis,  te- 
gula,  et  fax. 

Fulvius  sepio  latebra 
hostis  ignis ;  Posthumius 
ita  exarmo,  ut  vix  relinqno 
ferrum  qui  terra  colo. 

Cert  amen  sum  anceps 
donee  exercitus  irrumpo  in 
oppidum.  In  is  praelium, 
trajectus  sub  mamma,  coe- 
pi  deficio  fluxus  sanguis  ; 
tamen  praelior  genu,  do- 
nee occido  is  a  qui  vulne- 
ro.  Curatio  vulnus  sum 
gravis  ipse  vulnus. 

Lacedaemonii,  quum 
cognosco  praestans  pru- 
dentia  Alcibiades  in  omnis 
res,  pcr.imesco,  nc,  duc- 
tus amor  patria,  desciscu 
ab  ipse,  et  redeo  in  gra- 
tia cum  suus;   itaque  in 


156 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


standing  with  his  countrymen  ; 
wherefore  they  resolved  to 
seek  an  opportunity  of  cutting 
him  off. 

The  shepherd,  wearied  by 
his  wife's  entreaties,  returned 
into  the  wood,  and  found  a 
bitch  by  the  infant,  giving  her 
dugs  to  the  little  one,  and  de- 
fending it  from  the  wild  beasts 
and  birds  ;  and  being  moved 
with  pity,  with  which  he  saw 
the  bitch  moved,  he  carried  it 
to  his  cottage,  whilst  the  same 
bitch  followed. 

After  this  Alexander  goes 
for  India,  that  he  might  bound 
his  empire  with  the  ocean  ;  to 
which  glory,  that  the  ornaments 
of  his  army  might  agree,  he 
covers  the  horses'  trappings 
and  Iris  soldiers'  arms  with  sil- 
ver, and  called  his  army  from 
their  silver  shields,  Arjyras- 
pides. 

When  Alexander  was  come 
to  the  Cuphites,  where  the 
enemy  waited  his  coming  with 
two  hundred  thousand  horse, 
the  whole  army  being  wearied, 
no  less  with  the  number  of 
their  victories,  than  the  fatigue 
of  the  war,  entreats  him  with 
tears,  that  he  would  make  an 
end  of  the  war,  remember  his 
country,  and  regard  the  years 
of  his  soldiers. 

Annibal  got  Marceilus'  ring, 
logether  with  his  body.  Cris- 
pinus  fearing  some  trick  would 
be  played  with  it  by  the  Car- 
thaginian, sent  messengers 
about  the  neighbouring  cities, 
that  his  colleague  was  slain, 


stituo  quaero  tempus  inter* 

ficiendus  is. 

Pastor,  fatigatus  precis 
uxor,  revertor  in  sylva,  et 
invenio  canis  foemina  jux- 
ta  infans,  praebens  uber 
parvulus,  et  defendens  a 
fera  alesque ;  et  motus 
misericordia,  qui  video 
canis  motus,  defero  ad  sta- 
bulum,  dum  idem  canis 
prosequor. 

Post  hie  Alexander  ad 
India  per  go,  ut  finio  im- 
perium  oceanus ;  qui  glo- 
ria ut  ornamentum  exer- 
citus convenio,  induco 
equus  phalerae  et  miles 
arma  argentum,  et  voco 
exercitus  suus,  ab  argen- 
teus  clypeus,  Argyraspides. 

Cum  Alexander  venio 
ad  Cuphites,  ubi  hostis 
opperior  is  adventus  cum 
ducenti  mille  eques,  omnis 
exercitus  fessus,  non  minus 
numerus  victoria,  quam 
labor  helium,  deprecor  is 
lacryma,  ut  facio  Jinis  bel- 
lum, memini  patria,  et  re- 
spicio  annus  miles. 

Annibal  potior  annulus 
Marceilus,  simul  cum  cor- 
pus. Crispinus  metuens 
ne  quid  dolus  nccto  a  Poe- 
nus,  mitto  nuncius  circa 
proximus  civitas,  collcga 
occido,  et  hostis  potic?  an- 


TO   LATIN  SYNTAX 


157 


and  the  enemy  had  got  his 
ring;  that  they  should  not 
believe  any  letters  written  in 
the  name  of  Marcellus. 

After  Seleucus  was  recalled 
into  Asia  by  new  commotions, 
Arsaces  settles  the  kingdom  of 
the  Parthians,  raises  soldiers, 
fortifies  castles,  and  strength- 
ens the  towns  ;  he  builds  like- 
wise a  city,  by  name  Dera, 
upon  a  mountain  which  is  call- 
ed Zapaortenon,  of  which  place 
the  nature  is  such,  that  nothing 
can  be  stronger  or  more  plea- 
sant than  that  mountain. 

He  has  shown  above,  that 
avarice  is  worse  than  ambition, 
because  among  ambitious  men 
are  found  some  good  and  some 
bad  :  for  almost  all  men  are  de- 
sirous of  praise,  glory,  and 
power  ;  but  seem  to  differ  in 
this,  that  the  good  man  attains 
to  honour  by  the  true  way  of 
virtue,  but  the  bad  by  deceit 
and  fraud. 

Philip  said,  that  he  saw  a 
cloud  of  terrible  and  bloody 
war  rising  in  Italy ;  that  he 
saw  the  storm  roaring  and 
thundering  from  the  west, 
which,  into  whatever  part  of 
the  earth  the  tempest  of  vic- 
tory should  drive  it,  would 
stain  all  places  with  a  vast 
shower  of  blood. 

After  Alexander  had  receiv- 
ed the  cup  at  the  feast  to 
which  Medius  Thessalus  in- 
vited him,  he  groan e  1  in  the 
middle  of  his  draught,  as  if 
stabbed  with  a  dart ;  and  being 
carried  out  of  the  feast  half 


nulus  is;  ne  quis  litera 
credo  compositus  nomen 
Marcellus. 

Postquam  Seleucus  re* 
voco  in  Asia  novus  motus. 
Arsaces  formo  regnum 
Parthicus,  lego  miles, 
munio  castellum,  et  Jirmo 
civitas ;  condo  quoqueurbs, 
nomen  Dera,  in  mons  qui 
appello  Zapaortenon,  qui 
locus  conditio  sum  is,  ut 
nihil  possum  sum  munitus 
aut  amoenus  is  mons. 

Ostendo  superius,  ava- 
ritia  sum  deterior  ambitio, 
propterea  quod  inter  am- 
bitiosus  tarn  bonus  quam 
malus  invenio :  nam  omnis 
ferme  sum  cupidus  laus, 
gloria,  et  imperium ;  ta- 
men  video  in  hie  differo, 
quod  bonus  accedo  ad  ho- 
nor verus  via  virtus,  ma- 
lus autem  dolus  et  fraus. 

Philippus  dico,  sui  video 
nubes  trux  ct  cruentus  bel- 
lum  consurgens  in  Italia  ; 
video  procella  tonans  ac 
fulminans  ab  occasus,  qui, 
in  quicunque  pars  terra 
tempest  as  victoria  defer  o, 
foedaturus  omnis  magnus 
imber  cruor. 

Postquam  Alexander  ac- 
cipio  poculum  in  convivi- 
um  ad  qui  Medius  Thes* 
salus  voco  is,  ingemo  in 
medius  potio,  velut  con- 
Jixus  telum ;  elatusque  e 
convivium  semianimis 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


alive,  "he  was  racked  with,  so 
much  pain,  that  he  called  for 
his  sword  to  kill  himself  with. 

Whilst  the  rest  flattered  Al- 
exander, one  of  the  old  men, 
Clitus  by  name,  in  confidence 
of  the  king's  friendship,  of 
which  he  held  the  first  place, 
defended  the  memory  of  Philip, 
and  commended  his  exploits  ; 
but  he  so  displeased  the  king, 
that  he  slew  him  in  the  enter- 
tainment with  a  spear,  which 
he  took  from  a  lifeguard-man. 

Gallaecia  is  very  fruitful  in 
brass  and  lead,  and  very  rich 
in  gold  too,  so  that  often  with 
the  plough  they  tear  up  goMen 
sods.  On  the  confines  of  this 
nation  there  is  a  sacred  moun- 
tain, which  it  is  reckoned  a 
heinous  crime  to  open  with  un 
iron  tool ;  but  if  at  any  time 
the  earth  is  rent  with  lightning, 
it  is  allowed  to  pick  up  the 
gold  thus  uncovered  as  a  pre- 
sent from  the  god. 

The  glory  of  Cynaegirus  too, 
an  Athenian  soldier,  is  celebrat- 
ed by  mighty  commendations 
of  historians,  who,  after  innu  - 
merable slaughters,  when  he 
had  driven  the  flying  enemy  to 
their  ships,  seized  a  loaded 
ship  with  his  right  hand,  nor 
did  he  let  go  till  he  lost  his 
hand;  then  too  he  t jok  hold 
of  the  ship  with  his  left ;  which 
when  he  had  likewise  lost,  he 
seized  the  ship  with  his  teeth. 

Chabrias  being  surrounded 
by  a  concourse  of  the  enemy, 
fought  very  bravely  ;  but  his 
ship  being  struck  with  a  ros- 


crucio  tantus  dolor,  ut 
posco  ferrum  qui  sui  in- 
ter ficio. 

Dum  cacter  adulor 
Alexander,  units  ex  senex, 
Clitus  nomen,  fiducia  rex 
amicitia,  qui  primus  locus 
teneo,  tueor,  memoria  Phi- 
lippus,  et  laudo  is  res  ges- 
tus ;  sed  adeo  displiceo 
rex,  ut  trucido  is  in  con- 
vivium  telum,  qui  aufero 
satelles. 

Gallaecia  sum  uber  aes 
ac  plumbum,  dives  quoque 
6  aurum,  adeo  ut  frequen- 
ter aratrum  exscindo  au- 
reus gleba.  In  finis  hie 
gens  sum  sacer  mons,  qui 
habjo  nefas  violo  ferrum  ; 
sed  si  quando  terra  pros- 
cindo  fulgur,  permit  to  col- 
ligo  aurum  sic  detectus 
velut  deus  munus. 


Gloria  Cynaegirus  quo- 
que, Athcniensis  miles,  ce- 
lebro  magnus  laus  scriptor, 
qui,  post  innumerus  cae- 
des,  cum  ago  fugiens  hos- 
tis  ad  naois,  teneo  onustus 
navis  dexter  vianus,  nec 
dimitto  priusquam  amitto 
manus ;  turn  quoque  com- 
prehendo  navis  sinister ; 
qui  cum  etiam  amitto,  de- 
tinco  navis  morsus. 

Chabrias  circumfusus 
concursus  hostis,  fortiter 
pugno ;  sed  navis  percus- 
sus  rostrum,  coepi  sido. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


trum,  begafc  to  sink.  Though 
he  might  have  escaped  by 
swimming,  if  he  would  have 
thrown  himself  into  the  sea, 
because  the  fleet  of  the  Athe- 
nians wras  at  hand,  he  chose 
rather  to  perish  than  to  quit 
the  ship  in  which  he  had 
sailed :  wherefore  he  was 
slain  by  the  enemies'  weapons 
fighting  hand  to  hand. 


Cum  possum  refugio  nan- 
dum,  si  dejicio  sui  in  mare, 
quod  classis  Atltcniensis 
subsum,  malo  pereo  quam 
relinquo  navis  in  quiveho  : 
itaque  interficio  hostis  te- 
lum  cominus  pugnans. 


When  Helena,  the  mother  of  Constantine  the  Great,  came  to  visit  Judaea,  she 
found  Jerusalem,  and  the  country  about,  in  a  forlorn  ruinous  condition  ;  but  be- 
ing arirnated  with  a  noble  zeal  of  adorning  the  theatre  of  the  world's  redemption, 
she  caused,  with  a  great  deal  of  cost  and  labour,  the  places  where  our  Saviour 
had  suffered,  to  be  cleared  of  rubbish,  and  a  magnificent  church  to  be  built,  which 
should  inclose  as  many  of  the  scenes  of  his  sufferings  as  possible ;  which  stately 
edifice  is  still  standing,  and  is  kept  in  good  repair  by  the  generous  offerings  of  a 
constant  concourse  of  pilgrims,  w  ho  annually  resort  to  it.  The  walls  of  it  are 
of  stone,  the  roof  of  cedar.  The  east  end  incloses  Mount  Calvary,  and  the  west 
the  holy  sepulchre. 

To  God,  who  is  supreme,  most  wise  and  beneficent,  and  to  him  alone,  belong 
worship,  adoration,  thanksgiving,  and  praise  ;  who  hath  stretched  forth  the  hea- 
vens with  his  hand,  who  setteth  bounds  to  the  ocean  that  it  cannot  pass,  and 
saith  unto  the  stormy  winds,  Be  still ;  who  shaketh  the  earth,  and  the  nations 
tremble  ;  who  darteth  his  lightning,  and  the  wicked  are  dismayed  ;  who  calleth 
forth  worlds  by  the  word  of  his  mouth ;  who  smiteth  with  his  arm,  and  they 
sink  into  nothing. 


2.  PLACE. 
RULE  XII. 

*  54.  The  name  of  a  town  of  the  first  or  second  declen- 
sion, and  singular  number,  is  put  in  the  genitive,  when  the 
question  is  made  by  UBI?  Where? 

He  lived  at  Rome.  Vixit  Romae. 

He  died  at  London.  Mortuus  est  Londinu 

Note  1.  When  the  name  of  a  town  is  put  in  the  genitive,  in  urbe  or  in  oppido  is 
understood  ;  and  therefore  we  cannot  say,  Natus  est  Romae  urbis  Celebris,  but  Ro- 
mae celebri  urbe,  or  in  Romae  celebri  urbe,  or  in  Roma  celebri  urbe. 

Note  2.  Humi,  militiae,  and  belli,  are  also  construed  in  the  genitive,  when  the 
question  is  made  by  uhi?  as,  Ovid.  Procumbit  humi,  sup.  in  terra  vel  solo.  Id. 
Prosternite  humi  juvcnem,  sc.  ad  terram.  Cic.  Cujus  laudem  domi  defenderis,  sc. 
tin  aedibus.  Ter.  Domi  militiaeque  una  juimus.  And  Sail.  Belli  domique  agitabaturP 
sc.  it  loco. 

Note  3.  The  names  of  towns  belonging  to  tins  rule,  are  sometimes,  chough 
rarely,  expressed  in  the  ablative  ;  as,  Vitruv.  Hujus  exemplar  Roma  nullum  habe- 
mus,  for  Romae.    Just.  Rex  Tyro  decedit,  for  Tyri. 

*  55.  The  name  of  a  town  of  the  third  declension,  or  of 
the  plural  number,  is  expressed  in  the  ablative,  when  the 

question  is  mtide  by  UBI? 


160 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


He  dwells  at  Carthage  Habitat  Carthagine. 

He  studied  at  Athens.  Studuit  Athenis. 

The  oracles  are  silent  at    Dcldhis  oracula  cessant. 
Delphi. 

Note.  Some  names  of  towns  of  the  third  declension  seem  to  be  put  in  the  dative  t 
as,  Plaut.  In  Graecia  el  Carthagini.  C'c.  Convento  Antonio  Tiburi.  Nep.  Nulla 
Jjacedaemonia  tarn  est  nobilis  vidua,  &c.  But  these  are  old  ablatives,  instead  of 
Carthagine,  Tibure,  Lacedaemone.    To  which  add  ruri  for  rare. 

*  56.  When  the  question  is  made  by  Quo  ?  [Whither?] 
the  name  of  a  town  is  governed  in  the  accusative. 

I  will  send  a  letter  to  Syra-  Epistolam  Syracusas  miU 

cuse.  tarn. 

He  went  to  Corinth.  Profcclus  est  Corinthum. 

He  returned  to  Babylon.  Rediit  Babylonem. 

Note.  We  sometimes,  though  rarely,  find  the  names  of  towns  in  the  dative,  in- 
«tead  of  the  accusative  ;  as,  Hor.  Carthagini  nuncios  mittam  superbos. 

*  57.  If  the  question  is  made  by  UNDE  1  [  Whence  ?]  or 
QUA  ?  [By  or  Through  what  place  .?]  the  name  of  a  town 
is  put  in  the  ablative. 

He  departed  from  Athens.         Discessit  Athenis 
He  came  from  Corinth.  Venit  Corintho. 

I  was  passing  through  Lao-    Iter  Laodicea  faciebam. 
dicea. 

Notel.  When  the  question  is  made  by  QUA  ?  the  preposition  per,  to  prevent 
ambiguity,  is  generally  added  ;  as.  Nep.  Cum  iter  per  Thebas  faceret. 

Note  2.  These  rules  concerning  names  of  towns  may  be  thus  expressed:  The 
name  of  a  town  after  IN  or  AT  is  put  in  the  genitive  ;  unless  it  be  of  the  third 
declension,  or  of  the  plural  number,  and  then  it  is  expressed  in  the  ablative.  The 
name  ot  a  town  after  TO  or  UNTO  is  put  in  the  accusative  ;  after  FROM  or 
THROUGH,  in  the  ablative. 

*  58.  Domus  and  rus  are  construed  the  same  way  as 
name?  of  towns. 

He  stays  at  home.  Manet  domi. 

He  returns  home.  '  Domum  revertitur. 

I  am  called  from  home.         Domo  accer situs  sum. 
He  lives  in  the  country.         Vivit  rure  vel  ruri. 
He  hath  gone  to  the  coun-    Abiit  rus. 
try. 

He  returns  from  the  coun-    Redit  rure. 
try. 

Note  1.  The  preposition  is  frequently  expressed  with  domus  and  rus  ;  as,  Ter. 
In  domo.  Sail.  In  domum  Bruti  perduciU  Ascon.  in  Cic.  Ex  rure  in  urbtm  revert* 
batur. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


161 


Note  2.  Domos,  with  the  pronouns  meas,  tuas,  <fcc.  often  occur  in  the  accusative 

{)Lural  without  a  preposition  ;  as.  Sail.  Alius  alium  domos  suas  inviiant.  But  ruia 
las  the  preposition  always  expressed  ;  as,  Varro.  Quae  inducuntur  in  rura. 

59.  To  the  names  of  countries,  provinces,  and  other 
places,  not  mentioned,  the  preposition  is  generally  added. 

He  married  a  wife  in  Lemnos.  In  hemno  uxorem  duxit. 

He  came  into  Epire.  Venit  in  Epirum. 

From  Asia  he  went  over  into  Ex  Asia  transit  in  Euro- 

Europe.  pam. 

I  pass  through  Greece  to  Italy.  Iter  per  Graeciam  in  Ita- 
^  liamfacio. 

Note  1.  The  preposition  is  frequently  added  to  names  of  towns  ;  as,  Suet.  In 
Slymphalo  mortuus  est  Terentius.  Sail.  Bum  apud  Zamam  stc  certatur.  Cic.  Pro- 
fectus  sum  ad  Capuam.  Id.  A  Brundusio  nulla  adhuc  jama  venerat.  And  some- 
times omitted  to  names  of  countries,  &c.  which  in  this  case  are  construed  as 
names  of  towns  ;  as,  V.  Max.  Filios  Aegypti  occisos  cognovit.  Cic.  Sardiniamcum 
classe  venit.  Li  v.  Literae  Macedonia  ablatae.  Cic.  Nunc  tola  Asia  vagatur.  Hor. 
Ibam  forte  via  sacra.    Liv.  Seu  terra  seu  mart  obviam  eundum  hosti  foret. 

Note  2.  With  respect  to  names  of  towns,  observe  mo;e  particularly,  1.  If  an 
appellative  or  adjective  be  added,  the  preposition  is  generally  expressed;  as, 
Plin.  In  Hispali  oppido.  Propert.  Ad  doctas  proficisci  Athenas.  Mart.  Haec  de 
vitifera  venisse  Vienna.  2.  When  nigh  to  or  about  a  place,  is  signified,  the  prepo- 
sition ad  or  apud  is  always  added  ;  as,  Virg*.  Bellum  quod  ad  Trojam  gesserai.  Cic. 
Nos  apud  Alyziam  unum  diem  commorati  sumus. 

Note  3.  Peto,  when  it  signifies  to  go,  governs  the  name  of  any  place  in  the  ac- 
cusative without  a  preposition ;  as,  Ovid.  Lacedaemona  classe  petebat.  Curt. 
Aegyptum  petere  decrevit 

Note  4.  The  adverb  versus,  when  used,  is  always  put  after  the  names  of  pla- 
ces, sometimes  with,  but  oftener  without  the  preposition  ad  or  in  ;  as,  Cic.  In 
Italiam  versus  navigaturus.    Id.  Amanum  versus  proj ecti. 

Note  5.  The  adverb  usque  is  often  joined  to  names  of  places,  the  prepositions 
ad,  a,  ab,  e,  ex,  de,  being  sometimes  expressed  and  sometimes  understood  ;  as, 
Cic.  Usque  ad  Numantiam.  Id.  Usque  Ennam  profecti.  Plaut.  Usque  e  Persia. 
Cic.  Usque  Tmolo  petivit.  Instead  of  usque  ad,  usque  ab,  the  poets  sometimes 
sav,  adusque,  abusque  ;  as,  Virg.  Adusque  columnas,  abusque  Pachyno. 

NOTE. 

*  60.  The  distance  of  one  place  from  another  is  put 
in  the  accusative,  and  sometimes  in  the  ablative. 

The  farm  is  distant  from  the  Villa  distat  ab  urbe  iter 

city  one  day's  journey.  unius  diei. 

The  tower  is  twenty  furlongs  Turris  est  viginti  stadia 

on  this  side  the  river.  citra  Jluvium. 

I  will  not  stir  a  foot  from  you.  A  te  pedem  non  discedam. 

He  is  at  the  distance  of  two  Bidui  spatio  abest. 
days'  journey. 

The    king's  army   is  thirty  Regis  copiae  a  nostris  mil- 

miles  distant  from  ours.  libus  passuum  triginta 

absunt. 


162 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


Note  t.  One  of  the  substantives  expressing  the  distance,  is  sometimes  express- 
ed ,  as,  Cic.  Castra  aberant  Oidui,  sc.  spatiwn,  iter,  viam  ;  or  spatio,  itinere,  via. 

Note  2.  When  the  place  where  a  thing  is  done  is  signified,  the  word  denoting 
the  distance  is  either  expressed  in  the  ablative  ;  as,  Caes.  Millibus  passuum  duo- 
bus  ultra  eum  castra  fecit :  Or  in  the  accusative  with  ad;  as,  Cic.  Ad  tertium  mil- 
liarium  cons  edit.    Nep.  Sepultus  est  ad  quintum  lopidtm. 

Note  3.  The  EXCESS  of  measure  or  distance  is  always  put  in  the  ablative  ; 
as,  Hoc  lignum  excedit  illuddigito.  Briianniae  longitudo  ejus  latitudinem  quadra- 
ginta  milliaribus  super  at. 

Note  4.  The  word  of  distance  is  governed  in  the  accusative  by  ad  or  per  under- 
stood, and  in  the  ablative  by  a  or  ab. 


54.  My  brother  was  born  at 
London,  studied  at  Geneva, 
and  died  at  Marseilles. 

55.  Old  age  was  no  where 
more  honoured  than  at  Lace- 
demon,  and  servants  were  no 
where  better  treated  than  at 
Athens. 

Pyrrhus  was  slain  at  Del- 
phi, and  Philip  was  slain  at 
Agae,  as  he  was  going  to  see 
the  public  games. 

56.  He  led  his  army  to  Co- 
rinth, and  immediately  after  to 
Megara ;  and  from  thence  to 
Athens. 

Annibal  sent  three  bushels 
of  gold  rings  to  Carthage, 
which  he  had  taken  from  the 
hands  of  the  Romans  slain  at 
Cannae. 

57.  Caesar  setting  out  from 
Rome,  came  to  Geneva ;  and 
Quintius  going  from  Corinth, 
came  to  Philippi. 

Dionysius  sent  for  Plato 
from  Athens,  and  at  the  same 
lime  brought  back  Philistus 
the  historian  to  Syracuse. 

58.  I  use  to  be  frequently 
in  the  country,  but  I  was  at 
home  yesterday,  and  I  will  go 
home  again  to-morrow. 

All  whom  disgrace  or  villany 


Mens  frater  nascor 
Londinum,  studeo  Geneva, 
et  morior  Massilia. 

Senectus  nusquam  sum 
honoratus  quam  Lacedae- 
mon,  et  servus  nusquam 
bene  habeo  quam  Athenae. 

Pyrrhus  occido  Delphi, 
et  Philippus  interjicio 
Agae,  cum  eo  spectatum 
ludus  publicus. 

Duco  exercitus  Conn- 
thus,  ac  protinus  Megara ( 
et  inde  Athenae. 

Annibal  mitto  tres  mo- 
dius  aureus  annulus  Car- 
thago, qui  detraho  e  ma- 
nus  Romanics  occisus  Can- 
nae. 

Cmsar  profectus  Roma, 
venio  Geneva ;  et  Quin- 
tius profectus  Corinthus, 
venio  Philippi. 

Dionysius  arcesso  Plato 
Athenae,  simulque  reduco 
Philistus  historicus  Syr  a- 
cusae. 

Soleo  sum  rus  crebro, 
sed  sum  domus  heri,  et  re- 
verter domus  eras. 

Omnis  qui  fogitium  aut 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


163 


had  chased  from  home,  had 
flocked  to  Rome,  as  to  a  com- 
mon sewer. 

The  old  fellow  just  now 
came  out  of  the  country,  I  will 
drive  him  into  the  country 
again. 

59.  Hannibal  sent  one  army 
into  Africa,  left  another  in 
Spain,  and  carried  a  third 
along  with  him  into  Italy. 

Caesar  gave  up  the  kingdom 
of  Egypt  to  Cleopatra,  and 
from  Alexandria  he  passed 
over  to  Syria,  and  from  thence 
to  Pontus. 

Cato  returning  from  Africa, 
brought  the  poet  Ennius  from 
Sardinia  to  Rome,  whom  we 
value  very  much. 

Then  Pyrrhus  came  into 
Campania,  and  encamped  at 
the  river  Allia ;  but,  being 
soon  forced  to  retire  from  Ita- 
ly, he  went  into  Sicily. 

The  Athenians  taking  this 
thing  ill,  removed  the  money, 
that  had  been  contributed  by 
all  Greece  for  the  expense  of 
the  Persian  war,  from  Delos 
to  Athens. 

60.  The  Persian  gulf  is 
distant  a  hundred  and  fifteen 
miles  from  the  Red  Sea. 

Caesar  was  patient  of  fatigue 
beyond  relief;  he  made  very 
long  journies  with  incredible 
expedition,  a  hundred  miles 
generally  every  day. 

He  pitched  his  camp  six 
miles  from  the  enemy,  and  he 
was  at  that  time  three  days 
journey  from  Tarentum. 


facinus  cxpello  domus, 
Roma,  sicut  in  sentina, 
confluo. 

Senex  modo  redeo  rus, 
rus  abigo  is  denuo. 

Hannibal  mitto  unus 
exercitus  in  Africa,  re- 
linquo  alter  in  Hispania, 
et  duco  tertius  suicum  in 
Italia. 

Ccesar  regnum  Aegyp~ 
tus  Cleopatra  permitto,  et 
ab  Alexandria  transeo  in 
Syria,  et  inde  in  Pontus, 

Cato  rediens  ex  A frica, 
deduco  poeta  Ennius  ex 
Sardinia  Roma,  qui  plu~ 
rimum  aesiimo. 

Turn  Pyrrhus  vcnio  in 
Campania,  et  consideo  ad 
{lumen  Allia;  sed,  move 
coactus  reccdo  ex  Italia, 
proficiscor  in  Sicilia. 

Atheniensis  graviter  hie 
res  fercns,  transfcro  pccu- 
nia,  qui  confero  ab  univer- 
sus  Graecia  in  stipendium 
Persicus  bclhim,  a  Delos 
Athcnae. 

Sinus  Persicus  disto 
centum  et  quindecim  mille 
pas  sus  a  Mare  Ruber. 

Ccesar  su?n  patiens  la* 
bor  ultra  jides ;  conjicio 
longus  via  incredibilis  ce- 
ieritas,  centcni  mille  pas- 
sus  fere  in  singulus  dies. 

Pono  castra  sex  6  mille. 
passus  ab  hostis,  et  turn 
absum  6  via  triduum  a 
Tarentum. 


JG4 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


If  Caesar  divided  his  army 
.rito  five  parts,  and  left  one  at 
Brundusium,  another  at  Hy- 
drant urn,  and  another  at  Ta- 
rentum :  Q.  Valerius,  being 
sent  with  another,  seized  Sar- 
dinia, very  fruitful  in  corn  ;  by 
his  order  Asinius  Pollio  went 
for  Sicily,  which  Cato  govern- 
ed. 

Whilst  these  things  are  do- 
ing, it  is  told  at  Lacedemon, 
that  a  new  war  was  broken  out 
at  Athens.  King  Pausanias  is 
sent  thither  ;  who,  being  mov- 
ed with  pity  of  the  exiled  peo- 
ple, restored  their  country  to 
the  miserable  citizens,  and  or- 
dered the  ten  tyrants  to  re- 
move to  Eleusis. 

It  is  reported  that  a  remark- 
able thing  happened  at  Gom- 
phi  :  That  twenty  old  noble- 
men were  found  in  a  physi- 
cian's house,  lying  on  the 
ground  with  cups  in  their 
hands,  without  any  wound,  like 
drunk  men,  and  one  as  a  phy- 
sician, sitting  in  a  chair,  ad- 
ministering physic  to  the  rest. 

After  that  the  ambassadors 
came  to  Marseilles,  where 
they  found  that  the  affections 
of  the  Gauls  had  been  already 
gained  by  Annibal  ;  but  that 
they  would  hardly  be  very 
faithful  to  him,  their  temper 
was  so  wild  and  savage,  unless 
the  affections  of  the  great  men 
were  secured  now  and  then  by 
gold,  of  which  the  nation  was 
very  greedy. 

Whilst  these  things  are  do- 
ing, ambassadors  came  from 


Caesar  divido  copiae  in 
quinque  pars,  ct  relinquo 
unus  Brundusium,  alius 
Hydruntum,  alius  Tar  en- 
turn  :  Q.  Valerius,  missus 
cum  alius,  occupo  Sardi- 
nia, ferax  frumentum  ;  is 
jussu  Asinius  Pollio  peto 
Sicilia,  qui  Cato  praesum. 

Dum  hie  ago,  nuncio 
Lacedaemon,  novus  helium 
exardeo  Athenae.  Rex 
Pausanias  eo  mitto ;  qui 
permotus  misericord  ta  exut 
populus,  restituo  patria 
miser  civis,  etjubeo  decern 
tyr  annus  migro  Eleusis. 

Fero  quidam  memora- 
bilis  accido  Gomphi :  Vi- 
ginti  scnex  nobilis  reperio 
in  aedes  medicus,  jacens 
humus  cum  calix  in  ma- 
nus,  sine  vulnus,  similis 
ebrius,  ct  unus,  ceu  medi- 
cus, sedens  in  sella,  porri- 
gens  potio  reliquus. 

Deinde  legatus  venio 
Massilia,  ubi  cognosco  ani- 
mus Galli  jam  pracoccupo 
ah  Annibal  ;  scd  vixfutu- 
rus  sum  satis  fidus,  inge- 
ntum  sum  adeo  ferox  el  in- 
domitus,  ni  animus  princeps 
concilio  subinde  aurum,  qu: 
gens  sum  avidus. 


Dum  hie  ago,  legatus 
venio  a  Darius,  rex  Ptrs&% 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


165 


Darius,  king  of  the  Persians,  to 
Carthage,  bringing  an  edict,  by 
which  the  Carthaginians  were 
forbid  to  offer  human  sacrifices, 
and  eat  dogs'  flesh  ;  and  were 
commanded  to  burn  the  bodies 
of  the  dead,  rather  than  bury 
them  in  the  earth  ;  begging,  at 
the  same  time,  assistance 
against  Greece,  upon  which 
Darius  was  about  to  make  war. 

Before  this  engagement  at 
sea,  Xerxes  had  sent  four 
thousand  armed  men  to  Del- 
phi, to  plunder  the  temple  of 
Apollo,  as  if  he  carried  on  the 
war,  not  with  the  Greeks  only, 
but  also  with  the  immortal 
gods  ;  which  detachment  was 
all  destroyed  with  rains  and 
thunder,  that  he  might  under- 
stand how  vain  the  strength  of 
men  is  against  the  gods. 

The  Athenians,  as  they  had 
first  revolted,  so  did  they  first 
begin  to  repent,  turning  their 
contempt  of  the  enemy  into  ad- 
miration, and  extolling  the 
youth  of  Alexander  above  the 
conduct  of  old  generals.  Then 
he  turns  his  army  toward 
Thebes,  intending  to  use  the 
same  kindness,  if  he  had  found 
the  same  repentance  ;  but  the 
Thebans  made  use  of  arms, 
not  prayers  nor  entreaty. 

The  first  field  of  the  civil 
war  was  Italy,  the  first  signals 
sounded  from  Ariminum  ;  then 
JLibo  was  forced  from  truria, 
Thermus  from  Umbria,  Domi- 
tius  from  Corfinium  ;  and  the 
war  had  been  ended  without 
bloodshed,  if  he  could  have 
s  2 


Carthago,  aff evens  edic- 
tum,  qui  Poeni  prohibeo 
immolo  humanus  hostia,  et 
vescor  caninus  ;  jubeoque 
cremo  corpus  mortuus,  po- 
tius  quam  obruo  terra  ;  pe 
tens  simul  auxilium  adver- 
sus  Graecia,  qui  Darius 
bellum  infer o. 

Ante  navalis  praelium, 
Xerxes  mitto  quatuor  mille 
armatus  Delphi,  ad  tern- 
plum  Apollo  diripiendus, 
quasi  gero  bellum,  non 
cum  Graeci  tantum,  sed  et 
cum  deus  immortalis  ;  qui 
manus  totus  deleo  imber  et 
fulmen,  ut  intelligo  quam 
nullus  vires  homo  sum  ad- 
versus  deus. 

Atheniensis,  sicut  pri- 
mus deficio,  ita  primus 
poeniteo  coepi,  vertens  con- 
temptus  hostis  in  admira- 
tio,  extollensque  pueritia 
Alexander  supra  virtus  ve- 
tus  dux.  Tnde  converto  ex- 
ercitus  Thebae,  usurus 
idem  indulgentia,  si  inve- 
nio  par  poenitentia  ;  sed 
Thebani  utor  arma,  non 
precis  ncc  deprecatio. 

Primus  arena  civilis 
bellum  Italia  sum,  primus 
signum  Ariminum  cano ; 
turn  Libo  pello  Etruria, 
Thermus  Umbria,  Domi- 
tius  Corfinium  ;  et  bellum 
per  ago  sine  sanguis,  si 
possum  opprimo  Pompcius 


166 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


mastered  Pompey  at  Brundu- 
sium ;  but  he  got  off  through 
the  barricade  of  the  besieged 
harbour :  scandalous  to  be 
said ! 

But  at  Carthage,  as  so  many 
commanders  were  dangerous  to 
a  free  state,  an  hundred  judges 
are  chosen  out  of  the  number 
of  the  senators,  who,  upon  the 
..return  of  the  generals  from  the 
war,  should  demand  an  account 
of  things  transacted ;  that,  upon 
this  awe,  they  might  so  consi- 
der their  command  in  the  war, 
as  to  have  a  regard  to  the  ju- 
dicatures and  laws  at  home. 

The  king  of  Persia's  com- 
manders sent  messengers  to 
Athens  to  complain,  that  Cha- 
brias  made  war  with  the  Egyp- 
tians against  the  king.  The 
Athenians  fixed  Chabrias  a  cer- 
tain day,  before  which,  if  he 
did  not  return  home,  they  de- 
clared they  would  condemn  him 
to  die.  Upon  this  he  returned 
to  Athens. 

They  brought  Cornelius, 
our  consul,  deceived  by  an 
oath,  to  their  general,  as  it 
were  for  the  sake  of  seeing 
him,  who  was  at  that  time  sick, 
and  presently  after  carried  him 
away  prisoner  out  of  Sicily  in- 
to Africa,  with  twenty  ships. 
They  put  our  general  Regulus 
likewise  to  death. 

When  these  things  were  told 
Marcellus,  he  sent  ambassa- 
dors immediately  to  Syracuse, 
to  complain  of  the  violation  of 
the  treaty ;  the  ambassadors 
said,  that  there  would  never  be 


Brundusium ;  sed  ille 
evado  per  claustrum  ob- 
sessus  portus  :  turpis  die 
tu  ! 

Carthago  autcm,  cum 
tot  impcrator  sum  gravis 
liber  civitas,  centum  judex 
deligo  ex  numerus  senator, 
qui,  reversus  e  bellum  dux, 
exigo  ratio  res  gestus  ;  ut, 
hie  metus,  ita  cogito  im- 
pcrium  in  bellum,  ut  ju- 
dicium lexquc  domus  res* 
picio. 

Praefectus  rex  Persia 
mitto  legatus  Athenae 
que  stum ,  quod  Chabrias 
gero  bellum  cum  Aegyptius 
ad  versus  rex.  A  thenienses 
pracstituo  Chabrias  ccrtus 
dies,  ante  qui  nisi,  redeo 
domus,  denuncio  sui  con- 
demno  ille  caput.  Turn 
ille  Athenae  redeo. 

Adduco  Cornelius,  con- 
sul noster,  deceptus  jus- 
jurandum,  ad  dux  suus, 
quasi  gratia  visendum  is, 
qui  turn  aegroto,  ct  moor 
abduco  captivus  e  Sicilia 
in  Africa,  cum  viginti  na- 
vis.  Inter imo  quoque  dux 
noster  Regulus. 

Quum  hie  nuncio  Mar- 
cellus, mitto  legatus  ex- 
templo  Syracusae,  qui  ex- 
postulo  de  violatio  foedus  ; 
legatus  dico,  nunquam 
desum  causa  bellum,  nisi 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


167 


wanting  an  occasion  of  war, 
unless  Hippocrates  and  Epy- 
cides  were  banished,  not  only 
from  Syracuse,  but  far  from  Si- 
cily. Upon  this  Epycides  per- 
suade* the  Leontini  to  revolt 
from  the  Syracusans. 

Darius,  that  he  might  reduce 
Greece  under  his  authority,  fit- 
ted out  a  fleet  of  five  hundred 
ships,  and  set  Datis  and  Arta- 
phernes  over  it ;  who  came  to 
Attica,  and  drew  out  their 
troops  into  the  plain  of  Mara- 
thon ;  that  is  distant  about  ten 
miles  from  the  city  of  Athens. 
The  Athenians,  being  very 
much  startled  at  this  alarm, 
sought  for  assistance  no  where 
but  from  the  Lacedemonians  ; 
but  at  home  ten  officers  were 
chosen  to  command  the  army. 

After  Tullus  Hostilius,  An- 
cus  Martius,  the  grandson  of 
Numa  by  a  daughter,  took  upon 
him  the  government  ;  he 
fought  against  the  Latins,  add- 
ed mount  Aventine  and  Jani- 
culum  to  the  city  ;  he  built  the 
city  Ostia  upon  the  sea,  at  the 
sixteenth  mile  from  the  city 
Rome. 


Hippocrates  atque  Epy- 
cides ablego,  non  modo  ab 
Syracuse  a,  sed  procul  a 
Sicilia.  Deinde  Epycides 
persuadeo  Leontini  dejicio 
a  Syracusani, 

Darius,  ut  redigo  Grac~ 
cia  in  suus  potestas,  com- 
paro  classis  quingenti  na~ 
vis,  praejicioque  is  Datis 
et  Artaphernes ;  qui  ad 
Attica  accedo,  ac  deduco 
suus  copiae  in  campus  Ma- 
rathon ;  is  absum  ab  op- 
pidum  Athenae  circiter  de- 
cern miile  passus.  Athe- 
niensis,  permotus  hie  tu- 
multus,  peto  auxilium  nus- 
quam  nisi  a  Lacedaemonii  ; 
domus  autem  decern  prae- 
tor creo  qui  praesum  excr- 
citus. 

Post  Tullus  Hostilius, 
Ancus  Martius,  ncpos 
Numa  ex  Jilia,  suscipio 
imperium  ;  contra  Latini 
dimico,  adjicio  mons  Aven- 
tinus  et  Janiculum  civi- 
tas ;  condo  civitas  Ostia 
supra  mare,  sextus  decimus 
6  milliarium  ab  urbs  Ro- 
ma. 


Diana  had  a  most  magnificent  temple  at  Ephesus.  It  was  supported  by  127 
pillars,  which  were  built  by  127  king's.  Each  of  the  pillars  was  60  feet  high.  The 
statue  of  the  goddess  was  of  ebony. 

The  father  of  Pomponius  was  a  lover  of  learning,  and  taught  his  son  every 
thing  that  a  boy  could  be  taught  at  Rome.  Afterwards  Pomponius  went  to  Athens. 
The  most  noble  university  of  the  world  was  at  Athens.  Young  noblemen  and 
the  sons  of  kings  were  sent  from  all  parts  to  Athens. 

Cicero,  the  greatest  of  the  Roman  orators,  was  born  at  Arpinum.  Cicero  re- 
moved from  Arpinum  to  Rome.  The  excellent  endowments  of  his  mind  soon 
made  him  famous  at  Rome.  After  he  had  discharged  several  other  offices  oi 
the  Roman  republic,  at  last  he  was  made  consul.  Cicero  discharged  the  consul- 
ship with  so  great  watchfulness  and  industry,  that  he  was  called  father  of  his 
country.   That  honour  was  given  to  none  before  Cicero. 


168  AN  INTRODUCTION 


The  nation  of  Ihc  Suevi  is  the  greatest  and  most  warlike  of  all  the  Germans. 

The  Suevi  are  said  to  have  an  hundreu  cantons,  from  whicii  fhey  bring  forth  ma- 
ny thousands  of  armed  men  yearly  to  fight  The  rest  stay  at  home.  They 
live  upon  mil!;  and  flesh,  and  exercise  themselves  in  hunting. 

When  Arion,  the  Lyric  poet,  was  sailing  from  Lesbos  to^Italy,  the  sailors  re- 
solved to  throw  him  into  the  sea,  that  they  might  get  his  money  ;  but  Alio™  en- 
treated, that  they  would  suffer  him  first  to  play  a  tune  upon  his  harp  ;  which  w  as 
granted.  Upon  this  Arion  tuned  his  harp,  and  played  so  artfully,  that,  by  the 
sweetness  of  his  music,  he  drew  the  dolphins  round  the  ship  ;  who,  when  he  was 
cast  into  the  sea,  received  him  on  their  back,  and  carried  him  to  Tenedos. 

They  say,  that  the  famous  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Delphi  in  Boeotia  became  dumb, 
when  Christ  our  Saviour  came  into  the  worid  ;  and  that,  when  Augustus,  who 
was  a  great  votary  of  Apollo,  desired  to  know  the  reason  of  its  silence,  the  ora- 
cle answered  him,  That  in  Judaea  a  child  was  born,  who  was  the  supreme  God, 
and  had  commanded  him  to  depart,  and  return  no  more  answers. 

Mount  Vesuvius  is  distant  about  seven  miles  from  Naples,  rising  in  the  middle 
of  a  large  plain,  above  four  miles  off  the  sea  ;  from  which  it  is  seen  gradually  to 
increase  in  height,  till  it  is  half  a  mile  perpendicular  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ; 
when  it  becomes  almost  circular,  being  about  five  miles  diameter.  This  is  the 
basis  of  the  mountain  ;  out  of  which  arises  a  smaller  mount,  called  Monte  Vec- 
chio,  four  hundred  paces  high,  and  at  top  of  near  two  miles  circumference. 


3.  TIME. 
RULE  XI J I . 

*  61.  Time  is  put  in  the  ablative,  when  the  question  is 
made  by  QUANDO  ?  When  ? 

He  died  in  the  twentieth  year     Vigcsimo    anno  aetati? 

of  his  age.  obi  it. 

In  what  period  did  he  live  ?        Quo  tempore  vixit  ? 
Many  years  ago.  Myitis  abhinc  annis. 

Note  1.  To  this  rule  belong  mane,  diluculo,  sero,  raro,  noctu,  quotannis,  which 
are  commonly  esteemed  adverbs  ;  as  also,  the  old  ablatives  fret,  temporit  ves- 
peri,  used  instead  of  luce,  tempore,  vespere. 

Note  2.  The  phrases  id  temporis,  islhuc  aciatis,  hoc  aetatis,  Mud  horae,  and  the 
like,  have  circa  or  ad  understood,  and  are  put  for  eo  tempore,  isthuc  aetate,  hac  a?~ 
tate,  ilia  fiord- 

*  62.  When  the  question  is  made  by  QUAMDIU?  How 
long  ?  time  is  put  in  the  accusative  or  ablative,  but  oftener 
in  the  accusative. 

Ennius  lived  seventy  years.       Annos   septuaginta  vixit 

Ennius. 

Pluto's  gate  is  open  night  and    Nodes  atque  dies  patet  ja~ 

day.  nua  Ditis. 

Caligula  reigned  three  years,    Caligula  imperavit  trien- 
ten  months,  and  eight  days.       nio,    decern  mensibus9 

diebus  octo. 
These  two  rules  may  be  thus  expressed  : 
Time  WHEN,  is  put  in  the  ablative  ;  Time  HOW  LONG 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


169 


or  CONTINUANCE  of  Time,  is  put  sometimes  in  the  ab- 
lative, but  oftener  in  the  accusative. 

Note  I.  Both  time  WHEN,  and  lime  HOW  LONG,  are  governed  by  a  preposi- 
tion expressed,  1.  Time  WHEN;  as,  Ter.  In  tempore  ad  eamveni.  Hor.  Surgurt 
de  node  latrones.    Sic.  Praesto  fuit  ad  horam.    Id.  Te  penitus  rogo,  nete  tarn  Ion- 

f ae  viae  per  hyemem  committas  Liv.  Consul  intra  paucos  dies  moritur.  2.  Time 
IOW  LONG  ;  as,  Cic.  Sero  resistimus  et,  quern  per  annos  decern  aluimus  contra 
nos.  Id.  Bestiae  ex  senatos  amant  ad  quoddam  tempus.  Id.  Habebit  senatus  inhune 
annum  quern  sequatur.  Caes.  Qui  inter  annos  quatuordecim  tectum  non  subierint. 
Cic.  Quae  inter  decern  annos  facta  sunt. 

Note  2.  The  way  of  supplying  the  following  and  like  expressions  ought  carelul- 
Jy  to  be  studied  ;  Cic.  Annos  natus  unum  et  viginti,  sup.  ante.  Curt.  Tyrus  septi- 
mo  mense.  quarn  oppugnari  coepta  erat,  capta  est,  i.  e.  postquam.  Cic.  Septingentos 
jam  annos  arnplius  unis  moribus  vivunt,  sc.  quam  per.  Nep.  Minus  diebus  triginta 
in  Asiam  reversus  est,  sup.  quam  in. 


61.  Hannibal  returned  to 
Africa  the  third  year  after  he 
had  fled  from  home. 

Tiberius  died  in  the  seventy- 
eighth  year  of  his  age,  and 
twenty-third  of  bis  reign. 

Constantius  died  in  Britain, 
at  York,  in  the  thirteenth  year 
of  his  reign. 

Bocchus,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  war,  had  sent  ambassadors 
to  Rome  to  desire  a  league  and 
alliance. 

Aulus  called  out  his  soldiers 
in  the  month  of  January,  from 
winter-quarters,  upon  an  expe- 
dition. 

The  usurer  calls  in  all  his 
money  on  the  Ides,  and  seeks 
to  lay  it  out  on  the  Kalends. 

In  the  same  year  there  was 
an  earthquake  betwixt  the  is- 
lands of  Thera  and  Therasia, 
and  on  a  sudden  an  island  rose 
out  of  the  deep. 

In  Asia  too,  the  same  day, 
the  same  earthquake  shatter- 
ed Rhodes,  and  many  other 
cities. 


Hannibal  ad  Africa  re- 
deo  tertius  annus  postquam 
profugio  domus. 

Tiberius  obeo  octavus 
et  septuagesi?nus  annus 
aetas,  et  vigesimus  tertius 
imperium. 

Constantius  obeo  in  Bri- 
tannia, Eboracum,  deci- 
mus  tertius  annus  princi- 
palis. 

Bocchus,  initium  bellum, 
rnitto  legatus  Roma  peti- 
tum  foedus  et  amicitia. 

Aulas  evoco  miles  men- 
sis  Januarius,  ex  hyberna 
in  expeditio. 

Foenerator  relego  omnis 
pecunia  Idus,  et  quaere 
Kalcndae  pono. 

Idem  annus  sum  terra 
motus  inter  insula  Thera 
et  Therasia,  et  repente  in- 
sula emergo  ex  profun- 
dum. 

In  Asia  quoque,  idem 
dies,  idem  motus  terra  con- 
cutio  RhoduSy  multusque 
alius  civitas. 


170 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


62.  Homer  and  Hesiod  liv- 
ed about  an  hundred  and  fifty 
years  before  the  building  of 
Rome. 

Mithridates  reigned  sixty 
years,  lived  seventy-two,  and 
had  a  war  with  the  Romans 
forty  years. 

Pythagoras,  after  he  had 
lived'  twenty  years  at  Crotona, 
removed  to  Metapontum,  and 
there  died. 

Caligula  lived  twenty-nine 
years  ;  he  reigned  three  years, 
ten  months,  and  eight  days. 

Agamemnon  with  much  ado 
took  one  city  in  ten  years, 
Epaminondas  in  one  day  deli- 
vered all  Greece. 

The  labours  of  many  months 
and  years  may  perish  in  a  mo- 
ment of  time. 

%  When  this  was  told  to  the 
senate,  immediately  the  consul 
set  out  with  an  army,  and  took 
a  place  for  his  camp,  three 
miles  from  the  enemy.  About 
the  fourth  watch  he  marched 
out  of  the  camp,  and  the  work 
w  a»  carried  on  so  fast,  that  the 
Volsci  found  themselves  sur- 
rounded by  a  strong  intrench- 
ment  at  sun-rise. 

Whilst  the  works  go  on  more 
diligently  in  the  day  than  they 
are  guarded  in  the  night,  a  great 
multitude  coming  out  of  the 
town,  armed  chiefiy  with  torch- 
es, threw  fire  about,  and  in 
a  minute  of  time  the  fire  con- 
sumed the  mole  and  the  vineae, 
a  work  of  so  long  a  time  ;  and 


Homer  us  et  Hesiodus 
vivo  circiter  centum  et 
quinquaginta  annus  ante 
Roma  conditus. 

Mithridates  regno  sexa- 
ginta  annus,  vivo  septua- 
ginta  duo,  et  habeo  helium 
contra  Romanus  quadra- 
ginta  annus. 

Pythagoras,  cum  annus 
viginti  Crotona  ago,  Me- 
tapontum migro,  ibique 
decedo. 

Caligula  vivo  6  annus 
viginti  novem ;  impero  6 
triennium,  decern  6  men- 
sis,  6  diesque  octo. 

Agamemnon  vix  ca- 
pio  unus  urbs  decern  6  an- 
nus, Epaminondas  unus  6 
dies  liber  o  tot  us  Graecia. 

Labor  multus  mensis  et 
annus  intereo  possum  6 
punctum  tempus. 

Cum  hie  nuncio  senatus 
extemplo  consul  projiciscor 
cum.  excrcitus,  et  capio  lo- 
tus castra,  tres  mille  pas- 
sus  ah  hostis.  Quartus 
vip-ilia  egredior  e  castra. 
et  opus  adeo  appropero,  ut 
Volsci  video  sui  circum- 
vallalus  firmus  munimen- 
tum  sol  ortus 

Dum  opus  fio  diligen- 
ter  dies,  qnam  custodio 
nox,  magnus  multitudo 
egressus  ex  urbs,  armatus 
praecipue  fax,  conjicio 
ignis,  et  momentum  hora, 
incendium  haurio  agger  et 
vineae,  opus  tarn  longus 
tempus ;    et  multus  mor 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


171 


a  great  many  men,  bringing 
aid  in  vain,  perished  by  fire 
and  sword. 

Datames  took  Thyus  alive,  a 
man  of  a  huge  body,  and  a  ter- 
rible countenance,  because  he 
was  black,  of  long  hair,  and  a 
long  beard  ;  whom  the  day  af- 
ter he  clothed  in  a  fine  robe, 
which  the  king's  viceroys  used 
to  wear ;  he  dressed  him  up 
likewise  in  a  collar,  and  brace- 
lets of  gold,  and  other  royal 
apparel,  and  brought  him  to 
the  king  of  Persia. 

In  the  wings  likewise  two 
young  men,  of  an  extraordinary 
bigness,  were  seen  to  fight,  nor 
did  they  appear  any  longer 
than  the  battle  lasted.  The 
incredible  swiftness  of  fame  in- 
creased this  admiration ;  for 
the  same  day  that  the  battle 
was  fought  in  Italy,  the  news 
of  the  victory  was  told  in  Cor- 
inth, Athens,  and  Lacedemon. 

In  that  battle  Astyages  is  ta- 
ken, from  whom  Cyrus  took  no- 
thing else  but  his  kingdom,  and 
acted  the  grandson  towards 
him,  rather  than  the  conqueror, 
and  set  him  over  the  great  na- 
tion of  the  Hyrcanians.  This 
was  the  end  of  the  empire  of 
the  Medes  ;  they  enjoyed  the 
empire  three  hundred  and  fifty 
years. 

About  the  same  time  there 
was  an  earthquake  in  the  parts 
of  the  Hellespont  and  the 
Chersonese,  by  which  the  city 
Lysimachia,  built  two  and 
twenty  years  before  by  Lysi- 
machus,  was  ruined  ;  which 


talis,  ferens  opts  frustra, 
absumo  ignis  ferrumque. 

Datames  capio  Thyus 
vivus,  homo  magnus  cor* 
pus,  terribilisque  6  fades, 
quod  su7ii  niger,  long  us  6 
capillus,  6  barbaque  pro- 
missus  ;  qui  postems  dies 
bonus  vestis  tego,  qui  sa- 
il apa  rex  gero  consuesco  ; 
orno  etiam  torquis,  et  ar- 
milla  aureus,  caeterqut 
regius  cultus,  et  ad  rex 
Persia  adduco. 

In  cornu  quoque  duo  ju- 
venis,  eximius  6  magnitu- 
do,  videor  pugno,  nec  ul- 
tra appareo  quam  pugna- 
tur.  Incredibilis  velocitas 
fama  augeo  hie  admiratio  ; 
nam  idem  dies  qui  in  Italia 
pugnatur,  nuncio  victoria 
Corinthus,  Athenae,  et  La- 
cedaemon. 

In  is  praelium  Astyages 
capio,  qui  Cyrus  adimo 
nihil  alius  quam  regnum, 
et  ago  nepos  in  is,  magis 
quam  victo,  et  praepono  is 
magnus  gens  Hyrcani. 
Hie  sum  finis  imperium 
Medi  ;  potior  imperium 
trecenti  et  quinquaginta 
annus. 

Idem  fere  tempus  sum 
terra  motus  in  regio  Hel- 
lespontus  et  Chersonesus, 
qui  urbs  Lysimachia,  con- 
ditus  duo  et  viginti  annus 
ante  a  Lysimachus,  ever  to ; 
qui  portendo  diruv  Lysi- 


j72 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


foreboded  dreadful  things  to 
Lysimachus  and  his  family, 
and  the  ruin  of  his  kingdom, 
with  the  desolation  of  the  ha- 
rassed provinces. 

The  Phoenicians  built  Car- 
thage in  Africa,  fifty  years  be- 
fore the  taking  of  Troy.  The 
founders  of  it  were  Xorus  and 
Charcedon  ;  but,  as  the  Ro- 
mans and  Carthaginians  them- 
selves believe,  Dido,  a  woman 
who  had  come  from  Tyre  into 
those  parts,  whose  husband, 
Pygmalion,  who  ruled  at  Tyre, 
had  slain. 

The  Spartans  at  that  time 
had  so  far  degenerated  from 
their  ancestors,  that  whereas 
the  bravery  of  the  citizens  had 
been  for  several  ages  a  wall  to 
the  city,  the  citizens  then 
thought  they  could  not  be  se- 
cure, unless  they  lay  lurking 
within  walls.  But  much  about 
the  same  time  the  troubled 
state  of  Macedonia  recalled 
home  Cassander  from  Greece. 

Hiero,  being  born  of  a  maid- 
servant, was  exposed  by  his 
father,  as  the  disgrace  of  his 
family  ;  but  bees  for  several 
days  fed  the  infant,  destitute  of 
human  assistance,  with  honey. 
For  which  reason,  the  father, 
being  encouraged  to  it  by  the 
answer  of  the  Haruspices, 
takes  home  the  child,  and  with 
the  utmost  care  educates  him 
for  the  hopes  of  the  majesty 
that  was  promised. 

Prodigies  in  the  heavens  had 
foretold  the  future  greatness  of 
Mithridates  :  for  both  the  year 


machns  et  stirps  is,  ruina 
regnum,  cum  clades  regw 
vexatus. 

Phoenices  condo  Car- 
thago in  Africa,  quinqua- 
ginta  annus  ante  captus 
Ilium.  Conditor  sum  Xo- 
rus et  Charcedon  ;  sed,  ut 
Romani,  et  Carthaginien- 
ses  ipse  existimo,  Dido, 
mulier  qui  vcnio  Tyrus  in 
is  locus,  qui  maritus,  Pyg- 
malion, qui  potior  res  Ty- 
rus, interjicio. 

Spartani  is  tempus  tan- 
turn  degenero  a  majores, 
ut  cum  virtus  civis  multus 
6  scculum  sum  murus  urbs, 
civis  tunc  existimo  sui  non 
forem  salvus,  nisi  intra 
murus  lateo.  Sed  idem 
fere  tempus  turbatus  status 
Macedonia  rcvoco  domus 
Cassander  a  Graccia. 


Hiero,  ex  ancilla  natus, 
a  pater  cxpono,  velut  de- 
honestamentum  genus  ;  scd 
apis  multus  6  dies  alo  par- 
vulus,  humanus  opis  egens, 
mcl.  Ob  qui  res  pater, 
admonitus  responsum  A- 
ruspex,  recolligo  parvulus> 
omnisque  studium  instit.io 
ad  spcs  majestas  qui  pro- 
mitto 

Coelestis  ostcntumprae- 
dico  futurus  magnitude 
Mithridates :   nam  ct  is 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


173 


he  was  born,  and  that  wherein  annus  qui  gigno  et  is  qui 

he  first  began  to  reign,  a  comet  primum   coepi   regno,  to- 

both  times  shone  so  for  seventy  metes  per  vterque  tempus 

days  together,  that  all  the  hea-  ita    luceo    septuaginta  6 

vens  seemed  to  be  on  fire  ;  for  dies,  ut  coelum  omnis  Jla- 

it  took  up  a  fourth  part  of  the  gro  video ;  nam  magnitudo 

heavens  by  its  bulk,  and  with  snus  quartus  pars  coelum 

its  brightness  outshone    the  occupo,  et  fulgor  sui  nitor 

splendour  of  the  sun,  and  whilst  sol  vinco,  et  cum  orior  cc- 

it  was  rising  and  setting  took  up  cumboque  consumo  spatium 

the  space  of  four  hours.  quatuor  hora. 

Virgil  died  at  Brundusium,  in  the  fifty-first  year  of  his  age,  and.  was  buried  at 
Naples,  eighteen  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

Whilst  Sir  William  Wallace  was  besieging  the  castle  of  Cupar  in  Fife,  he  was 
informed  that  the  English  were  advancing  to  cross  the  river  Forth  ;  wherefore 
he  led  his  army  from  Cupar  to  Stirling.  There  was  a  wooden  bridge  over  the 
Forth  at  Stirling.  When  Cressingham,  general  of  the  English,  had  passed  the 
Forth  with  the  greater  part  of  his  army,  the  bridge  broke,  and  the  passage  of  the 
rest  was  stopped.  Wallace  attacked  those  who  had  passed  the  river,  made  great 
slaughter,  killed  Cressingham,  their  general,  and  drove  the  rest  back  into  the 
river.  So  great  was  the  overthrow,  that  all  the  English  were  either  slain,  or 
swallowed  up  by  the  river.  This  signal  victory  was  gained  by  Wallace  in  the 
year  1297. 

Circe,  the  daughter  of  Sol,  was  the  most  skilful  of  all  the  sorceresses.  The 
proud  woman  poisoned  her  husband,  king  of  the  Sarrnatae,  that  she  herself 
might  reign  alone.  For  this  heinous  crime,  being  shut  out  of  her  kingdom  by  her 
subjects,  she  fled  into  Italy,  and  there  fixed  her  seat  on  a  certain  promontory  in 
Etruria.*  There  she  changed  Scylla,  the  daughter  of  Phorcus,  into  a  sea-mon- 
ster. Ulysses  returning  from  Troy,  was  driven  by  violence  of  storms  to  the  pro* 
montory  of  Circe  ;  who  entertained  him  at  her  house  twelve  months,  andrestor- 
ed  to  their  former  shapes  his  companions,  whom  she  had  formerly  metamor- 
phosed into  hogs,  bears,  and  wolves. 

The  industrious  woman  is  up  with  the  sun  ;  she  awaketh  at  the  crowing  of  the 
cock,  and  walketh  abroad  to  taste  the  sweetness  of  the  morning.  Her  garment 
sweepeth  the  dew-drop  from  the  new  stubble  and  the  green  grass.  Her  house 
is  elegant,  and  plenty  smileth  at  her  table.  Her  woik  is  done  at  the  evening, 
but  the  work  of  the  slothful  is  put  off  till  to-morrow. 


Of  the  Ablative  of  Price. 
RULE  XIV. 
*  63.  The  price  of  a  thing  is  put  in  the  ablative. 
I  bought  a  book  for  two  shil-    Emi  librum  duobus  cm- 
lings,  bus. 
This  man  sold  his  country  for    Vendidit  hie  auro  patriom. 
gold. 

Demosthenes  taught  for  a  ta-    Demosthenes  docuit  talento. 
Jent. 

Note  1.  The  ablative  of  PRICE  is  found  often  annexed  to  verbs  of  buving  and 
selling  ;  such  as,  emo,tnercor,  vendo,  venio,  stoy  consto,  liceor,  licitor.  nddico,  &c. 
But  is  not  confined  to  these ;  for  it  is  subjoined  to  any  sort  of  verb  ;  as,  Cic 

*  Circaeum,  (hod.  Monte  CircclloS  to  which  the  Author  here  all  udes,  is  in  ihe 
•outh  of  Latium,  not  in  Etruria.    A.  R.  C 

Q. 


174 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


Triginta  millibus  dixistis  eum  habitare.  Ter.  Vix  drachmis  est  obsonatum  decern. 
And  to  adjectives;  as,  Senec.  Quodnonopusest,  assc  carumest.  Plaut.  Vile  est  viginti 
minis.  Propert.  Auto  venaliajura.  This  ablative,  however,  depends  neither  on  the 
verb  nor  adjective,  but  is  governed  by  the  preposition  pro  understood  ;  which  too  is 
sometimes,  though  more  rarely,  expressed  ;  as,  Liv.  Bum  pro  argenteis  decern 
aureus  unus  valeret.  Lucil.  Vcndunt,  quod  pro  minore  empt.um.  To  the  genitives 
tanti,  quanti,  &c.  in  No.  64.  following,  we  may  understand  pro  aeris  pretio,  seu 
»     pondere  ;  or  pro  pretii,  vel  ponderis  aere. 

Note  2.  To  the  verb  valeo  is  sometimes  subjoined  an  accusative  of  price,  the 
preposition  ad  being  understood  ;  as,  Varr.  Denarii  dicti,  quod  denos  aeris  valebant. 

Note  3.  These  ablatives,  magno,  permagno,  parvo,  pautulo,  minimo,  plurime, 
often  occur  without  any  substantive  ;  as,  Senec.  Pa?  vo  fames  constat,  magno 
fastidium.  Cic.  Permagno  decumas  vendidisii. 

*  64.  These  genitives,  tanti,  quanti,  pluris,  minoris,  are 
excepted. 

How  much  cost  it  1  Quanti  constitit  ? 

A  shilling  and  more.  Asse  et  pluris. 

Note  1.  To  these  adjectives  add  their  compounds,  quanticunque,  quantiquanti, 
tantidem ;  as,  Senec.  Non  concupisces  ad  libertatem  quanticunque  pervenire.  Cic. 
Quantiquanti,  bene  emitur  quod  necesse  est.  Id.  Jbi  tantidem  frumentum  emeret, 
quanti  domi  vendidisset.  To  which  add  majoris  ;  as,  Phaed.  Multo  majoris  alapae 
me  cum  veneunt. 

Note  2.  If  the  substantive  be  expressed,  these  genitives  are  turned  into  the 
ablative  ,*  as,  Cic.  Authepsa  ilia,  quam  tanto pretio  mercatus  est.  Juv.  Quanto  meti- 
ris  pretio?  Gell.  Mercatur  libros  minore  pretio.  Liv.  Nec  majore  pretio  redimi 
possumus. 

63.  Isocrates  sold  one  ora- 
tion for  twenty  talents. 

Nothing  costs  dearer  than 
that  which  is  bought  with 
prayers. 

That  victory  cost  the  Car- 
thaginians much  blood  and 
wounds. 

Despise  pleasure  ;  pleasure 
hurts  when  bought  with  pain. 

A  great  many  posts  are  sold 
for  gold,  but  wise  men  do  not 
buy  hope  at  a  great  price. 

Fish-ponds  are  built  at  a 
great  expense,  filled  at  a  great 
expense,  and  maintained  at  a 
great  expense. 

64.  Merchants  use  to  sell 
their  goods  at  as  high  a  rate  as 
they  can. 

Those  things  please  more, 
which  are  bought  at  a  dearer 
rate. 


Isocrates  vendo  unus 
oratio  viginti  talentum. 

Nullus  res  care  cons  to 
quam  qui  precis  emo. 

Is  victoria  sto  Poeni 
multus  sanguis  ac  vulnus. 

Sperno  voluptas ;  volup- 
tas  emptus  dolor  noceo. 

Plurimus  honor  veneo 
aurum,  sed  sapiens  non 
emo  spes  magnus  pretium. 

Piscina  aedijico  mag- 
num, impleo  magnum,  et 
alo  magnum. 

Mcrcator  soleo  vendo 
res  suus  tantum  quantum 
possum. 

Magis  ille  juvo,  qui 
plus  rmo. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


175 


The  fisher  may  be  bought 
sometimes  for  less  than  his 
fish. 

Nothing  shall  cost  a  father 
less  than  his  son  ;  but  Demos- 
thenes taught  nobody  for  less 
than  a  talent. 

Tf  I  have  Virgil,  with  notae 
variorum,  which  cost  me  five 
shillings  ;  besides  Horace, 
with  notes  for  the  use  of  the 
Dauphin,  which  cost  me  five 
shillings  and  sixpence  ;  I  have 
likewise  Cicero's  select  ora- 
tions, with  notes  for  the  use 
of  the  Dauphin,  which  I  bought 
for  four  shillings. 

Whilst  these  things  are  do- 
ing, one  of  Alexander's  friends, 
whose  name  was  Hephaestion, 
died  ;  he  was  very  dear  to  Al- 
exander, who  lamented  his 
death  above  measure,  and 
made  him  a  monument  that  cost 
twelve  thousand  talents,  and 
ordered  him  to  be  worshipped 
as  a  god  after  his  death. 

Lycurgus,  the  son  of  Euno- 
mus,  who  reigned  at  Lacede- 
mon,  was  a  famous  lawgiver, 
fie  ordered  every  thing  to  be 
purchased  not  with  money,  but 
with  exchanges  of  merchan- 
dise. He  abolished  the  use 
of  gold  and  silver,  as  the  occa- 
sion of  all  wickedness.  He 
divided  the  administration  of 
the  commonwealth  among  the 
states  ;  to  the  king  he  granted 
the  power  of  war,  to  the  se- 
nate the  guard  of  the  laws. 

Whilst  Alexander,  the  fol- 
io wing  year,  enters  upon  the 
Persian  war,  that  had  been  be- 


Piscator  interdum  pos- 
sum emo  minus  quam  pis- 
cis. 

Res  nullus  minus  consto 
pater  quam  jilius  ;  sed  De- 
mosthenes doceo  nemo  mi- 
nus talentum. 

Sum  ego  Virgilius,  cum 
nota  varius,  qui  consto  ego 
quinque  solidus ;  praeterea 
Horatius,  cum  nota  in  usus 
Delphinus,  qui  consto  ego 
quinque  solidus  et  sex  as  ; 
habeo  etiam  Cicero  selectus 
oratio,  cum  nota  in  usus 
Delphinus,  qui  emo  qua- 
tuor  solidus. 

Dum  hie  ago,  unus  ami- 
cus Alexander,  qui  nomen 
sum  Hephaestion,  decedo ; 
sum  percarus  Alexander, 
qui  lugeo  is  mors  supra 
modus,  et  facio  is  monu- 
mentum,  qui  consto  duode- 
cim  mille  talentum,  et  ju- 
beo  is  colo  ut  deus  post 
mors. 

Lycurgus,  jilius  Euno- 
mus,  qui  regno  Lacedac- 
mon,  sum  inclytus  legisla  ■ 
tor.  Jubeo  singulus  emo, 
non  pecunia,  sed  compen- 
satio  merx.  Tollo  usus 
aurum  argent umque,  ve- 
lut  materia  omnis  scelus. 
Divido  administrate  res- 
publica  per  ordo ;  rex  po- 
testas  bellum  permitto,  se- 
natus  custodia  lex. 

Dum  Alexander,  poste 
rus  annus,  aggredior  Per- 
sicus  bellum,  inchoatus  a 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


gun  by  his  father,  he  is  inform- 
ed, that  the  Thebans  and  Athe- 
nians had  revolted  from  him  to 
the  Persians,  and  that  the  au- 
thor of  that  revolt  was  De- 
#  mosthenes  the  orator,  having 
been  bribed  by  the  Persians 
with  a  great  sum  of  gold, 
namely,  with  two  hundred  ta- 
lents and  more. 

The  Gauls,  when  the  coun- 
try that  had  produced  them, 
could  not  contain  them,  sent 
out,  in  the  beginning  of  sum- 
mer, three  hundred  thousand 
men,  to  seek  new  habitations  ; 
who  passed  the  insuperable 
summits  of  the  Alps  ;  and  such 
was  the  terror  of  the  Gallic 
name,  that  kings  not  attacked 
did  of  their  own  accord  pur- 
chase peace  with  a  large  sum. 

Parmenio,  ignorant  of  Alex- 
ander's illness,  had  written  to 
him,  to  beware  of  his  physi- 
cian, that  he  was  corrupted  by 
Darius  with  a  great  sum  of 
money ;  Alexander,  however, 
thought  it  safer  to  trust  the 
doubtful  faith  of  the  physician 
than  perish  ;  he  therefore  took 
the  cup,  delivered  the  letter  to 
the  doctor,  and  as  he  drank,  he 
fixed  his  eyes  on  his  counte- 
nance as  he  read. 


pater,  certior  jio,  Thebani 
et  Athenienses  dejicio  asui 
ad  Persae,  auctorque  is 
defectio  existo  Demosthenes 
orator,  corruptus  a  Pcrsae 
magnus  pondus  aurum, 
nempe  ducenti  talentum  ei 
plus. 

Galli,  cum  terra  qui 
gigno  is  non  capio,  mitto, 
initium  aestas,  trecenti 
mille  homo,  ad  quaerendus 
novus  sedes ;  qui  trans- 
cendo  invictus  jugum  Al- 
pes ;  tantusque  sum  ter- 
ror Gallicus  nomen,  ut  rex 
non  lacessitus  ultro  mercor 
pax  ingens  pecunia. 

Parmenio,  ignarvs  Al- 
exander infirmitas,  scribo 
ad  is,  ut  caveo  a  medicus, 
ille  corrumpo  a  Darius  in- 
gens pecunia  ;  Alexander, 
tamen  reor  tutus  credo  du- 
bius  jides  medicus  quam 
per eo  ;  accipio  igitur  po- 
culum.  trado  epistola  me- 
dicus, et,  inter  bibendum, 
intendo  oculus  in  vultus 
legens. 


In  the  island  of  Rhodes  Apollo  had  a  statue,  called  Colossus,  70  cubits  high  ; 
--vhieh  was  erected  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour.  One  man  could  scarce  grasp 
its  thumb.  The  distance  between  its  legs  was  !5  or  20  cubits  at  least;  for  a 
large  ship,  with  tall  masts,  could  easily  pass  belwixt  its  shanks.  This  statue 
cost  300  talents  and  more. 

Sarah,  Abraham's  wife,  died  at  Kirjatharba.  in  the  land  of  Canaan,  being  127 
years  old.  As  Abraham  at  this  time  was  a  stranger  in  that  country,  he  applied 
to  Ephron  the  Hittite,  begging  that  lie  would  allow  him  a  piece  of  ground  for  a 
burial-place.  Ephron  answered  Abraham,  saying,  The  cave  of  Muchpelah,  and 
the  field  wherein  it  is,  are  mine:  I  compliment  you  both  with  the  field  and  the 
cave  ;  bury  thy  dead.  Abraham  bowed  down  himself  before  Ephron,  returned 
him  thanks,  and  said,  I  rather  chuse  to  purchase  the  field  lor  as  much  as  it  is 
worth  ;  I  pray  thee,  accept  of  a  price.  Ephron  replied,  The  field  is  worth  400 
shekels  of  silver,  but  what  is  that  betwixt  me  and  thee  7  Abraham  paid  down  t\i& 
money  to  Ephron,  and  then  buried  Sarah  his  wife. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


177 


Of  the  Ablative  Absolute. 
RULE  XV. 

*  65.  A  substantive  with  a  participle,  whose  case  de- 
pends upon  no  other  word,  are  put  in  the  ablative  abso- 
lute. 

The  sun  rising  [or,  while  the    Sole  oriente  fugiunt  tene- 
smi riseth]  darkness  flies  brae. 
away. 

Our  work  being  finished  [or,    Opere  peracto  ludemus. 
when  our  work  is  finished] 
we  will  play. 

Note  1.  Whilst^when,  after,  having,  being,  or  a  word  ending  ill  ing,  are  the 
usual  signs  of  this  ablative  ;  which  generally  takes  place  when  two  parts  of  a 
sentence  respect  different  persons  or  things  ;  lj,  Ovid.  Me  duce,  carpe  viam. 
Id.  Et  fugiunt,  fraeno  non  remorante,  dies.  Where  the  persons  ego  and  tu,  and 
the  things  dies  andfraenum  are  different. 

Note  2.  The  participle  existente  is  frequently  understood  ;  as,  Plaut.  Me  sua" 
sore  hoc  f aetata,  i.  e.  me  existente  suasore.  Liv.  Sylvam  vendas,  nobis  consulibus,  sc. 
existentibus.  Virg.  Rege  Latino.  Hor.  Jove  aequo.  In  like  manner,  Fatis  aucto- 
ribus,  Deo  duce^  comite  fortuna,  invita  Minerva,  me  ignaro,  coelo  sereno,  aspera 
hyeme,  me  puero,  Saturno  rege,  civitatc  nondum  libera,  caeteris  paribus,  &c 

Note  3.  Sometimes  the  participle  is  only  expressed ;  in  which  case  negotio  if 
understood,  or  the  sentence  supplies  the  place  of  the  substantive  ;  as,  Hor.  Ex- 
cepto  quod  non  simul  esses,  caetera  laetus.  Liv.  Nondum  comperto  quam  regionem 
hostes  peitissent. 

Note  4.  The  participles  meant  in  this  rule  are  chiefly  the  participle  present» 
and  the  participle  perfect  of  passive  verbs.  Some  few  examples  indeed  occur  of 
the  future  in  RUS;  as,  Mart.  Caesare  venturo,  Phosphore,redde  diem.  But  the 
future  in  DUS  is  seldom  or  never  thus  used. 

Note  5.  In  using  the  participle  perfect,  the  learner  ought  carefully  to  observe, 
whether  it  be  passive  or  deponent ;  for  we  say,  Jacobus  his  dictis  abiit,  but  we 
say,  Jacobus  haec  locutus  abiit. 

Note  6.  This  ablative  may  be  resolved  into  the  nominative,  with  cum,  dumt 
quando,  postquam,  si,  quoniam,  or  the  like  ;  as,  Cic.  Pythagoras,  Superbo  regnantef 
in  Italiam  venit,  i.  e.  cum,  dum,  vel  quando  Superbus  regnabat. 

Notel.  This  ablative,  though  it  be  called  absolute,  is  however  governed  by 
sub,  cum,  a,  or  ab,  understood  ;  which  sometimes  seem  to  be  expressed ;  as,  Virg. 
rtole  sub  ardenti.    Cato.  Cum  diis  volentibus.    Lucan.  Positis  repetistis  ab  armis. 

Note  8.  In  some  old  authors  we  meet  with  nobis  praesente,  absente  nobis,  prae- 
tente  testibus  ;  instead  of  nobis praesentibus,  &c. 

Whilst  our  cavalry  were       Noster  equitatus  adven- 

coming  up,  the  enemy  all  on  a  tansy  hostis  subito  ostendo 

sudden  she  wed  their  foot,  which  pedestris  copiat  qui  colloco 

they  had  planted  in  ambuscade,  in  insidiae. 

When  these  things  were  told       His  res  nunciatus  Roma* 

at  Rome,  the  senate  gave  the  senatus    decerno  summa 

command  of  the  Achaian  war  Achaicus  bellum  consul. 
to  the  consul. 

q2 


178 


AN  INTItODUCTIOV 


The  enemy,  after  they  knew 
of  his  coming,  having  raised 
great  forces,  attacked  our  army 
in  their  march. 

Laevinus,  after  having  reco- 
vered all  Sicily,  after  having 
humbled  Macedonia,  returned 
with  great  glory  to  Rome. 

This  matter  being  proposed 
to  a  council,  when  he  found 
they  all  thought  the  same  thing, 
he  appoints  the  next  day  for 
the  battle. 

Drawing  out  his  forces  about 
break  of  day,  and  ha\  'ng  form- 
ed them  into  two  lines,  he 
waited  to  see  what  measures 
the  enemy  would  take. 

Nero  committed  many  par- 
ricides :  after  putting  to  death 
his  brother,  wile,  and  mother, 
he  fired  the  city  of  Rome. 

In  the  room  of  Aeneas,  As- 
canius  his  son  succeeded ;  who, 
leaving  Lavinium,  built  Longa 
Alba,  which  was  the  metropo- 
lis of  the  kingdom  for  three 
hundred  years. 

■[[  Alexander,  when  he  had 
overrun  India,  came  to  a  rock 
of  wonderful  ruggedness  and 
height,  into  which  many 
people  had  fled  ;  and  when  he 
understood  that  Hercules  had 
been  restrained  by  an  earth- 
quake from  the  taking  of  that 
rock,  being  seized  with  a  de- 
sire of  outdoing  the  actions  of 
Hercules,  he  made  himself 
master  of  the  rock  with  the 
utmost  fatigue  and  danger. 

The  Roman  people,  after 
Caesar  and  Pompey  were  slain, 
seemed  to  have  returned  to 


Hostis,  cognitus  is  ad 
ventus,  coactus  magnus  co 
piae,  adorior  noster  agmen 
in  iter. 

Laevinus,  omnis  Sicilia 
receptus,  Macedonia  f r ac- 
tus y  cum  ingens  gloria  Ro- 
ma regredior. 

Hie  res  delatus,  ad  con- 
cilium,, cum  cognosco  om- 
nis sentio  idem,  constituo 
proximus  dies  pugna. 

Productus  copiae primus 
lux,  et  duplex  acics  institu- 
tus,  exspecto  quid  consili- 
um hostis  capio. 

Nero  multus  parricidi 
um  committo  :  f rater,  uxor 
et  mater  interfectus,  urbs 
Roma  incendo. 

In  locus  Aeneas ,  Asca- 
nius  filius  succedo  :  qui, 
relictus  Lavinium,  condo 
Alba  Longa,  qui  sum  caput 
regnum  trecenti  6  annus. 

Alexander,  peragratus 
India*  pervenio  ad  saxum 
minis  asperitas  et  altitudo, 
in  qui  multus  populus  con- 
fugio :  et  ubi  cognosco 
Hercules  prohibitus  terra 
motus  ab  expugnatio  idem 
saxum,  captus  cupido  su- 
perandum  factum  Her- 
cules, potior  saxum  cum 
summus  labor  ac  pericu- 
lum- 

Populus  Romanus,  Ccb 
sar  et  Pompeius  trucida 
tus,  videor  rcdeo  in  p^is 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


179 


their  former  state  of  liberty  ; 
and  they  would  have  returned, 
had  not  Pompey  left  children, 
or  Caesar  an  heir,  or,  which 
was  more  fatal  than  either, 
had  not  Antony,  the  rival  of 
Caesar's  power,  the  incendiary 
and  firebrand  of  the  following 
age,  survived. 

Hannibal  being  called  home 
to  defend  his  country,  was  de- 
sirous to  make  an  end  of  the 
war  by  treaty,  the  wealth  of 
his  country  being  now  ex- 
hausted ;  but  the  articles  were 
not  agreed  to.  A  few  days  after 
this  he  engaged  with  Scipio  at 
Zama,  and  being  routed,  (incre- 
dible to  be  said,)  in  two  days  and 
two  nights  he  came  to  Adrume- 
tum,  which  is  about  three  hun- 
dred miles  distant  from  Zama. 

Galba,  having  fought  some 
successful  skirmishes,  and  hav- 
ing taken  several  of  their  forts, 
deputies  too  being  sent  to  him 
from  all  parts,  and  a  peace  con- 
cluded, resolves  to  quarter  two 
cohorts  among  the  Nantuates, 
and  to  winter  himself  with  the 
other  cohorts  of  that  legion  in 
a  village  of  the  Veragri  which 
is  called  Octodurus  ;  and  as  it 
was  divided  into  two  parts  by  a 
torrent,  one  part  of  the  village 
he  assigned  to  the  Gauls,  the 
other  he  allotted  for  the  cohorts 
to  winter  in. 

The  state  of  the  Juhones  in 
alliance  with  us  was  afflicted 
with  a  sudden  calamity  ;  for 
fires  issuing  from  the  earth, 
every  where  seized  their 
towns,  farms,  and  dwellings  ; 


firms  status  libertas ;  et 
redeo,  nisi  Poinpeius  re- 
linquo  liberi,  aut  C&sar 
haeres,  vel,  qui  sum  perni- 
ciosus  uterque,  si  non  An- 
tonius,acmulusC<Bsarianus 
potentia,  fax  et  turbo  se- 
quens  seculum,  supersum. 

Hannibal  revocatus  de- 
fensum  patria,  cupio  com- 
pono  bellum,  facultas  pa- 
tria  jam  exhaustus ;  sed 
conditio  non  convenio. 
Pauci  dies  post  is  conjiigo 
cum  Scipio  apud  Zama,  et 
pulsus,  (incredibilis  dictu,) 
6  biduum  et  duo  6  nox 
Adrumetum  pervenio,  qui 
absum  circiter  trecenti 
mille  passus  a  Zama. 

Galba,  secundus  aliquot 
praelium  factus,  expugna- 
tusque  cornplures  is  castel- 
lum,  legatus  quoque  mis- 
sus ad  is  undique,  et  pax 
factus,  constituo  colloco 
duo  cohors  in  Nantuates, 
et  Memo  ipse  cum  reliquus 
is  legio  cohors,  in  vicus  Ve- 
ragri, qui  appello  Octodu- 
rus ;  et  quum  hie  in  duo 
pars  ftumen  divido,  alter 
pars  is  vicus  Galli  concedo, 
alter  cohors  ad  hiemandum 
attribuo. 

Civitas  Juhones  socius 
ego  crffligo  improv  'tsus  ma- 
lum ;  nam  ignis,  terra 
edit  us,  passim  corripio 
villa,  arvum,  et  vicus; 
neque    extinguo  possum. 


180 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


nor  could  they  be  extinguished. 
During  the  same  year  too,  the 
tree  Ruminalis,  that,  eight  hun- 
dred and  forty  years  ago,  had 
sheltered  the  infancy  of  Remus 
and  Romulus,  was  broken 
down,  its  branches  being  dead, 
and  its  trunk  withered. 

Alexander  died  three  and 
thirty-years  and  a  month  old  ; 
a  man  endowed  with  a  great- 
ness of  soul  above  human  pow- 
er. Some  omens  of  his  future 
greatness  appeared  at  his  birth ; 
for  the  day  on  which  he  was 
born,  two  eagles  sat  all  day 
upon  the  top  of  his  father's 
house  ;  the  same  day  too  his 
father  received  the  news  of 
two  victories.  After  the  time 
of  his  boyship  was  over,  he 
grew  up  under  Aristotle,  the 
famous  teacher  of  all  the  phi- 
losophers. Upon  his  coming  to 
the  kingdom,  he  ordered  him- 
self to  be  called  the  king  of  all 
the  earth  and  the  world.  When 
he  was  present,  his  soldiers 
feared  the  arms  of  no  enemy. 

The  Carthaginians,  upon 
hearing  this  answer,  sent  for 
Hannibal  home.  He,  as  soon 
as  he  returned,  was  made  prae- 
tor, in  the  two  and  twentieth 
year  after  he  had  been  king. 
For  at  Carthage  every  year 
two  kings  were  made,  as  con- 
suls are  at  Rome.  The  year 
after  his  praetorship,  when  M. 
Claudius,  and  L.  Furius  were 
consuls,  ambassadors  came 
from  Rome  to  Carthage  ;  and 
Hannibal,  supposing  they  were 


Idem  quoque  annus,  arbor 
Ruminalis,  qui,  octingenti 
et  quadraginta  annus  ante, 
togo  infantia  Remus  Ro- 
mulusque,  deminuo,  mor- 
tuus  ramale,  et  arescens 
truncus. 

Alexander  decedo  tres 
et  triginta  annus  et  unus 
mensis  natus  ;  vir  praedi- 
tus  magnitudo  animus  su- 
pra humanus  potentia. 
Nonnullus  prodigium  fu- 
turus  magnitudo  in  ipse 
ortus  appareo ;  nam  is 
dies  qui  nascor,  duo  aquila 
sedeo  totus  6  dies  supra 
culrncn  domus  pater  is; 
idem  quoque  dies  pater  ac- 
cipio  nuntius  duo  victoria. 
Exactus  pueritia,  cresco 
sub  A  r  is  to  teles,  inclytus 
doctor  omnis  philosophus. 
Acceptus  imperium,  jubeo 
sui  appello  rex  omnis  terra 
ac  mundus.  Ille  prae- 
scns,  miles  timeo  arma 
nullus  host  is. 

Carthaginienses,  hie  res- 
ponsum  cognitus,  revoco 
Hannibal  domus.  Hie,  ut 
redeo,  pr  aetor  jio,  annus 
secundus  et  vicesimus  post- 
quam  rex  sum.  Carthago 
enim  quotannis  binus  rex 
creo,  ut  consul  Roma. 
Annus  post  praetura,  M. 
Claudius,  L.  Furius  con 
sui,  legatus  Roma  Cartha- 
go venio ;  et  Hannibal,  hie 
sui  expo scendus  gratia  mis- 
sus ratus,  conscendo  na- 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


181 


sent  on  account  of  demanding 
him,  goes  aboard  a  ship,  and 
flies  into  Syria  to  Antiochus. 

The  Gauls  did  so  abound 
with  numbers  of  people,  that 
they  filled  all  Asia  as  it  were 
with  a  swarm  ;  at  last  they  re- 
solved to  turn  their  arms  against 
Antiochus  ;  upon  information 
whereof,  he  redeems  himself 
from  them  with  gold,  as  from 
robbers ;  and  claps  up  an  alli- 
ance with  his  hirelincrs. 


vis,  atque  profugio  in  Sy- 
ria ad  Antiochus. 

Galli  adeo  abundo  mul- 
titude, ut  impleo  omnis 
Asia  velut  examen ;  tan- 
dem statuo  verto  arma  in 
Antiochus ;  qui  cognitus, 
rcdimo  sui  ab  hie  aurum, 
velut  apraedo ;  societasque 
cum  mercenarius  suus 
jungo. 


Cyrus  having-  subdued  the  Lesser  Asia,  as  likewise  Syria  and  Arabia,  entered 
Assyria,  and  bent  his  march  towards  Babylon.  The  siege  of  this  important 
place  was  no  easy  enterprise.  The  walls  were  of  a  prodigious  height,  the  num- 
ber of  men  to  defend  them  very  great,  and  the  city  stored  with  all  sorts  of  provi- 
sions for  twenty  years.  However,  these  difficulties  did  not  discourage  Cyrus 
from  prosecuting  his  design  ;  who,  after  spending  two  entire  years  before  the 
place,  became  master  of  it  by  a  stratagem.  Upon  a  festival-night,  which  the  Ba- 
bylonians were  accustomed  to  spend  in  drinking  and  debauchery,  he  ordered  the 
bank  of  the  canal,  above  the  city,  leading  to  the  great  lake,  that  had  been  lately 
dug  by  Nitocris,  to  be  broken  down  ;  and  having  thus  diverted  the  course  of  the 
river,  by  turning  the  whole  current  into  the  lake,  he  caused  his  troops  to  march 
in  by  the  bed  of  the  river;  who  now  penetrated  into  the  heart  of  the  city  with- 
out opposition,  surprised  the  guards  of  the  palace,  and  cut  them  to  pieces.  The 
taking  of  Babylon  put  an  end  to  the  Babylonian  empire,  and  fulfilled  the  predic- 
tions which  the  prophets  Isaiah,  Jeremian,  and  Danift,  had  uttered  against  that 
proud  metropolis. 


III.  The  Construction  of  words  indeclinable. 
1.  OF  ADVERBS. 

*  66.  Some  adverbs  of  time,  place,  and  quantity,  govern 
the  genitive. 

In  the  mean  time.  Inter ea  loci. 

At  that  time.  Tunc  temporis. 

Where  in  the  world  \  TJbi  terrarum  ? 

To  what  nation  ?  Quo  gentium  ? 

Abundance  of  power.  Abunde  potentiae. 

Enough  of  words.  Satis  verborum. 

1.  The  adverbs  of  time  are,  inter  ea,  postea,  inde,  tunc. 

2.  The  adverbs  of  place  are,  ubi  and  quo,  with  their 
compounds,  ubique^  ubicunque,  ubiubi,  ubinam,  ubivis  alibi 
olicubi,  quocunque,  quovis,  aliquo,  quoquo ;  also,  eo,  hu% 
huccine,  unde,  usquam,  nusquam,  longe,  ibidem. 


182 


A X  INTRODUCTION7 


3.  The  adverbs  of  quantity  are,  abunde,  affatim,  largiter 
nimis,  quoad  *  satis,  parum,  minirne. 

The  words  ergo,  for  the  sake,  instar,  and  parlim,  usually 
added  here,  are  real  substantives. 

Note  1.  Pridie  and  postridie  govern  the  genitive  or  the  accusative  ;  as,  Cic. 
Pridie  ejus  diei.  Caes.  Postridie  ejus  diei.  Cic.  Pridie  quinquatrus.  Id.  Postri- 
die Ludos  Apollinarts.  Thus  pridie,  postridie,  Kalendas,  Nonas,  ldus,  seldom  Ka- 
iendarum,  &c. 

Note  2.  The  adverbs  en,  ecce,  take  the  nominative  or  the  accusative  ;  as,  Cic. 
En  causa,  car  dominum  servus  accuset.  Senec.  En  Paridis  hostetn.  Cic.  Ecce 
viulto  major  dissensio.    Plaut.  Ecce  rem. 

Note  3.  To  these  constructions  the  words  negotium,  res,  locus,  tempus,  or  the 
]ike,  with  some  preposition,  is  understood.  Thus,  Interea  loci,  i.  e.  inter  eanego- 
iia  loci.  Ubi  t  err  arum,  i.  e.  ubi  in  ncgoiio  t  err  arum.  Quo  gentium,  i.  e.  cui  negotio 
vel  loco  gentium. t  Abunde  potentiae,  i.  e.  abunde  de  re  potentiae.  And  Pridie  ejus 
diei,  i.  e.  pridie  ante  tempus  ejus  diei.  To  en  and  ecce  some  verb  is  understood  ; 
as,  En  Prxamus,  sc.  adest.    Ecce  dv.as  aras,  sc.  videtis. 

*  67.  Some  derivative  adverbs  govern  the  case  of  their 
primitives. 

Most  elegantly  of  all.  Elegantissime  omnium. 

Agreeably  to  nature.  Congrue titer  naturae. 

A  foot  high.  Alte  pedem. 

Beyond  expectation.  Amplius  opinione. 

Note.  These  adverbs  require  the  same  supplies,  to  complete  the  construction, 
as  the  adjectives  from  which  they  are  formed. 


66.  1.  Whilst  I  wandering 
about  am  deprived  of  my 
country,  you  in  the  mean  time 
have  made  yourself  rich. 

After  this  the  consul,  now 
unquestionably  conqueror, 
came  to  the  town  of  Cirta. 

The  strength  of  the  Athe- 
nians at  that  time  was  small, 
their  fleet  being  sent  into  Egypt. 


Dum  ego  err  arts  patria 
careo,  tu  interea  locus  tu 
locupleto. 

Postea  locus  consul, 
haud  dubie  jam  victor, 
pervenio  in  oppidum  Cirta. 

Vires  Athenienses  tunc 
tempus  sum  parvus,  clas- 
sis  in  Aegyptus  missus. 


*  Dr.  Crombie  seems  to  argue  with  much  critical  skill  against,  the  introduction 
yf  quoad  under  this  rule  ;  Vide  Gymnasium,  vol.  2.  p.  251  &  seqq.    A.  R.  C. 

t  From  the  explanation  of  Quo  gentium  by  cui  neg  Uio,  &c.  the  author  seems  to 
intimate  his  belief,  that  quo  is  an  obsolete  dative,  a  position  which  any  respon- 
sive term  readily  confutes.  It  seems,  in  such  expressions,  to  be  neither  a  dative 
nor  an  ablative  ;  but  any  philological  history  of  this  and  similar  terms  is  unne- 
cessary and  inadmissible  here.  It  is  only  requisite  to  put  the  pupil  on  his  guard 
against  supposing,  that  in  answer  to  such  a  question  as  quo  gentium  fugiam?  one 
might  sny,  fugias  Romae,  A  thenis,  Carthaginians  our  author  s  cui  negotio  might 
lead  him  to  imagine.  A.  R  C. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX 


183 


2.  What  you  was  doing,  or 
where  in  the  world  you  was,  I 
could  not  so  much  as  guess. 

He  came  to  that  height  of 
madness,  that  what  I  should 
do,  or  to  what  part  of  the  world 
I  should  fly,  I  know  not. 

Where  in  the  world  are  we  1 
Are  we  come  to  this  pass  1 
Are  we  come  to  this  pitch  of 
misery  ? 

I  can  find  my  brother  no 
where  ;  but  in  whatever  part 
of  the  world  he  may  be,  he 
will  be  beloved  by  good  men. 

Let  him  go  to  any  part  of 
the  world,  the  affair  will  be  in 
the  same  condition  :  virtue 
every  where  will  find  friends. 

3.  Caesar  said  that  he  had 
got  abundance  of  power  and 
glory,  and  plenty  of  wealth. 

Let  him  have  plenty  of  old 
wine,  that  he  may  drink  day 
and  night. 

Too  much  artifice  seems  to 
have  been  used  for  charming 
the  ears  ;  he  that  behaves  right 
will  have  plenty  of  applauders. 

Will  he  become  an  excellent 
poet  who  has  no  courage  to 
dash  the  words  that  have  little 
beauty  1  By  no  means. 

97.  The  lynx  is  said  to  see 
the  most  clearly  of  all  quad- 
rupeds. 

1  do  not  ask  what  he  says, 
but  what  he  can  say  agreeably 
to  reason. 

The  Sulmonenses  opened 
the  gates,  and  all  went  out  to 
meet  Antony. 

The  ground  being  covered 
with  dung  a  foot  thick,  must  be 


Quis  ago,  aut  ubi  terra 
sum,  ne  suspicor  quidem. 

Eo  vecordia  procedo,  ul 
quis  ago,  aut  quo  gens 
fugio,  nescio. 

Ubinam  gens  su?n  1 
Huccine  res  venio  ?  Eone 
miseria  venitur  ? 

Frater  nusquam  gens 
invenio ;  sed  ubicunque 
terra  sum,  diligo  a  bonus 
vir. 

Abeo  quovis  gens,  res 
ibidem  locus  sum  :  virtus 
ubique  locus  invenio  ami- 
cus. 

Casar  dico  sui  adipis- 
cor  potentia  gloriaque  a- 
bunde,  et  divitiae  affatim. 

Habeo  vetus  vinum  lar- 
giter,  ut  dies  noxque  poto. 

Nimis  insidiae  ad  ca- 
piendus  auris  adhibeo  vi- 
deor  ;  qui  recte  facio  ha- 
beo satis  laudator. 

Fione  ille  egregius  poe- 
ta,  qui  non  audeo  expungo 
verbum  qui  parum  splen- 
dor habeo  ?    Minime  gens. 

Lynx  dico  cerno  clare 
omnis  quadrupes. 

Non  quaero  quis  dic*f 
sed  quis  possum  dico  con* 
venienter  ratio. 

Sulmonenses  porta  ape- 
rio,  et  omnis  obviam  An- 
tonius  exco. 

Terra  stercoratus  pes 
alte,  in  pulvinus  redigen- 


184 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


formed  into  beds  before  you 
begin  to  sow. 

The  Numidians  possess  the 
other  parts  as  far  as  Maurita- 
nia ;  the  Mauri  are  next  to 
Spain. 

The  beauty  of  Glycera, 
shining  more  bright  than  Pa- 
rian marble,  consumes  me. 

Thus  speaks  Neptune,  and 
swifter  than  speech  he  smooths 
the  swelling  seas,  disperses 
the  collected  clouds,  and 
brings  back  the  day. 

If  Astyages,  being  frighted  at 
this  answer,  gave  his  daughter 
in  marriage  neither  to  a  fa- 
mous man,  nor  to  one  of  that 
country,  but  to  Cambyses,  a 
mean  man  of  the  nation  of  the 
Persians,  at  that  time  obscure. 
And  the  fear  of  the  dream  not 
being  laid  aside  even  thus,  he 
sends  for  his  daughter  big  with 
child,  that  the  infant  might  be 
slain  under  the  eye  of  his 
grandfather. 

The  Lacedemonians,  having 
consulted  the  oracle  at  Delphos 
concerning  the  event  of  the 
war,  are  ordered  to  seek  a  ge- 
neral from  the  Athenians  ;  but 
the  Athenians,  when  they  un- 
derstood the  answer,  in  con- 
tempt of  the  Spartans,  sent 
Tyrtaeus,  a  poet,  lame  of  a 
foot ;  who  being  routed  in 
three  battles,  reduced  the 
Spartans  to  that  despair,  that 
they  manumitted  their  slaves 
for  the  recruiting  of  their  army. 

I  know  not  whether  it  would 
not  have  been  better  for  the 
Roman  people  to  have  been 


dus  sum  antequam  sero 
incipio. 

Numidiae  teneo  cacter 
locus  usque  ad  Maurita- 
nia ;  proxime  Hispania 
Mauri  sum. 

Nitor  Glycera,  splen- 
dens  pure  Parius  marmor, 
uro  ego. 

Sic  aio  Neptunus,  et 
dictum  cito  placo  tumidus 
aequor,  fugo  collectus  nu- 
bes,  solque  reduco. 

Astyages,  exterritus  hie 
responsum,  trado  fdia  in 
matrimonium  neque  clarus 
vir,  neque  civis,  sed  Cam- 
byses, mediocris  vir  ex 
gens  Persae,  tunc*  tempus 
obscurus.  Ac  ne  sic  qui- 
dem  somnium  metus  de- 
positus,  arcesso  filia  gra- 
vidas, ut  sub  avus  oculus 
partus  neco 

Lacedaemonh,  oraculum 
Delphi  cortsultus  de  bcllum 
eventus,  jubeo  peto  dux  ab 
Atheniensis  :  porro  Athcn- 
iensis,  cum  cognosco  re- 
sponsum, in  con  tempt  us 
Spartani,  initio  Tyrtaeus, 
poeta,  claudus  pes ;  qui 
tres  praelium  fusus,  eo 
df-speratio  Spartani  ad- 
duco,  ut  manumit  to  servus 
ad  supplcmcntum  exerci- 
tus. 

Nescio  an  satius  sumpo* 
pulus  Romanus  sum  con- 
tentus  Sicilia  et  Africa 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


185 


content  with  Sicily  and  Africa, 
or  even  to  have  wanted  these, 
than  to  grow  to  that  bigness  as 
to  be  destroyed  by  their  own 
strength  ;  for  what  thing  else 
produced  intestine  distractions, 
than  excessive  good  fortune  1 
and  whence  came  that  desire 
of  superiority  and  domineering, 
but  from  excessive  wealth  1 

Cyrus,  the  day  following, 
forsook  his  camp ;  but  left 
plenty  of  wine,  and  those 
things  that  were  necessary  for 
a  feast.  The  queen  sends  her 
son  with  a  third  part  of  her  for- 
ces to  pursue  Cyrus.  When 
they  were  come  to  Cyrus' 
camp,  the  young  man,  ignorant 
of  military  affairs,  as  if  he 
was  come  to  a  feast,  not  to  a 
battle,  letting  the  enemy  alone, 
suffers  the  barbarians  to  load 
themselves  with  wine  ;  and 
the  Scythians  are  conquered 
by  drunkenness. 

He  is  an  orator,  who,  on 
every  question,  can  speak  fine- 
ly and  ornately,  and  in  a  man- 
ner fit  for  persuading :  but  in 
these  times  of  ours,  neither 
sufficient  pains  is  bestowed  in 
reading  authors,  nor  in  search- 
ing into  antiquity,  nor  upon 
the  knowledge  either  of  things, 
or  of  men,  or  of  the  times. 

Diomcdon  came  to  Thebes 
with  a  vast  quantity  of  gold, 
and  drew  over  Micythus,  a 
y  oung  man,  by  five  talents,  to  his 
lure.  Micythus  went  to  Epa- 
minondas,  and  told  him  the 
occasion  of  Diomedon's  com- 
ing :  but  he,  in  the  presence 


aut  etiam  hie  careo,  quam 
eo  magnitudo  cresco,  ut 
vires  suits  conjicio ;  quis 
enim  res  alius  furor  civilx* 
pario,  quam  nimius  felici- 
tas  ?  et  unde  venio  ille  cu- 
pido  principatus  et  domi- 
nandum,  nisi  ex  nimius 
opes  ? 

Cyrus,  diesposterus,  de- 
sero  castra ;  at  relinquo 
vinum  affatim,  et  is  qui 
epulae  necessarius  sum. 
Regina  mitto  filius  cum 
tertius  pars  copiae  ad  in- 
sequendus  Cyrus.  Cum 
venitur  ad  Cyrus  castra, 
adolesce  ns,  ignarus  res  mi- 
litarise veluti  ad  epulae, 
non  ad  praelium  venio, 
omissus  hostis,  patior  bar- 
barus  onero  sui  vinum  ;  et 
Scythae  ebrietas  vinco. 

Is  sum  orator,  qui,  de 
omnis  quaestio,  possum 
dico  pulchre  et  ornate,  et 
apte  ad persuadendum :  sed 
hie  noster  tempus  nec  satis 
opera  insumo  in  cognos- 
cendus  auctor,  nec  in  evol- 
vendus  antiquitas,  nec  in 
notitia  vel  res,  vel  homo, 
vel  tempus. 

Diomedon  venio  Thebae 
cum  magnus pondus  aurum , 
et  perduco  Micythus,  ado- 
lescentulus,  quinque  talent- 
um,  ad  suus  voluntas.  Mi- 
cythus Epaminondas  con- 
venio,  et  ostendo  causa 
Diomedon  adventus :  at 


186 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


of  Diomedon,  said,  There  is 
no  need  of  money  ;  for  if  the 
king  desire  those  things  that 
are  expedient  for  the  Thebans, 
I  am  ready  to  do  them  for  no- 
thing ;  but  if  the  contrary,  he 
has  not  gold  and  silver  enough. 

Next  day  Caesar,  before  the 
enemy  could  recover  them- 
selves from  their  consternation 
and  flight,  led  his  army  into  the 
country  of  the  Suessiones,  who 
are  next  to  the  Remi ;  and, 
having  performed  a  great 
march,  he  came  to  the  city  No- 
viodunum.  After  fortifying 
his  camp,  having  reared  the 
vineae,  having  cast  up  a  mount, 
and  erected  turrets,  he  began 
to  storm  the  town. 

Micipsa,  as  Jugurtha  was 
fond  of  military  glory,  resolves 
to  expose  him  to  dangers,  hop- 
ing he  would  fall,  either  in 
making  a  shew  of  his  bravery, 
or  by  the  fury  of  the  enemy. 
But  that  matter  fell  out  quite 
otherwise  than  he  imagined  ; 
for  Jugurtha,  as  he  was  of  an 
enterprising  and  penetrating 
genius,  after  he  came  to  know 
the  general's  temper,  by  much 
pains  and  much  diligence,  and 
by  often  exposing  himself  to 
dangers,  came  in  a  short  time 
to  so  great  reputation,  that  he 
was  a  very  great  terror  to  the 
enemy. 

Lycurgus  suffered  the  young 
men  to  use  no  more  then  one 
coat  in  a  whole  year,  nor  any 
one  to  go  finer  than  another, 
nor  fare  more  sumptuously, 


ille,  Diomedon  coram,  m- 
quam,  Nihil  opus  sum  pe- 
cunia ;  nam  si  rex  is  volo 
qui  Thebani  sum  utilis, 
gratis  facio  sum  paratus  ; 
sin  awtcm  contrarius,  non 
habeo  aurum  atque  argen- 
tum  satis. 

Postridie  is  dies  Ccesar, 
priusquam  hostis  recipio 
sui  ex  terror  acfuga,  duco 
exercitus  in  finis  Suessi- 
ones, qui  sum  proximus 
Remi ;  et,  magnus  iter 
confectus,  ad  oppidum  No- 
viodunum  pervenio.  Cas- 
tra  munitus,  vineae  actus, 
agger  jactus,  turrisque 
constitutus,  oppidum  ob- 
pugno  coepi. 

Micipsa,  quod  Jugurtha 
sum  appetens  gloria  mili- 
iaris,  statuo  objecto  is  pe- 
riculum,  sperans  occasu- 
rus,  vel  ostentandum  vir- 
tus, vel  sacvitiahostis.  Sed 
is  res  longe  aliter  evenio 
ac  reor ;  nam  Jugurtha, 
ut  sum  impiger  atque  acris 
6  ingenium,  ubi  cognosco 
natura  imperator,  multus 
labor  multusque  cura,  et 
sacpe  eundum  obviam  pe- 
riculum,  brcvi  pervenio  in 
tantus  claritudo,  ut  sum 
magnus  terror  hostis 

Lycurgus  permitto  ju- 
venis  utor  non  ample  units 
vestis  totus  6  annus,  nec 
quisquam  progredior  culte 
quam  alter,  nec  epulor  opu- 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


187 


He  ordered  young  women  to 
be  married  without  fortunes, 
that  wives  might  bt  chosen,  not 
money.  He  ordered  the  great- 
est respect  should  belong,  not 
to  the  rich  and  powerful,  but  to 
old  men,  according  to  the  de- 
gree of  their  age  ;  nor  indeed 
has  old  age  anywhere  on  earth 
a  more  respectful  habitation 
than  at'Lacedemon. 


lenter.  Jubeo  virgo  nubo 
sine  dos,  ut  uxor  eligo, 
non  pecunia.  Yolo  mag- 
nus  honor  sum,  non  dives 
et  potens,  sed  senex,  pro 
gradus  aetas ;  nec  sane 
usquam  terra  senectus  lo- 
cus honoratus  habeo  quam 
Lacedaemon. 


Cotta  being  asked  his  opinion,  spoke  to  this  purpose  :  It  is  the  part  of  wise 
men  to  do  nothing  rashly.  I  do  not  think,  that  we  ought  to  remove  from  our  win- 
ter-quarters without  the  order  of  Caesar.  Our  winter-quarters  being  fortified, 
we  shall  easily  withstand  the  forces  of  the  Germans.  You  see,  that  we  have 
bravely  withstood  the  first  assault  of  our  enemies.  Our  enemies,  after  receiving 
many  wounds,  have  desisted  from  the  siege.  We  have  enough  of  corn.  Caesar 
will  not  forget  his  faithful  soldiers.  What  is  more  foolish,  what  is  more  dis- 
graceful, than  to  listen  to  the  advice  of  an  enemy,  in  so  important  an  affair  1  It 
becomes  us  to  remember  that  we  are  Romans. 

The  Tyrians  sent  ambassadors  to  meet  Alexander,  with  presents  for  himself, 
and  provisions  for  his  army.  But  when  he  desired  to  enter  the  city,  under  pre- 
tence of  offering  sacrifice  to  Hercules,  they  refused  him  admittance  ;  which  pro- 
voked Alexander,  now  flushed  with  so  many  victories,  to  such  a  degree  of  re- 
sentment, that  he  resolved  to  storm  the  city,  and  enter  it  by  force.  The  city  then 
stood  on  an  island  half  a  mile  distant  from  the  shore,  was  surrounded  with  a 
strong  wall,  150  feet  high,  the  inhabitants  had  plenty  of  provisions,  and  were 
stored  with  all  sorts  of  warlike  machines.  Alexander,  however,  by  carrying  a 
mole  or  causey,  200  feet  broad,  from  the  continent  to  the  island,  transported  his 
army,  and  after  a  siege  of  seven  months,  battered  down  the  walls,  took  the  city  by 
storm,  and  f  ully  executed  upon  that  wealthy  and  wicked  city  the  judgments  long 
before  denounced  by  the  prophets. 


I    2.  OF  PREPOSITIONS 

68.  The  prepositions  ad,  apud,  antc^  &c.  govern  the  ac- 
cusative. 

To  the  father.  Ad  patrem. 

Note.  To  the  prepositions  governing  the  accusative  some  add  circiter,  prope, 
usque,  and  versus  ;  but  these  are  real  adverbs,  having  the  preposition  ad  under- 
stood ;  which  with  the  last  three  is  sometimes  expressed. 

69.  The  prepositions  a,  ab,  abs,  &c.  govern  the  abla- 
tive. 

From  the  father.  A  patre. 

Note  1.  To  the  prepositions  governing  the  ablative  some  a'dd  procul;  but  this 
is  an  adverb,  having  a  or  ab  understood,  or  sometimes  expressed ;  as,  Virg.  Pro* 
cul  a  patria. 

Note  2.  Tenus  is  put  after  its  case,  and,  when  the  noun  is  plural,  usually  go- 
verns the  genitive  ;  as,  Virg.  Crurum  tenus  a  mento  valearia  pendent.  Cic.  Lum- 
borum  tenus.    But  sometimes  the  ablative  ;  as,  Ovid.  Pectoribus  tenus. 

Note  3.  That  a  and  e  are  put  before  consonants,  ab  and  ex  before  vowels  or 
consonants,  abs  before  q  and  t ;  as,  a  patre,  e  regione ;  ab  initio,  ab  rege ;  exurbc, 
ex  parte  ;  abs  quovis  homine,  ibs  te. 


188 


AN  INTRODUCTION* 


70.  The  prepositions  in,  sub,  super,  and  subter,  govern 
the  accusative,  when  motion  to  a  place  is  signified. 

I  go  into  the  school.  Eo  in  scholam. 

He  shall  go  under  the  earth.    Ibit  sub  terras. 
It  fell  upon  the  troops.  Incidit  super  agmina. 

He  brings  him  under  the    Ducit  subter  fas tigia. 
roof. 

71.  But  if  motion  or  rest  in  a  place  be  signified,  in  and 
sub  govern  the  ablative  ;  super  and  subter  either  the  ac- 
cusative or  ablative. 

I  run  or  sit  in  the  school.  Discurro  vel  sedeo  in  scho- 

la. 

I  walk  or  lie  under  the  shade.    Ambulo    vel   recubo  sub 

umbra. 

He  pitched  his  camp  beyond    Posuit  castra  super  am- 

the  river.  nem. 
He  sits  upon  the  grass.  Sedet  super  fronde. 

The  veins  are  dispersed  under    Venae  subter  cutem  dis- 

the  skin.  perguntur. 
They  continue  under  the  tar-    Subter  testudine  mancnt. 

get-fence. 

Note  1.  In  signifying  to,  into,  toward,  against,  till,  until,  over,  after,  for,  upon,  by, 
or  between,  governs  the  accusative  ;  but  when  it  signifies  in  or  among,  it  generally 
takes  the  ablative. 

Note  2.  Sub  signifying  at  or  about  such  a  time,  generally  governs  the  accusative. 
But  when  it  signifies  nigh  to,  or  near  a  place,  it  commonly  takes  the  ablative. 

Note  3.  Super  signifying  beyond,  above,  besides,  upon,  at,  or  in  time  of ',  governs 
fhe  accusative  ;  but  when  it  signifies  about,  concerning,  for,  or  because  of,  it  takes 
the  ablative. 

Note  4.  Subter  takes  very  rarely  the  ablative,  and  only  among  poets. 

GENERAL  NOTES. 

|.  The  word  governed  by  the  preposition  is  sometimes  suppressed;  as,  ad 
Opis,  ad  Dianae  ;  supple  acdem.    A  Vestac  ;  supple  aede. 

2.  The  preposition  itself  is  frequently  suppressed  ;  as,  Caes.  Circiter  meridiem. 
Cic.  Trope  muros.  Cart.  Usque  pedes.  Plin.  Orient  em  versus.  Virg.  Devencre  lo 
cos.  Cic.  Magnam  partem  ex  Jambis  constat  oratio ;  sup.  ad.  Ter.  Nunc  id  pro* 
deo,  ire  infeias,  suppttias.  exsequias  ;  sup.  ob  or  propter.  Virg.  Maria  aspera  juro  ; 
sup.  per.  Liv.  Procul  seditione  ;  sup.  a.  Caes.  Se  loco  viovere  ;  sup.  e.  Ilor.  Vina 
pr omens  dolio  ;  sup.  far.  Ter.  Quid  illo  facias;  sup.  de.  Vitrtiv.  Ahud  alius  loco 
nascitur  ;  sup.  in.  Juv.  Fallit  nos  vitium  specis  virtutis  ;  sup.  sub. 

72.  A  preposition  often  governs  the  same  case  in  com- 
position that  it  does  without  it. 

Let  us  go  to  the  school.  Admmus  scholam. 

He  speaks  to  his  brother.  Alloquitur  fratrem. 

He  carried  the  army  over  the  Exercitum  fiuviurn  trans* 
river.  duxit. 


TO   LATIN  SV^rTAX. 


189 


They  go  out  of  the  church. 
He  departed  from  the  city. 
They  engage  in  battle. 
They  come  up  to  the  walls. 
He  excels  all. 

He  is  carried  round  the  fort. 


Exeunt  templo. 
Deccssit  urbe, 
Ineunt  praelium. 
Subeunt  muros. 
Super  emmet  omnes. 
Circumvchitur  arcem. 


Note  I.  This  rule  takes  place  only  when  the  preposition  may  be  dissolved 
from  the  verb,  and  put  before  the  case  by  itself ;  as,  Virg.  Alloquor  patrem,  i.  e. 
loquor  ad patrem.    Liv.  Circunwehitur  arcem,  i.  e.  vehitur  circum  arcem. 

Note  2.  The  preposition  is  frequently  repeated  ;  as,  Cic.  Ad  r.os  adeunt.  Caes. 
Exire  e  Jinibus  suis.    Cic.  In  rempublicam  invasit. 

Note  3.  Some  verbs  compounded  with  e  or  cx  govern  the  ablative,  or  the  ac- 
cusative, extra  being  understood  ;  as,  Virg.  Exire  seplis.  Stat.  Exire  campum,  sc. 
extra  campum.  Ovid.  Pot  tubus  egredior.  Plin.  Egredi  veritatem,  sc.  extra  verita- 
tem.  Virg.  Excedere  terra.  Lucan.  Excedere  viuros,  sc.  extra  muros.  Virg. 
Erumpunt  portis.  Id.  Erumpere  nubem,  sc.  extra  nubem.  In  like  manner,  Praeve- 
hi  littus,  praelabi  moenia,  sc.  praeter  littus,  praeter  moenia. 


68.  After  they  came  to  a 
conference,  peace  was  con- 
cluded between  them. 

The  swallows  come  before 
summer,  they  take  pleasure  to 
fly  through  the  air. 

The  boy  practises  piety  to- 
wards God,  reverence  towards 
men. 

The  general  drew  up  his 
army  on  this  side  the  Alps,  no- 
body ever  fought  more  stoutly 
against  an  enemy. 

He  takes  the  towns  about 
Capua,  he  rewards  the  soldiers 
according  to  their  bravery. 

The  moon  drives  her  cha- 
riot beneath  the  sun,  the  hea- 
ven is  stretched  out  above  the 
clouds. 

69.  The  boy  is  praised  by 
us,  he  is  approved  by  you,  he 
is  blamed  by  others  without 
reason. 

Friends  are  changed  with 
fortune,  hatred  is  often  repaid 
for  favour,  a  tree  is  known  by 
its  fruit. 

r  2 


Postquam  venio  ad  col- 
loquium,  pax  ordino  inter 
is. 

Hirundo  venio  ante  aes- 
tas,  gaudeo  volito  per  aura. 

Puer  exerceo  pietas  ad- 
versus  Deus,  reverentia 
erga  homo. 

Dux  instruo  acies  cis 
Alpcs,  nemo  unquam  pug- 
no  fortiter  contra  hostis. 

Occupo  urbs  circa  Ca- 
pua, remuneror  miles  se- 
cundum virtus. 

Luna  ago  currus  infra 
sol,  coelum  porrigo  supra 
nubcs. 

Puer  laudo  a  ego,  pro- 
bo  abs  tu,  culpo  ab  alius 
absque  causa. 

Amicus  muto  cum  for- 
tuna,  odium  saepe  reddo 
pro  gratia,  arbor  dignosco 
ex  fructus. 


100 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


After  the  battle  the  general 
began  to  treat  about  a  peace 
without  delay. 

Whilst  he  was  sailing  cross 
the  river,  the  boat  began  to 
sink,  he  is  wet  up  to  the  chin. 

70.  Showers  are  poured 
down  into  the  vallies,  whilst 
snow  falls  upon  the  hills. 

The  shepherds  came  under 
the  mountains  with  their  flocks; 
at  length  they  were  forced  by 
the  rain  to  drive  them  into  folds 
under  the  ground. 

71.  Whilst  Peter  was  sitting 
in  the  parlour,  the  boys  were 
playing  in  the  porch,  the  girls 
were  dancing  under  a  tree. 

The  soldiers  sat  down  upon 
the  grass,  nigh  the  shore, 
where  they  dined  in  presence 
of  their  general. 

Phaeton  for  fear  fell  from 
heaven  into  the  Po  in  Italy ; 
his  sisters  bewailed  his  death, 
till  they  were  all  changed  into 
poplar  trees. 

Whilst  the  war  is  carried  on 
in  Numidia  against  Jugurtha, 
the  Romans  were  defeated  by 
the  Gauls  nigh  the  Rhone. 

Toward  the  evening  the  no- 
bility lied  out  of  the  city,  pass- 
ed over  into  Greece,  levied  war 
in  Epire  against  Caesar. 

Caesar  is  sent  into  Germany, 
he  marches  with  his  army  be- 
yond the  Rhine ,  lays  waste  the 
country,  returns  with  glory  to 
winter-quarters. 

72.  The  shepherd  passes  by 
the  village,  goes  to  the  city, 
where  he  stays  a  long  time  ;  he 
is  ordered  to  depart  from  the 
town,  to  return  to  his  flocks  ; 


Post  pugna  dux  coepi 
ago  de  pax  sine  mora. 

Dum  veho  trans  Jluvius, 
cymba  coepi  sido,  madejio 
mentum  tenus. 

Imber  fundo  in  vallis, 
dum  nix  cado  super  mons. 

Pastor  venio  sub  mons 
cum  grex ;  tandem  cogo 
ab  imber  ago  is  in  septum 
subter  terra. 

Dum  Petrus  sedeo  in 
coenaculum,  puer  colludo 
in  vestibulum,  puella  salto 
sub  arbor. 

Miles  discumbo  super 
gra?nen,  subter  littus,  ubi 
prandeo  coram  dux. 

Phaeton  prae  timor  cafa 
de  coelum  in  Padus  in  lt<* 
lia  ;  soror  lugeo  mors.  Of* 
nec  omnis  muto  in  pop* 
I  us. 

Dum  helium  gcro  ?» 
Numidia  contra  Jugurtha 
Romanus  vinco  a  Gallu* 
juxta  Rhodanus. 

Sub  vesperus  nobilita0 
fugio  ex  urbs,  transeo  i» 
Graecia,  paro  bellum  apu0 
Epirus  contra  Casar. 

C(Bsar  mitto  in  Ger 
mania,  per  go  cum  excrc* 
tus  ultra  Rhenus,  vasta 
ager,  revertor  cum  gloria 
in  hyberna. 

Pastor  praetereo  villa, 
adeo  wbs,  ubi  diu  com- 
moror ;  jubeo  decedo  op- 
pidum,  redco  ad  grex  ;  a* 
nolo  absisto  inceptum 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


191 


but  he  would  not  desist  from 
his  purpose. 

%  Mardonius  accosts  Xerxes 
affrighted  at  this  defeat,  and 
doubtful  what  course  to  take  ; 
he  advises  him  to  go  away  into 
his  kingdom,  lest  the  fame  of 
this  unfortunate  war  should  oc- 
casion any  sedition.  His  ad- 
vice being  approved,  an  army 
is  delivered  to  Mardonius  ;  the 
king  himself  prepares  to  draw 
back  the  rest  of  the  troops  in- 
to his  kingdom :  but  the  Greeks, 
having  heard  of  the  king's 
flight,  entered  into  a  design  of 
breaking  down  the  bridge 
which  he  had  made  at  Abydos. 

Thus,  after  Atticus  had  ab- 
stained from  food  for  two  days, 
on  a  sudden  his  fever  went  off, 
and  the  distemper  began  to  be 
more  easy  ;  he  died,  however, 
the  fifth  day  after,  the  day  be- 
fore the  Kalends  of  x\pril,when 
On.  Domitius  and  C.  Sosius 
were  consuls.  He  was  carried 
to  his  funeral  upon  a  little 
couch,  as  he  himself  had  order- 
ed, without  any  pomp  of  fu- 
neral, all  good  people  attending 
him.  He  was  buried  near  the 
Appian  way,  at  the  fifth  mile- 
stone, in  the  monument  of  Q. 
Caecilius  his  uncle. 

In  the  mean  time  the  Ro- 
mans, sending  the  Scipios  into 
Spain,  first  drove  the  Cartha- 
ginians out  of  the  province  ;  af- 
terwards they  carried  on  terri- 
ble wars  with  the  Spaniards 
themselves ;  nor  would  the 
Spaniards  receive  the  yoke, 
till  Caesar  Augustus,  after  he 
had  conquered  the  world,  car- 


Mardonius  aggredioi 
Xerxes  perculsus  hie  cla 
dos,  et  dubius  consilium  , 
hortor  ut  in  regnum  abeo, 
ne  quid  seditio  fama  adver- 
sus  helium  moveo.  Proba- 
tus  consilium,  exercitus 
trado  Mardonius  ;  rex  ipse 
paro  reduco  reliquus  copiae 
in  regnum :  sed  Graeci, 
auditus  rex  fuga,  ineo  con- 
silium inter  rumpendus  pons 
qui  tile  Abydus  facio. 


Sic,  cum  Atticus  abstu 
neo  cibus  biduum,  subito 
febris  decedo,  morbusquc 
coepi  sum  levis ;  decedo, 
tamen,  quintus  exinde  dies, 
pridie  Kalendae  Aprilis, 
Cn.  Domitius,  C.  Sosius 
consul.  Effero  in  lecti- 
cula,  ut  ipse  praescribo, 
sine  ullus  pompa  funus, 
omnis  bonus  comitans. 
Sepelio  juxta  via  Appius, 
ad  quintus  lapis,  in  monu- 
menturn  Q.  Caecilius  avun- 
culus suus. 


Inter ea  Romani,  missus 
in  Hispania  Scipio,  primo 
Poeni  provincia  expello ; 
postea  cum  ipse  Hispani 
gravis  bellum  gero ;  nec 
prius  jugum  Hispani  ac- 
cipio  volo,  quam  C&sar 
Augustus,  perdomitus  or- 
bis,  victrix  ad  is  arma 
tran*foro,  populusque  bar- 


192 


AN  INTHODUCTxON 


ried  his  victorious  arms  to 
them,  and  reduced  the  barba- 
rous and  savage  people  into 
the  form  of  a  province. 

The  Dorians  consulted  the 
oracle  about  the  event  of  the 
contest;  answerwasmade  them 
That  they  should  be  superior 
unless  they  killed  the  king  of 
the  Athenians.  Codrus  was 
king  of  the  Athenians  at  that 
time  ;  who,  having  got  notice 
of  the  answer  of  the  god, 
changing  his  royal  habit,  en- 
tered the  enemy's  camp  ;  he  is 
slain  by  a  soldier,  whom  he 
had  wounded  with  a  cutting- 
knife.  The  king's  body  being 
known,  the  Dorians  march  off 
without  fighting  ;  and  thus  the 
Athenians  are  delivered  from 
the  war,  by  the  bravery  of 
their  prince  offering  himself  to 
death  for  the  safety  of  his 
country. 

A  desire  of  visiting  the  sa- 
cred residence  of  the  god  Se- 
ra pis,  whom  Egypt,  a  nation 
devoted  to  superstition,  adores 
beyond  all  other,  seized  Ves- 
pasian, that  he  might  consult 
him  about  affairs  of  the  em- 
pire ;  and  having  entered  the 
temple,  and  being  intent  upon 
the  deity,  behind  his  own  back 
he  perceived  Basilides,  whom 
he  knew  to  be  several  days' 
journey  from  Alexandria.  He 
examines  the  priests,  whether 
Basilides  that  day  had  entered 
the  temple  1  he  asks,  whether 
hehadbeenseeninthe  city?  At 
last,  despatching  horsemen,  he 
learns,  that  he  was  at  that  in- 
stant eighty  miles  from  thence. 


harus  ac  ferus  in  forma 
provincia  rcdigo. 

Dorienses  de  eventus 
praeliwn  oraculum  consu- 
lo ;  respondetur,  is  superior 
for  em,  ni  rex  Atheniensis 
occido.  Atheniensis  is 
tcmpus  rex  Codrus  sum ; 
qui,  responsum  dcus  cog- 
nitus,  permutatus  regius 
habitus,  castra  hostis  in- 
gredior  ;  interficio  a  miles, 
qui  falx  vulnero.  Rex 
corpus  cognitus,  Dorienses 
sine  praelium  discedo ;  at- 
que  ita  Athenienses,  virtus 
dux,  pro  salus  patria  mors 
sui  offerens,  helium  libero 


Cupido  adeundum  sacer 
scdes  deus  Scrapis,  qui  Ae- 
gyptus,  gens  deditus  super- 
stitio,  colo  ante  omnis  ali- 
us, capio  Vespasianus,  ut 
consulo  is  super  res  im- 
perium ;  atque  ingressus 
templum,  intentusque  nu- 
men,  pone  tergum  suus 
respicio  Basilides,  qui 
nosc.o  plus  dies  6  iter  ab- 
sum  Alexandria  Per  con- 
tor  sacerdos,  num  ille  dies 
Basilides  templum  ineo  ? 
percontor,  num  in  urbs  vi- 
deo ?  Denique,  missus 
eques,  exploro,  is  ille  t em- 
pus  momentum  octoginta  6 
mille  passus  absum. 


TO  I, ATTN  SYNTAX. 


193 


Neptune,  Vulcan,  and  Minerva  disputed,  which  of  them  was  the  most  skilful 
artificer  ;  whereupon  Neptune  made  a  bull,  Minerva  a  house,  and  Vulcan  a  man  : 
and  they  chose  Momus  judge.  But  Momus  chid  them  all  three.  He  accused 
Neptune  of  imprudence  ;  because  he  had  not  placed  the  bull's  horns  in  his  fore- 
head betwixt  his  eyes  ;  for  then  the  bull  might  give  a  stronger  and  surer  blow. 
He  accused  Minerva  of  folly  ;  because  her  house  was  immoveable*  and  could  not 
be  carried  away,  if  it  happened  to  be  placed  among  ill  neighbours.  But  he  said 
Vulcan  was  the  most  imprudent  of  them  all ;  because  he  had  not  made  a  window 
in  the  man's  breast,  that  he  might  see  what  his  thoughts  were. 

Merchants  are  of  great  benefit  to  the  public.  They  knit  mankind  together  in 
a  mutual  intercourse  of  good  offices  ;  they  distribute  the  gifts  of  nature,  find  work 
for  the  poor,  add  wealth  to  the  rich,  and  magnificence  to  the  great.  Our  fleets 
of  British  merchantmen  are  so  many  squadrons  of  floating  shops,  that  vend  our 
wares  and  manufactures  in  all  the  markets  of  the  world;  and,  with  dangerous 
industry,  find  out  chapmen  under  both  tropics.  Our  British  merchant  converts 
the  tin  of  his  own  country  into  gold,  and  exchanges  his  wool  for  rubies.  The 
Mahometans  are  clothed  in  our  British  manufactures,  and  the  inhabitants  of  the 
frozen  zone  are  warmed  with  the  fleeces  of  our  sheep. 

Robert  Bruce,  the  son  of  that  Robert  Bruce,  who,  in  the  year  1285,  had  con- 
tended with  Baliol  about  the  succession,  was  crowned  king  of  the  Scots,  at 
Scoon,  in  the  year  1306.  He  was  a  man  of  great  bravery  in  war,  and  of  great 
moderation  in  peace.  The  strength  of  his  mind  in  adversity  was  wonderful. 
Tiiough  his  wile  was  taken  prisoner ;  though  his  four  brothers,  ail  brave  men, 
were  cruelly  butchered  ;  and  though  he  himself  was  stripped,  not  only  of  his  pa- 
ternal estate,  but  of  his  kingdom,  by  Edward,  king  of  England  ;  yet  his  mind 
was  so  far  from  sinking  under  this  load  of  affliction,  that  he  never  lost  hopes  of 
recovering  his  kingdom.  Few:  of  the  ancients  may  be  compared  to  Robert  Bruce. 
Cato  and  Brutus  laid  violent  hands  on  themselves :  Manus,  thirsting  after  re- 
venge, entered  into  wicked  and  cruel  measures  against  his  country:  Robert,  af- 
ter recovering  his  kingdom,  forgot  the  ill  usage  of  his  enemies. 


3.  OF  INTERJECTIONS. 

*  73.  The  interjections  O,  heu,  and  proh,  govern  the 
nominative  or  vocative,  and  sometimes  the  accusative. 


Nom.  0  what  a  face  ! 

Ah  ignorant  souls  ! 

Oh  the  pain  ! 
Voc.    O  my  father  ! 

Ah  wretched  boy  ! 

O  awful  Jove  ! 
Acc.    O  distressed  old  age  ! 

Ah   unhappy  creature 
that  1  am ! 

O  the  faith  of  gods  and 
men  ! 


O  qualis  fades  ! 

Heu  ignarae  mentes  ! 

Proh  dolor ! 

O  mi  pater  ! 

Heu  miser ande  puer  ! 

Proh  sancte  Jupiter  t 

O  calamitosam  senectutem! 

Heu  me  infelicem  ! 

Proh  deum  hominumque  ji- 
dem  ! 


Note  l.  O  before  the  vocative  is  often  suppressed  ;  as,  Virg.  Musa,  mihi  ca% 
sasmemora;  and  indeed,  strictly  speaking,  the  vocative  is  always  absolute,  b©- 
ing  governed  by  no  word  whatever. 

Note  2.  These  or  the  like  constructions  may  be  thus  supplied:  O  qualis  fades 
est  huic  ;  Heu  mentes  ignarae  sunt !  Proh  quantus  est  dolor  I  O  quam  calamitosam 
senectutem  exterior  !  Heu  quam  me  infelicem  sentio  !  Proh  deum  atque  hominum fula* 
imploro  vel  obtestor.   The  word  fidcm  is  sometimes  suppressed. 


74.  Hci  and  vae  govern  the  dative. 


194 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


Ah  mo. 
Wo  to  you  ! 


Hex  mihi ! 
Vae  tibi  ! 


Note  1.  Ileus  and  ohe  take  the  vocative  only  ;  as,  Ter.  Heus  Syrel  Mart.  Ohe  U> 
belle. 

Note  2.  Ah  and  vah  take  the  accusative  or  vocative  ;  as,  Ter.  Ah  me  miserum . 
Virg.  Ah  virgo  infelix !  Incert.  Vah  inconstantiam  I  Plaut.  Vah  salus  meal 

Note  3.  Hem  takes  the  dative,  accusative,  or  vocative  ;  as,  Ter.  Hem  tibi!  Id 
Hem  astutias !  Id.  Hem  Davum  tibi !  Cic.  Hem  mea  lux  ! 

Note  4.  Most  of  the  other  interjections,  and  frequently  also  these  mentioned, 
are  thrown  into  discourse  without  any  case  subjoined  to  them. 

Note  5.  The  dative  is  fitly  subjoined  to  interjections,  as  well  as  to  other  parts 
of  speech  ;  the  vocative  is  absolute  ;  and  the  accusative  may  be  thus  supplied  . 
Ah  me  miserurn  sentio  !  Vah  quam  inconstantiam  narras !  Hem  astutias  videte  !  Hem 
Davum  obviam  tibi  vide ! 


73.  O  man  valiant  and  friend- 
ly !  O  joyful  day  ! 

Ah  the  piety  !  Ah  the  faith 
of  ancient  times  !  Ah  the  vani- 
ty of  men ! 

Oh  the  pain  !  Oh  the  wick- 
edness !  Oh  the  manners  !  We 
degenerate  from  our  parents. 

O  Davus  !  am  I  thus  despis- 
ed hy  you  ?  Ah  wretched  boy  ! 

Ah  fortune !  what  god  is 
more  cruel  than  you  ?  you  al- 
ways take  pleasure  to  sport 
with  the  designs  of  men. 

O  awful  Jove  !  what  greater 
thins1  has  been  done  on  earth  ? 

O  the  times  !  Othe  fashions  ! 
O  the  wretched  minds  of  men  ! 
O  blind  souls ! 

Ah  wretch  that  I  am  !  why 
am  I  forced  to  do  this  ? 

By  the  faith  of  gods  and  men, 
the  victory  is  in  our  hands. 

74.  Ah  me  !  woes  me  !  love 
is  curable  by  no  herbs. 

T  When  Titus  one  day  re- 
collected, at  supper,  that  he 


0  1  virfortis  atque  ami- 
cus !  O  festus  1  dies  ! 

Heu  1  pietas  f  Heu  1 
fides  priscus !  Heu  1  va- 
nitas  humanus  ! 

Proh  1  dolor  !  Proh  1 
scelus  !  Proh  1  mos !  De- 
genero  a  parens  noster. 

O  Davus  1  itane  con- 
temnor  abs  tu  ?  Heu  mi~ 
serandus  puer  t 

Heu  Fortuna  }  quis  de- 
us  sum  crudelis  tu  ?  sem- 
per gaudeo  illudo  res  hu- 
manus. 

Proh  sa?ictus  Jupiter  ( 
quis  res  magnus  gero  in 
terra  ? 

O  4  tempus  !  O  4  mos ! 
O  miser  homo  4  mens  !  O 
4  pectus  caecus  ! 

Heu  4  ego  miser  !  cu* 
cogo  hie  facio? 

Proh  deus  atque  homo  4 
fides  !  victoria  ego  in  ma- 
nus  smn. 

Hex  ego  !  vae  ego  {  nul- 
lus  amor  sum  medicabilis 
herba. 

Cum  Titus  quidam  dies 
rccordor,  in  coena,  sui  ni- 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


195 


had  done  nothing  for  any  one 
that  day,  he  said,  O  friends  ! 
to-day  I  have  lost  a  day.  He 
was  a  prince  of  so  much  easi- 
ness and  generosity,  that  he 
denied  no  man  any  thing  ;  and 
when  he  was  blamed  for  it  by 
his  friends,  he  replied,  that  no 
man  ought  to  go  away  sorrow- 
ful from  an  emperor. 

To  you,  says  Alexander,  O 
most  faithful  and  most  affec- 
tionate of  countrymen  and 
friends !  I  [do]  give  thanks, 
not  only  because  to-day  you 
have  preferred  my  life  to  your 
own,  but  because,  since  the  be- 
ginning of  the  war,  you  have 
omitted  no  token  or  expression 
of  kindness  towards  me. 

This  was  another  occasion 
of  making  war  against  Jugur- 
tha  ;  wherefore  the  following 
revenge  is  committed  to  Albi- 
nus  ;  but,  O  shameful !  the  Nu- 
midians  so  corrupted  his  army, 
that  he  prevailed  by  the  vo- 
luntary flight  of  our  men,  and 
took  our  camp  ;  and,  a  scanda- 
lous treaty  being  added  for  the 
purchase  of  their  security,  he 
dismissed  the  army  which  he 
had  before  bought. 

O  dreadful  assurance  in  the 
midst  of  so  much  adversity  !  O 
the  singular  courage  and  spirit 
of  the  Roman  people  !  Whilst 
Annibal  was  flying  over  their 
throat  through  Campania  and 
Apulia  ;  at  the  same  time  they 
both  withstood  him,  and  sent 
their  arms  into  Sicily,  Sardi- 
nia, and  Spain.  O  people 
worthy  of  the  empire  of  the 


Jul  quisquam  praesto  ille 
dies,  dico,  O  amicus  !  hodie 
dies  perdo.  Sum  prin- 
ceps  tantus  facilitas  et  li- 
beralitas,  nt  nullus  quis- 
quam nego ;  et  cum  ab 
amicus  reprehendo,  res- 
pondeo,  ?iullus  tristis  debeo 
ab  imperator  discedo. 

Tu,  inquam  Alexander 
O  fidus  piusque  civis  aU 
que  amicus  !  grates  ago, 
non  solum  quod  hodie  salus 
meus  vester  praepono,  sed 
quod,  a  primordium  bel- 
lum,  nullus  erga  ego  be- 
nevolentia  pignus  aut  in- 
dicium omitto. 

Hie  sum  alter  causa  bel- 
landum  contra  Jugurtha  ; 
igitur  sequens  altio  mando 
Albinus  :  sed,  proh  dede- 
cus  !  Numida  ita  corrum- 
po  hie  exercitus,  ut  vinco 
voluntarius  fuga  noster, 
castraque  potior ;  et,  tur- 
pis  foedus  additus  in  pre- 
hum  salus,  dimitto  exerci- 
tus qui  prius  emo. 

O  horribilis  in  tot  ad- 
versus  4  fiducial  O  singu- 
laris  4  animus  ac  4  spiri- 
tus  populus  Romanus ! 
Cum  Annibal  in  jugulum 
per  Campania  Apuliaque 
volito  ;  idem  tempus  et  hie 
sustineo,  et  in  Sicilia,  Sar- 
dinia, Hispaniaque  arma 
mitto.  0  4  populus  dig' 
nus  orbis  imperium  !  dig- 


196 


AX  INTRODUCTION 


world !  worthy  of  the  favour  and  nus  favor  et  admiratio  de- 
admiration  of  gods  and  men  !     us  ac  homo  ! 

The  Lord  is  j  ust  and  righteous,  and  will  judge  the  earth  with  equity  and  truth. 
Think  not,  0  bold  man  !  because  thy  punishment  is  delayed,  that  the  arm  of  tho 
Lord  is  weakened,  neither  flatter  thyself  with  hopes  that  lie  winketh  at  thy  do- 
ings. The  high  and  the  low,  the  rich  and  the  poor,  the  wise  and  the  ignorant, 
when  the  soul  hath  shaken  oft"  the  cumbrous  shackles  of  this  mortal  life,  shall 
equally  receive  from  the  sentence  of  God  a  just  and  everlasting  retribution,  ac- 
cording to  their  works.  Then  shall  the  wicked  tremble  and  be  afraid,  but  the 
heart  of  the  righteous  shall  rejoice  in  his  judgments. 

The  thoughtless  man  bndleth  not  his  tongue,  woe  be  to  him  !  he  speaketh 
at  random,  and  is  entangled  in  the  foolishness  of  his  own  words.  Hearken 
therefore,  O  young  man,  unto  the  voice  of  Consideration ;  her  words  are  the 
words  of  wisdom,  and  her  paths  shall  lead  thee  to  safety  and  truth. 


4.  OF  CONJUNCTIONS. 

*  75.  The  conjunctions,  et,  ac,  atque,  nec,  neque,  aut, 
vel,  and  some  others,  couple  like  cases  and  moods. 

Honour  your  father  and  mo-    Honora  patrern  et  matrem. 
ther. 

He  neither  writes  nor  reads.       Nec  scrihit  nec  legit. 

Note  1.  To  these  add  quam,  nisi,  praeterquam,  an ;  also  nempe,  licet,  quamvis, 
quantumvis,  nedurn,  sed,  verum,  <kc.  And  adverbs  of  likeness  ;  as,  ceu,  tanquam, 
quasi,  ut,  velut,  &c. 

Note  2.  If  the  words  or  clauses  in  a  sentence  require  or  admit  of  a  different 
construction,  this  rule  does  not  take  place  ;  as,  Cic.  Mea  et  reipublicae  interest. 
Juv.  Sexcentis  et  pluris  empta.  Boet.  Mulicr  colore  vivid o  atque  inexhausti  vigo- 
ris.  Sail.  Ubi  videt  neque  per  vim,  neque  insidiis,  opprimi  posse  hominem.  Pers. 
Tecum  habita,  et  noris  quam  sit  Ubi  curia  supellex. 

76.  Ut,  quo,  licet,  ne,  utinam  and  dummodo,  are  for  the 
most  part  joined  with  the  subjunctive  mood. 

I  read  that  I  may  learn.  Lego  ut  discam. 

I  wish  you  were  wise.  Utinam  saperes. 

Note  1.  To  these  add  all  interrogatives,  when  taken  indefinitely,  whether  they 
be  nouns  ;  as,  quantus,  qualis,  qttotus,  quot,uplex,uter ;  or  pronouns  ;  as,  quis,  cujas  ; 
or  adverbs;  as,  ubi,  quo  ,undc,  qua,quorsum,  quando,  quamdiu,  quo  tics,  cur,  quare, 
quamobrem,  quomodo,  qui,  &c.  or  conjunctions  ;  as,  ne,  an,  annc,  annon.  These 
when  used  interrogatively,  stand  first  in  a  sentence,  and  take  the  indicative  ; 
but  when  a  word  goes  before  them  in  the  sentence,  such  as,  scio,  ncscio* 
video,  intelligo,  rogo,  peto,  cedo,  die,  dubito,  or  incertus,  dubius,  ignarus.  and  the 
like,  they  generally  become  indefinite,  and  taxe  the  subjunctive  ;  as,  iior.  Quae 
virtus,  et  quanta,  boni,  sit  vivere  parvo,  discit.c.  Cic.  Ut  sciam  quid  agas,  ubi  quo- 
que,  et  maxime  quando  Romae  futurus  sis.  Ovid.  Nescit  vitane  jrualur,  an  sit  apud 
manes. 

Note  2.  Retakes  the  imperative  or  subjunctive  ;  as,  ne  time,  or  ne  timcas.  Al 
ler  the  verb  cave  it  is  often  suppressed  ;  as,  Cave  facias. 

Note  3.  Ut,  after  these  verbs,  volo,  nolo,malo,  rogo,precor,  censeo,  svadco,  licet, 
oportet,  necesse  est,  and  the  like  ;  also  after  these  imperatives,^ sine,fac,  or  fanto.  is 
elegantly  suppressed;  as,  Ter.  Ducasvolohodicuxorem.  Id.  Fac  te  patrern  esse  sen' 

hat. ' 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


197 


Note  4.  Utinam  is  the  same  as  ut  or  uti,  and  has  opto  understood  ;  as,  Utinam 
saperes,  i.e.  opto  ut  saperes. 

Note  5.  Ut  and  quod  are  thus  distinguished :  ut  denotes  the  final  cause,  and  ge 
nerally  respects  what  is  future  ;  or,  after  adeo,  ita,  sic,  tarn,  talis,  tantus,  tot,  and 
the  like,  it  signifies  the  manner  ;  but  quod  denotes  the  motive  or  efficient  cause, 
and  commonly  relates  to  what  is  past. 

Note  6.  Nc  after  timeo,  metuo,  vereor,  paveo,  is  used  affirmatively  ;  as,  Ter.  Ti- 
met ne  se  deseras.  But  ut  after  these  verbs  is  for  ne  non,  or  used  negatively  ;  as, 
Cic.  Videris  vereri  ut  epistolas  Mas  acceperim  ;  i.e.  ne  non  accepcrim. 


75.  Riches  breed  pride  and 
insolence. 

Scipio  took  and  destroyed 
Carthage. 

Drunkenness  impairs  wealth 
-and  reputation. 

Time  consumes  iron  and 
stones. 

The  man  does  wickedly,  he 
neither  fears  God  nor  honours 
the  king. 

Covetousness  is  never  satis- 
fied nor  satiated. 

A  soldier,  according  to  his 
bravery,  is  praised  or  disprais- 
ed. 

The  poets  design  either  to 
profit  or  to  please. 

Whether  I  be  silent  or 
speak,  he  goes  on  to  provoke. 

I  would  more  willingly  re- 
ceive than  do  an  injury. 

When  a  man  fears  nothing 
but  a  witness  and  a  judge,  what 
will  he  not  do  in  the  dark  ? 

Nothing  can  be  taken  from 
us  except  liberty  or  life. 

Avoid  idleness  a3  a  plague  ; 
glory  attends  virtue  as  a  sha- 
dow. 

Honour,  like  the  rainbow, 
flies  the  pursuer,  and  pursues 
the  flier. 

76.  God  did  not  send  his  son 
into  the  world,  that  he  might 

S 


Divitiae  pario  superbia 
et  arrogantia. 

Scipio  capio  ac  diruo 
Carthago. 

Ebrietas  minuo  opes  at* 
que  honor. 

Vetustas  consumo  fer- 
rum  lapisque. 

Homo  ago  improbe,  nec 
timeo  Deus  nec  honoro  rex. 

Cupidilas  nunquam  ex* 
pleo  ncque  satio. 

Miles,  pro  virtusr  laudo 
aut  vitupero. 

Poeta  volo  vel  prosum 
vel  delecto. 

Sive  ego  taceo  sive  lo* 
quor,  ille  pergo  lacesso. 

Libenter  accipio  quam 
facio  injuria. 

Cum  homo  timeo  nihil 
nisi  testis  et  judex,  quis 
non  facio  in  tenebrae  1 

Nihil  possum  eripio  x 
ego  praeterquam  libertas 
aut  vita. 

Fugio  desidia  ceu  pes* 
tis  ;  gloria  sequor  virtus 
tanquam.  umbra. 

Honos,  ut  iris,  fugio  se- 
quens,  et  sequor  fugiens. 

Deus  non  mittoflius  in 
mundus,  ut  condemno  mun- 


198 


AN  INTRODUCTION 


condemn  the  world,  but  that 
the  world  might  be  saved 
through  him. 

I  did  this  that  T  might  escape 
the  more  quickly  ;  but  do  you 
assist  me  that  it  may  be  done 
the  more  easily. 

I  will  discover  the  theft, 
though  he  threaten  arms  and 
death. 

Be  not  hasty  to  speak,  take 
care  you  do  not  stammer,  take 
care  you  do  not  lose  your  cou- 
rage. 

Virtue  procures  and  pre- 
serves friendship  :  I  wish  you 
may  do  your  duty  carefully. 

I  will  come  to  a  conference, 
provided  there  be  a  wall  be- 
twixt you  and  me. 

In  the  five  hundred  and 
fifty-first  year  from  the  build- 
ing of  the  city,  T.  Quintius 
Flaminius  is  sent  against  Phi- 
lip king  of  Macedonia  :  he  ma- 
naged his  affairs  successfully ; 
a  peace  was  granted  to  the 
king  upon  these  terms,  that  he 
should  not  make  war  upon  the 
cities  of  Greece,  which  the 
Romans  had  defended  against 
him ;  that  he  should  restore 
the  prisoners  and  deserters. 

Pompey  restored  the  hos- 
tages to  the  Antiochians,  gave 
some  land  to  the  Daphnensians, 
that  the  grove  there  might  be 
made  more  spacious,  being 
mightily  taken  with  the  plea- 
santness of  the  place,  and  the 
plenty  of  water.  Going  from 
thence  to  Judea,  he  took  Je- 
rusalem, the  metropolis  of  the 
nation,  in  three  months,  killing 


dus,  sed  ut  mundus  servo 
per  is. 

Facto  Lie  quo  evado  ce- 
leritcr  ;  sed  tu  adjuto  ego 
quo  is  jio  facile 

Detego  furtum,  licet  ar- 
ma  morsque  minor. 

Ne  festino  loquor,  caveo 
ne  titubo,  caveo  ne  perdo 
animus. 

Virtus  concilia  et  con- 
servo  amicitia ;  utinam 
facio  ofjicium  diligent  or. 

Venio  ad  colloquium, 
dummodo  murus  sum  inter 
tu  et  ego. 

Quingentesimus  et  quin- 
quagesimus  primus  annus 
ah  urbs  conditus,  T.  Quin- 
tius Flaminius  adversus 
Philippus  rex  Macedonia 
milto  :  res  prospere  gero  ; 
pax  rex  do  hie  lex,  ne 
Graecia  civitas,  qui  Roma- 
nus  contra  is  dtfendo,  bel- 
lum  infer o  ;  ut  captivus  et 
transfuga  reddo. 

Pompeius  Antiochenses 
obses  reddo,  aliquantum 
ager  Daphnenses  do,  quo 
lucus  ibi  spatiosus  fio,  de- 
legatus amoenitas  locus, 
et  aqua  abundantia.  Inde 
ad  Judaea  transgressus, 
Hierosolyma,  caput  gens, 
tertius  mensis,  capio,  duo- 
decim  mille  Judaei  occisus, 
caeter  in  fides  acceptus. 


TO  LATIN  SYNTAX. 


199 


twelve  thousand  of  the  Jews,the 
rest  being  admitted  to  quarter. 

Titus  succeeded  Vespasian, 
a  man  admirable  for  all  sorts  of 
virtues,  so  that  he  was  called 
the  darling  and  delight  of  man- 
kind. He  was  a  man  of  so 
much  moderation  in  his  govern- 
ment at  Rome,  that  he  punish- 
ed nobody  at  all,  and  so  dis- 
missed those  convicted  of  con- 
spiring against  him,  that  he 
kept  them  in  the  same  familia- 
rity as  before.  He  was  very 
eloquent  too ;  he  pleaded 
causes  in  Latin  ;  he  composed 
poems  and  tragedies  in  Greek. 

Germanicus,  when  his  end 
approached,  turning  to  his  wife, 
besought  her,  by  the  memory 
of  himself,  by  their  common 
children,  that  she  would  lay 
aside  her  haughty  spirit,  that 
she  would  submit  her  mind  to 
fortune  ;  and  not  long  after  he 
expires.  Foreign  nations  and 
kings  lamented  him,  strangers 
bewailed  Germanicus  ;  his  fu- 
neral without  images  was 
grand  by  the  praises  and  me- 
mory of  his  virtues. 

One  of  the  Magi  warned 
Alexander,  as  he  was  hasten- 
ing to  Babylon,  not  to  enter 
the  city,  declaring  that  this 
place  would  be  fatal  to  him  ; 
for  this  reason,  waving  Baby- 
lon, he  went  to  Borsippa,  a  city 
beyond  the  Euphrates :  there  he 
was  engaged  again  by  Anaxar- 
chus  the  philosopher  to  slight 
the  predictions  of  the  Magi,  as 
false  and  uncertain  ;  where- 
fore he  returned  to  Babylon. 


Vespasianus  Titus  suc- 
cedo,  vir  omnis  virtus  ge- 
nus mirabilis,  adeo  ut  amor 
et  deliciae  humanus  genus 
dico.  Sum  vir  tantus  ci- 
vilitas  in  imperium  Roma, 
ut  nullus  omnino  punio, 
atque  convictus  adversum 
suisui  conjuratio  ita  di- 
mitto,  ut  in  idem  familia- 
ritas  qui  antea  habeo.  Sum 
etiam  facundus ;  causa 
Latine  ago ;  poema  et 
tragoedia  Graece  compono. 

Germanicus,  ubi  finis 
adsum,  ad  uxor  versus,  per 
memoria  sui,  per  communis 
liberi  oro,  ut  exuo  ferocia, 
ut  fortuna  submitto  ani- 
mus ;  neque  multo  post  ex- 
tinguo.  Idoleo  exterus 
natio  rexque,  Germanicus 
ignotus  jieo  ;  junus  sine 
imago  per  laus  et  memoria 
virtus  Celebris  sum. 


Alexander  Babylon  fes- 
tinans,  quidam  ex  Magus 
praedico,  ne  urbs  introeo, 
testatus  hie  locus  isfatalis 
forem  ;  ob  hie  causa,  omis- 
sus Babylon,  in  Borsippa, 
urbs  trans  Euphrates, 
concedo  :  ibi  ab  Anaxar- 
chus  philosophus  cornpellor 
rursum  Magus  praedictum 
contemno,  ut  falsus  et  in- 
certus  ;  r  ever  tor  igitur 
Babylon. 


200 


AN  INTRODUCTION,  &C 


All  nations  in  the  west  and 
the  south  being  conquered,  the 
Scythians  and  Sarmatians  sent 
ambassadors  to  Rome,  begging 
an  alliance  ;  the  Seres,  and  the 
Indians,  that  live  under  the 
sun,  with  jewels  and  pearls, 
brought  elephants  too  amongst 
their  presents  :  the  length  of 
their  journey  was  so  great,  that 
they  scarce  finished  it  in  four 
years.  Thus  every  where 
there  was  peace  ;  insomuch 
that  Caesar  Augustus  at  last 
ventured,  in  the  seven  hun- 
dredth year  from  the  building 
of  the  city,  to  shut  the  double- 
faced  Janus.  Augustus,  for 
his  great  actions,  was  called 
the  Father  of  his  Coun- 
try. 


By  a  virtuous  emulation  the  spirit  of  a  man  is  exalted  within  him  ;  he  panteth 
after  fame,  and  rejoiceth  as  a  racer  to  run  his  course.  He  riseth  like  the  palm- 
tree,  in  spite  of  oppression  ;  and  as  an  eagle  in  the  firmament  ol  heaven,  he 
soareth  aloft,  and  fixeth  his  eye  upon  the  glories  of  the  sun.  The  examples  of 
eminent  men  are  in  his  visions  by  night ;  and  his  delight  is  to  follow  them  all  tlte 
day  long. 

A  famous  critic,  having  gathered  all  the  faults  of  an  eminent  poet,  made  a  pie- 
sent  of  them  to  Apollo  ;  who  received  them  very  graciously,  and  resolved  to 
make  the  author  a  suitable  return  for  the  trouble  he  had  been  at  in  collecting 
them.  In  order  to  this,  he  set  before  him  a  sack  of  wheat,  as  it  had  been 
threshed  out  of  the  sheaf.  He  then  bid  him  pick  out  the  chaff  from  among  the 
corn,  and  lay  it  aside  by  itself.  The  critic  applied  himself  to  the  task  with  great 
industry  and  pleasure  ;  and,  after  having  made  the  due  separation,  was  present- 
ed by  Apollo  with  the  chaff  for  his  pains. 

Mankind  seem  to  be  no  less  accountable  for  the  ill  use  of  their  dominion  ovei 
creatures  of  the  lower  rank,  than  for  the  exercise  of  tyranny  over  their  own  spe 
cies.  The  more  entirely  the  inferior  creation  is  submitted  to  our  power,  the 
more  tenderly  ought  we  to  use  it.  It  is  certainly  the  part  of  a  good  man,  to  take 
care  of  his  horses  and  dogs,  not  only  in  expectation  of  their  labour,  while  they  are 
foals  and  whelps,  but  even  when  their  old  age  has  made  th?m  incapable  of  ser- 
vice. There  is  a  passage  in  the  book  of  Jonas,  when  God  declares  his  aversion 
to  destroy  Nineveh,  where  that  compassion  of  the  Creator,  which  extends  to  the 

meanest  rank  of  his  creatures,  is  expressed  with  wonderful  tenderness:  Should 

I  not  spare  Nineveh,  that  great  city,  wherein  are  more  than  sixscore  thou- 
sand persons,  and  also  much  cattle  ?    And  in  the  book  of  Deuteronomy  we  have 

a  precept  to  this  purpose,  with  a  blessing  annexed  to  it,  in  these  words  :  If  thou 

shalt  find  a  bird's  nest  in  the  way,  thou  shalt  not  take  the  dam  with  the  young 
But  thou  shalt  in  any  wise  let  the  dam  go  ;  that  it  may  be  well  with  thee,  and 
tiiat  thou  mayst  prolong  thy  days. 


Omnis  ad  occasus  et  me- 
ridies  pacatus  gens,  Scy- 
thae  et  Sarmatae  mitto  Ro- 
ma legatus,  amicitia  pe- 
tens ;  Seres,  habitansque 
sub  ipse  sol  Indi,  cum 
gemma  et  margarita,  ele- 
phas  quoque  inter  munus 
traho ;  longinquitas  via 
tantus  sum,  ut  vix  6  qua- 
driennium  impleo.  Sic 
ubique  pax  sum  ;  adeo  ut 
C<Bsar  Augustus  audeo 
tandem,  septingentesimus 
ab  urbs  conditus  annus, 
Janus  geminus  claudo. 
Augustus,  ob  factum  in- 
gens,  Pater  Patria  dico. 


THE  END  OF  THE  INTRODUCTION. 


ANCIENT  HISTORY  EPITOMIZED : 


OR, 


A  short  View  of  the  principal  transactions  and  events  that  occur  in  HISTORY, 
from  the  Creation  of  the  World  to  the  Iiirth  of  Christ ; 

Digested  Chronologically,  and  adapted  to  the  method  of  the  Introduction  to  Latin 
Syntax,  the  English  being  in  one  column,  and  the  Latin  words  in  another; 

Intended  as  a  proper  mean  to  initiate  boys  in  the  useful  study  of  HISTORY, 
at  the  same  time  that  it  serves  to  improve  them  in  the  knowledge  of  the  LATIN 
TONGUE. 


CHAP.  1. 


From  the  creation  to  the  deluge ,  which  includes  1G50  years. 


In  the  beginning  God  created  the 
heaven  and  the  earth,  and  curiously 
finished  them  in  the  space  of  six  da  ys. 
To  Adam,  the  first  of  the  human 
race,  he  gave  command  over  ail  the 
other  creatures.  Adam,  by  his  wife 
Eve,  begat  Cain  and  Abel  ;  the  for- 
mer of  whom  was  a  tiller  of  the 
ground,  and  the  latter  a  shepherd. 
But  wickedness  soon  breaking  out 
in  his  family,  Cain  slew  Abel.  Cain's 
posterity  invented  music,  the  work^ 
ing  of  iron,  and  other  arts.  The  de- 
scendants of  Seth,  who  was  born  to 
Adam  after  the  murder  of  Abel, prov- 
ed virtuous :  those  of  Cain  vicious. 
The  world  was  created  4004  years 
before  the  Christian  aera. 

2.  Enoch,  the  fifth  in  descent  from 
Seth,  about  a  thousand  years  after 
the  creation  of  the  world,  was  taken 
"up  from  the  society  and  converse  of 
men,  into  heaven,  on  account  of  his 
intimate  familiarity  with  God.  His 
son  Methuselah  died  a  natural  death, 
after  he  had  lived  near  a  thousand 
years.  But  men,  generally  unmind- 
ful of  death,  began  to  abuse  longevi- 
ty; for  most  of  them  lived  full  900 
years.  Moreover  the  family  of  Seth , 
intermarrying  with  that  of  Cain, 
gave  birth  to  a  gigantic  race  of  men ; 


Principium  creo  Deus  eoe- 
lum  et  terra,  idemque  sex  dies 
exorno  spatium.  Adamus,  hu- 
manusgenusprinceps,  creatura 
caeteri  praepono.  Adamus,  ex 
uxor  Eva,  Cainus  et  Abel 
gigno ;  qui  ille  agricola,  hie 
pastor  sum.  Sed  cito  domesti- 
cus  malum  subortus,  Abel 
Cainus  interficio.  Cainus  pos- 
ted, musica,  ferraria,  aliusque 
ars  invenio.  Impius  Cainus, 
pius  Sethus,  qui  post  inter- 
emptus  Abel  Adamus  nascor, 
progenies  existo.  Creomundus 
annus  ante  aera  Christianus 
4004. 

Enochus,  Sethus  trinepos, 
annus  post  mundus  conditus 
prope  millesimus,  ob  summus 
Deus  famiiiaritas,  divinitus 
sum  ex  homo  coetus  atque 
oculus  raptus.  Hie  filius  Me- 
thusales,  cum  annus  fere  mille 
vivo,  fa  turn  fungor.  Vulgo 
autem  mortalis,  mors  oblitus, 
vita  longitudo,  plerique  enim 
annus  expleo  nongentesimus, 
abutor  coepi.  Sethus  porro 
gens,  connubium  cum  Cainus 
gens  junctus,  gigas  progigno ; 


202 


ANCIENT  HISTORY. 


chap.  n. 


and  degenerating  into  heathenish 
practices,  broke  through  all  the  re- 
straints of  modesty  and  duty. 

3.  Wherefore,  165b*  years  after 
the  world  was  created,  and  2348  be- 
fore the  birth  of  Christ,  God,  pro- 
voked with  the  wickedness  of  men, 
determines  to  drown  the  whole  world 
by  a  deinge.  Forty  days  the  waters 
increased  exceedingly,  and  rose  fif- 
teen cubits  above  the  highest  moun- 
tains ;  no  living  creature  any  where 
remained,  except  those  which  Noah, 
a  good  man,  saved  by  the  direction 
of  God  in  a  certain  large  vessel  or 
ark.  After  the  flood  the  measure  of 
man's  strength  and  life  was  lessened. 
From  the  three  sons  of  Noah,  Shem, 
Ham,  and  Japheih,  all  the  families 
of  the  earth  have  gradually  been  pro- 
pagated. 

CHAP. 


et  in  externus  lapsus  mos,  ora- 
nis  pudor  atque  officium  re- 
pagulum  perlringo. 

Itaque  annus  post  mundus 
condiius  1656,  et  ante  natus 
Christus  2348,  Deus,  homo 
nequitia  iratus,  totus  terra  or- 
bis  diluvium  submergo  statuo. 
Aqua  40  dies  vehementer  in- 
undo,  et  mons  altus  15  cubitus 
transcendo;  animans  nihil  us- 
piam  reliquus  ho,  praeter  is 
qui  Noes,  vir  bonus,  Deus 
monitus,  in  area,  seu  navis 
quidam  ingens  asservo.  Sub 
eluvio  vis  et  vita  homo  immi- 
nuo.  A  tres  Noes  fiiius,  Semus, 
Cham  us,  Japheius,  gens  omnis 
totus  terra  orbis  paulatim  sum 
propagatus. 


IT. 


From  the  deluge  to  the  vocation  of  i 

The  posterity  of  Noah,  about  101 
years  after  the  flood,  before  their  dis- 
persion, entered  upon  a  project  of 
building  a  city  and  a  tower,  whose 
top  might  reach  to  heaven.  Rut  the 
divine  power  checked  the  insoleru 
attempts  of  mortals.  They  all  then 
used  the  same  language,  which  on  a 
sudden  was  miraculously  divided  in- 
to a  multiplicity  of  tongues.  Accord- 
ingly the  intercourse  of  speech  be- 
ing cut  off,  the  building  was  laid 
aside.  After  this  the  earth  began  to 
be  peopled.  The  city  thus  beg'in, 
from  the  confusion  of  languages,  was 
first  called  Babel,  and  afterwards 
Babylon.  Nimrod  having  subdued 
some  neighbouring  people  by  force 
of  arms,  reigned  in  it  the  first  after 
the  flood. 

2.  About  the  time  of  Nimrod, 
Egypt  seems  rb  have  been  divided 
into  four  dynasties,  or  principali- 
ties; Thebes,  Thin,  Memphis,  and 
Tan  is.  From  this  period,  also,  the 
Egyptian  laws  and  policy  take 
their  rise.  Already  they  began  to 
make  a  figure  in  the  knowledge  of 
astronomy ;  they  first  adjusted  the 


>raham,  containing  427  years. 

Noes  posteri,  annus  post 
diluvium  circiter  centesimus 
primus,  ante  digressus,  ineo 
consilium  exstruo  urbs  et  tur- 
ns, qui  fastigium  ad  coelum 
pertingo.  Caeterum  superbus 
fata  talis  conatus  divinus  obsto 
numen.  Repente  unus,  qui 
turn  utor  omnis,  lingua  in  mul- 
tifarius  divinities  dispertio. 
Sublatus  igitur  sermo  com- 
mercium,  aedificatio  abjicio. 
Ex  is  terra  orbis  frequento 
coepi.  Urbs  sic  inchoatus,  ex 
lingua  confusio,  Babel  pri- 
mum,  deintle  Babylon  appello. 
In  is  primus  post  diluvium  im- 
perito  Nimbrothus,  vicinus 
quidam  gers  vis  et  arma  sub- 
act  us. 

Sub  tern  pus  Nimbrothus, 
quatnor  in  dynastia,  seu  prin- 
cipatus,  Aegyptus  divido  vi- 
deor;  Thebae,  Thinus,  Mem* 
phis,  Tanisque.  Ex  is  quo- 
que  tempus  Eepypiius  lex  po- 
litiaque  ortus  suus  duco.  As- 
tronomia  scientia  jam  coepi 
eniteo;  ad  cursus  sol  hie  pri- 


chap.  n. 


EPITOMIZED. 


203 


year  to  the  annual  revolution  of  the 
sun.  The  inhabitants  of  this  coun- 
try were  renowned  for  their  wisdom 
and  learning,  even  in  the  earliest 
times.  Their  Hermes,  or  Mercury 
Trismegistus,  filled  all  Egypt  with 
useful  inventions.  He,  according  to 
them,  first  taught  men  letters,  mu- 
sic, religion,  eloquence,  statuary, 
and  other  arts  besides.  Most  histo- 
rians say,  that  Aesculapius,  or  To- 
sorthus,  king  of  Memphis,  first  dis- 
covered physic  and  anatomy.  In 
fine,  the  ancient  Egyptians,  as  to  arts 
and  sciences,  and  the  illustrious  mo- 
numents of  wealth  and  grandeur, 
have  deservedly  obtained  the  pre- 
ference among  all  nations  of  the 
world.  Every  body  owns,  that 
Menes  was  the  first  mortal  who  reign- 
ed over  Egypt.  But  the  most  fa- 
mous amongst  their  princes  was  Se- 
sostris,  who  with  amazing  rapidity 
overran  and  conquered  Asia,  and, 
subduing  the  countries  beyond  the 
Ganges,  advanced  eastward  as  far 
as  the  ocean.  At  last  losing  his 
Bight,  he  laid  violent  hands  on  him- 
self. The  kings  of  that  part  of 
Egypt,  whereof  Tanis  was  the  ca- 
pital, took  all  the  name  of  Pharaoh. 

3.  Belus  is  said  to  have  reigned 
at  Babylon ;  whose  son  Ninus  caus- 
ed his  father's  image  to  be  wor- 
shipped as  a  god.  This  is  remarked 
to  have  been  the  origin  of  idols. 
Ninus,  fired  with  the  lust  of  sove- 
reignty, began  to  extend  his  em- 
pire by  arms.  He  reduced  Asia  un- 
der his  dominion;  made  himself 
master  of  Bactria,  by  vanquishing 
Oxyartes  king  of  the  Bactrians,  and 
the  inventor  of  magic.  He  enlarged 
the  city  Nineveh  that  had  been  built 
by  Ashur;  and  founded  the  empire 
of  the  Assyrians.  He  himself  reign- 
ed 54  years. 

4.  Semiramis,  the  wife  of  Ninus, 
a  woman  of  a  masculine  spirit,  trans- 
ferred the  crown  to  herself  in  pre- 
judice of  her  son,  who  was  yet  a  mi- 
nor. By  her  was  Babylon" adorned 
in  a  most  magnificent  manner;  Asia, 
Media,  Persia,  Egypt,  overrun  with 


mus  annus  descnbo.  Hicce 
regio  incola,  ob  sapientia  lite- 
raeque,  primus  etiam  tempus 
sum  celeber.  Hermes  ipse, 
vel  Mercurius  Trismegistus, 
bonus  ars  Aegyptus  totus  com- 
pleo.  Hie,  secundum  ille,  li- 
terae,  musica,  religio,  rheto- 
rica,  statuaria,  aliusque  prae- 
terea  ars,  mortalis  primus  in- 
stituo.  Physica  ac  anatomice 
auctor,  Aesculapius,  vel  To- 
sorthus,  Memphis  rex,  plerique 
sumvolo.  Vetus  denique  Ae- 
gyptius,  quoad  ars  scientiaque, 
ac  praeclarus  opes  magnifi- 
centiaque  monumentum,  apud 
cunctus  terra  orbis  gens,  palma 
merito  sum  potitus.  Menes, 
mortalis  primus,  Aegyptus  im- 
pero,  nemo  sum  qui  nego.  In- 
clytus  vero  inter  ille  rex  sum 
Sesostris,  qui  mirus  celeritas 
Asia  victor  peragro,  popu- 
lusque  extra  Ganges  perdo- 
mitus,  oriens  versus  ad  ocea- 
nus  usque  progredior.  Tan- 
dem coecitas  laborans,  mors 
sui  conscisco.  Rex  iste  Ae- 
gvptus  pars,  qui  caput  sum 
Tanis,Pharao  cognomen  cunc- 
tus usurpo. 

Belus  Babylon  regna  dico; 
qui  filius  Ninus  parens  suus 
simulacrum  colo  jubeo  pro 
deus.  Is  idolum  oiigo  noto. 
Ninus,  impero  studium  fla- 
grans,  imperium  arma  pro- 
pago  instituo.  Asia  in  suus 
redigo  ditio ;  Oxyartes  Bac- 
trianus  rex,  idemque  magica 
inventor,  debellatus,  Bactria 
potior.  Idem  Ninive  urbs  ab 
Ashur  conditus  amplio ;  As- 
syrius  imperium  constituo. 
Ipse  regno  54  annus. 


Semiramis  virago,  Ninus 
conjux,  elusus  filius  aetas  mi- 
nor, regnum  ad  sui  transfero. 
Ab  is  Babylon  magnificenter 
sum  exstructus ;'  Asia,  Me- 
dia, Persia,  Aegyptus,  ingens 
cum    exercitus  peragratus; 


204 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


chap.  n. 


mighty  armies:  a  great  part  of  Li- 
bya and  Ethiopia  conquered.  At 
last  she  voluntarily  resigned  the 
sceptre,  after  she  had  swayed  it  42 
years.  But  Justin  says  she  was 
murdered  by  her  son  Ninyas. 

5.  Ninyas  degenerated  quite  from 
both  his  parents,  and  giving  up  the 
management  of  his  kingdom  to 
lieutenants,  he  shut  himself  up  in 
his  palace,  entirely  abandoned  to  his 
pleasures.  He  had  thirty  or  more 
of  the  Assyrian  monarchs  that  suc- 
cessively followed  his  worthless  ex- 
ample, the  following  ones  being  al- 
ways worse  than  the  former ;  the 
last  of  whom  was  Sardanapalus,  a 
man  more  effeminate  than  a  woman. 
He  being  defeated  by  Arbaces,  go- 
vernor of  the  Medes,  betook  him- 
self into  his  palace,  where,  erecting 
a  funeral  pile,  he  burnt  himself,  his 
wives,  and  all  his  wealth.  Thus  Ar- 
baces transferred  the  empire  from 
the  Assyrians  to  the  Medes,  after  it 
had  lasted,  as  some  say,  1300  years. 
But  this  whole  account  of  the  Assy- 
rian empire  is  rejected  by  very  good 
authors  as  false  and  fictitious.  The 
history  of  this  monarchy  that  ap- 
pears rational,  and  agreeable  to 
scripture,  is  related  chap.  vii.  2. 

G.  Abraham,  the  father  of  the 
Hebrews,  by  nation  a  Chaldean, 
descended  from  Heber,  is  called  by 
God,  in  the  year  of  the  flood  428, 
and  before  Christ  1920.  Whilst 
he  sojourned  in  Palestine,  the  seat 
promised  to  his  posterity,  being  pinch- 
ed by  a  famine,  he  went  down  in'o 
Egypt.  Returning  from  thence,  he 
delivered  Lot,  his  brother's  son,  who 
had  been  carried  or!  prisoner  from 
Sodom.  Afer  this  he  paid  tithes 
to  the  priest  Melchisedeck.  More- 
over, being  now  100  years  old,  hav- 
ing, at  the  divine  command,  circum- 
cised himself  and  his  family,  he  had 
by  his  wife  Sarah,  Isaac,  the  son  pro- 
mised him  by  God.  Isaac  was  not 
yet  born,  when  Abraham,  by  his 
prevailing  intercession  with  God, 
rescued  Lot,  together  with  his  wife 
and  children,  from  the  burning  of 
Sodom.    But  Lot's  wife,  for  look- 


magnus,  Libya,  Aethiopiaque 

pars  subaetus.  Tandem  im- 
perium  sponte  suus  depono, 
posiquam  annus  42  teneo.  At 
Justinus  scribo  is  a  filius  Niny- 
as trucido. 

Ninyas  ab  uterque  parens 
penitus  degenero,  regn unique 
administratio  praefectus  com- 
missus,  totus  voluptas  suus  de- 
ditus  regiasuicontineo.  Nequi- 
tia  suus  imitator  triginta  aut 
plus  deinceps  Assyrius  rex  ha- 
beo,  alius  alius  nequam ;  qui 
ultimus  Sardanapalus  sum,  vir 
mulier  corruptus.  Is  ab  Ar- 
bactus,  Medus  praefectus, 
praelium  victus,  in  regia  sui 
recipio,  ubi,  rogus  exstructus, 
sui,  cum  conjux,  divitiaeque 
suus,  concremo.  Itaimperium, 
ab  Assyrius  ad  Medus,  Arbac- 
tus  transfero,  postquam,  ut 
nonnullos  volo,  annus  1300 
duro.  Sed  totus  hie  Assyrius 
imperium  descriptio  ab  opti- 
mus  scriptor  ut  falsus  et  fictus 
rejicio.  Historia  hie  impe- 
rium, qui  verisimilis  et  sacer 
literae  consentaneus  video,  ca- 
put vii.  2.  enarro. 

Abraham  us,  Hebraeus  pa- 
rens, genus  Chaldaeus,  ab  He- 
berus  origo  traho,  a  Deus 
evoco,  annus  a  diluvium  428, 
et  ante  Christus  natus  1920. 
Palestina,  sedes  posteri  suus 
promissus,  cum  peragro,  an- 
nona  inopia  coactus,  descendo 
in  Aegyptus.  Inde  re  versus, 
Lotus,  frater  filius,  Sodoma 
abductus,  libero.  Deinde  Mel- 
chizedecus  sacerdos  decumae 
persolvo.  Porro.  jam  cente- 
narius,  cum  sui  ac  suus,  Deus 
jnssu,  praeputium  circumcido, 
e  Sara  conjux,  divinitus  pro- 
missus  Isaacus  filius  gigno. 
Nondum  nascor  Isaacus,  cum 
Abrahamus  Lotus,  una  cum  is 
uxor  ac  liberi,  Deus  exoratus, 
Sodoma  ineendium  eximo. 
Sed  Lotus  uxor,  quod  respicio, 
in  sal  sum  versus.  Abraha- 


cuat  ai. 


EPITOMIZED. 


205 


ing  back,  was  turned  into  a  pillar  of 
Rait.  Further,  Abraham's  faith  be- 
ing tried  by  God,  became  eminently 
illustrious ;  for  God  commanding 
him  to  sacrifice,  with  his  own  hand, 
his  only  son  Isaac,  the  sole  hope  of 
any  progeny,  he  scrupled  not  to  obey, 
His  readiness  to  comply  was  accept- 
ed instead  of  actual  performance. 

7.  About  the  same  time,  as  Euse- 
bius  supposes,  lived  the  Titans  in 
Crete;  the  eldest  of  whom  was 
Saturn,  who  is  said  to  be  the  father 
of  Jupi.er.  Jupiter  was  regarded  as 
a  god,  on  account  of  his  fatherly  af- 
fection towards  his  people.  His 
brothers  were  Neptune  and  Pluto, 
the  one  admiral  of  the  king's  fleet, 
the  other  inventor  of  funeral  cere- 
monies in  Greece.  Which  circum- 
stances, amongst  the  foolish  ancients, 
procured  the  empire  of  the  sea  to 
the  former  as  a  divinity,  and  to  the 
latter,  the  sovereignty  of  hell  as  a 
god. 


mus,  porro,  fides  divinitus  ten- 
tatus,  mire  eniteo;  nam  im- 
perans  Deus,  ut  Isaacus,  uni- 
cus  hiius,  spes  stirps,  suus  ma- 
ntis immolo,  pareo  non  dubito 
Conatus  pro  factum  sum. 


Idem  fere  tempus,  ut  Eu- 
sebius  videor,  Titan  existo  in 
Creta  ;  qui  natu  maximus 
Saturn  us  sum,  qui  pater  per- 
hibeo  Jupiter.  Jupiter,  prop- 
ter paternus  in  populus  cari- 
tas,  deus  sum  habitus.  Is  fra- 
ter  sum  Neptunus  et  Pluto, 
alter  regius  classis  praefrctus, 
alter  funus  inventor  in  Grae- 
cia.  Gtui  res  ille  mare,  hic» 
inferi  imperium  ac  numen  pa 
rio,  apud  stnltus  antiquitas. 


CHAP.  III. 


From  the  vocation  of  Abraham  to  the  departure  of  the  Israelite*  oat  jf 
Egypt,  comprehending  430  years. 


Isaac,  the  son  of  Abraham,  born 
about  the  year  after  the  flood  457, 
had,  by  his  wife  Rebecca,  Esau  and 
Jacob.  Of  Leah,  Rachel,  and  his 
other  wives,  Jacob  begat  the  patri- 
archs, the  heads  of  the  13  tribes.  He 
was  called  Israel  by  God ;  hence  the 
Israelites  derived  their  name.  Jo- 
seph, one  of  the  patriarchs,  was  sold 
by  h*  brothers  out  of  envy,  and  sent 
into  Egypt.  Afterwards  Joseph  for- 
gave his  brethren  this  ill  usage, 
though  an  oppoitunity  of  revenging 
it  offered.  He  prevails  with  his  fa- 
ther to  come  down  into  Egypt  with 
his  family,  where  in  a  short  time  the 
Israelites  multiply  in  a  surprising 
manner.  This  removal  happened  in 
the  vear  of  the  world  2298,  and  be- 
fore Christ  1706. 

2.  Almost  cotcmporary  with  Isaac 
was  Inachus,  the  first  king  of  the  Ar- 
gives ;  whose  son  Phoroneus  is  re- 
corded to  have  collected  his  wander- 


Isaacus,  Abrahamus  filius, 
a  diluvium  annus  circiter  457 
natus,  Esaus  et  Jacobus  e  Re- 
becca uxor  gigno.  Jacobus  e 
Lea,  Rachel,  aliusque  uxor, 
patriarcha  gigno  12  tribusauc 
tor.  Israel  a  Deus  appello  j 
hinc  Israelita  nomen  fio.  Jo- 
seph us,  unus  e  patriarcha,  a 
frater  in  Aegyptus,  per  invidia 
amandatus  ac  vend  it  us  sum. 
Josephus  postea  frater  injuria, 
ulciscor  oblatus  occasio,  con- 
dono.  Pater  persuadeo,  uti 
cum  stirps  universus  demigro 
in  Aegyptus,  ubi  brevi  Israe- 
lita mirus  in  modus  augeo. 
Hie  demigratio  factus  sum  an- 
nus mundus  2298,  et  ante 
Christus  1706. 

Isaacus  fere  aequalis  Argi- 
vus  rex  primus  Inachus  exis- 
to; qui  filius  Phoroneus  vagus 
homo  ac  dispersus  in  unus  co- 


206 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


chaf.  a*. 


ing  and  scattered  people  into  one  bo- 
dy, and  to  have  secured  them  by  ci- 
ties and  laws.  But  Apcllo,  Mars, 
Vulcan,  Venus, Minerva,  children  of 
Jupiter,  the  principal  deities  of 
Greece,  and  the  great  founders  of  su- 
perstition, fell  in  with  the  age  of  the 
patriarchs  ;  as  aiso  Ogyges,  the  first 
<dng  of  Attica,  under  whose  reign 
happened  that  remarkable  inunda- 
tion of  Attica,  called  the  deluge  of 
Ogyges.  Eusebius  places  Spartus, 
the  son  of  Phoroneus,  who  built 
Sparta,  almost  cotemporary  with  Jo- 
seph. Argus,  the  grandson  of  Pho- 
roneus, who,  on  account  of  his  won- 
derful sagacity,  was  said  to  have  an 
hundred  eyes,  built  Argos.  Hiero- 
nymus  too  makes  Job,  so  much  fam- 
ed for  patience,  coeval  with  Joseph  ; 
but  others  place  him  much  later. 

3.  About  the  same  time  lived  Pro- 
metheus and  Atlas,  two  eminent  as- 
tronomers, celebrated  in  the  fabu- 
lous poems  of  the  Greeks.  Prome- 
theus, the  son  of  Japetus,  one  of  the 
Titans,  is  represented  by  the  poets, 
as  having  made  a  man  of  clay,  be- 
cause he  formed  men  that  were  ig- 
norant and  savage,  to  a  civilized  way 
of  living;  as  chained  to  Caucasus, 
because  he  diligently  observed  the 
courses  of  the  stars  upon  Caucasus, 
a  mountain  in  Scythia;  as  having 
stolen  fire  from  the  gods,  because  he 
invented  the  method  of  striking  fire 
from  flint.  And  his  brother  Atlas,  on 
account  of  his  great  skill  in  astrono- 
my, is  reported  to  have  sustained 
heaven  on  his  shoulders;  and  gave 
name  to  Atlas,  a  mountain  of  Mau- 
ritania. 

4.  Moses,  the  great  grandson  of 
Jacob,  born  about  60  years  after  the 
death  of  Joseph,  and  1571  before 
Christ,  was  brought  up  by  Phara- 
oh's daughter,  and  well  instructed 
in  the  Egyptian  learning.  At  eighty 
years  of  age,  admonished  of  God, 
and  assisted  by  his  brother  Aaron, 
he  attempts  to  deliver  the  nation  of 
the  Israelites  from  the  slavery  of  the 
Egyptians.  In  fine,  having  struck 
a  mighty  terror  into  Pharaoh,  by 
many  very  great  miracles,  he  brings 


go  locus,  ac  moenia  lexque  se- 
pio,  memoro.  At  in  patriar- 
cha  aetas,  Apollo,  Mars,  Vul- 
canus,  Venus,  Minerva,  Jupi- 
ter liberi,  praecipuus  Graecia 
numen,  et  superstilio  patriar- 
cha,  incido:  itemque  Ogyges, 
primus  rex  Attica,  qui  regnans 
memorabilis  ill e  Attica  inun- 
datio,  Ogyges  diluvium  d ic- 
tus, accido.  Joseph  us  pene 
aeqnalis,  statuo  Eusebius  Spar- 
tus, Phoroneusfilius,  qui  Spar- 
ta condo.  Argus,  Phoroneus 
nepos,  qui,  ob  prudentia  incre- 
dibilis  centoculus  d ictus  sum, 
Argos  condo.  Jobus  quoque, 
patientia  nobilitatus,  Josephus 
suppar,  facio  Hieronymus; 
alius  tamen  rnultum  junior. 

Per  idem  tempus  Promethe- 
us et  Atlas,  egregius  astrono- 
mus,  existo,  fabulosus  Graecus 
carmen  inclytus.  Promethe- 
us, Japetus,  is  unus  e  Titan 
sum,  natus,  quod  ignarus  ru- 
disque  homo  ad  humanitas  in- 
formo,  homo  e  lutum  fingo; 
quod  in  Caucasus,  Scythia 
mons,  sidus  cursus  observo  as- 
sidue,  Caucasus  afiixus  ;  quod 
ignis  elicio  e  silex  ratio  inve- 
nio,  ignis  deus  surripio,  dictus 
sum  a  poeta.  Atlas  autem,  is 
frater,  propter  summus  astro- 
nomia  scientia,  coelum  hume- 
rus sustineo  perhibeo;  et  At- 
las Mauritania  mons  facio  no- 
men. 

§ 

Moses,  Jacobus  abnepos,  60 
circiter  annus  post  Josephus 
mors  natus,  et  ante  Christus 
1571,  a  Pharao  filia  educatus 
sum,  literaeque  excultus  Ae- 
gyptius.  Octogenarius,  auc- 
tor  Deus,  adjutor  Aaron  fra- 
ter, Israelita  gens  ab  Aegyp- 
tiusservitus  vindico  aggredior. 
Denique,  Pharao  plurimus 
maxim  usque  prodiginm  per- 
culsus,  annus  post  diluvium 
circiter  857,  et  ante  Christus 


CHAP.  III. 


EPITOMIZED. 


207 


forth  the  Israelites,  loaded  with  the 
spoils  of  the  Egyptians,  in  the  year 
of  the  flood  857,  and  before  Christ 
1491. 

5.  The  Red  sea  being  divided,  the 
Israelites  pass  over  into  the  deserts 
of  Arabia  j  provisions  were  furnish- 
ed to  them  in  a  miraculous  manner  ; 
water  gushed  out  of  the  rocks,  and 
manna  descended  from  heaven.  At 
mount  Sinai,  the  law  was  given  to 
them  by  Moses,  their  sacrifices  and 
ceremonies  instituted,  and  Aaron 
consecrated  high  priest.  After  this, 
in  the  40. h  year  of  their  journey- 
ing, their  number  being  taken  at 
Jordan,  the  sum  of  those  that  were 
able  to  bear  arms,  was  above  600 
thousand  ;  among  whom  there  was 
not  one  of  those  who  had  come  out 
of  Egypt,  except  Joshua  and  Caleb: 
for  Moses,  after  having  taken  a  pros- 
pect of  the  promised  settlements 
from  mount  Pisgah,  died,  Joshua  be- 
ing appointed  his  successor. 

6.  Much  about  the  same  time  that 
Moses  delivered  to  the  Hebrews 
their  religious  ceremonies,  Cecrops 
too,  founder  of  Athens,  introduced 
images  and  sacrifices  into  Greece. 
In  the  reign  of  Cecrops,  flourished 
Mercury,  the  grandson  of  Atlas,  the 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Maia,  and  the  au- 
thor of  eloquence  and  many  other 
discoveries.  Deucalion,  upon  Thes- 
saly's  being  overflowed  by  an  inun- 
dation, saved  several  persons  on  the 
tops  of  Parnassus,  where  he  reigned  ; 
and,  by  means  of  his  wife  Pyrrha, 
brought  them  over  from  a  savage 
and  rustic  life,  to  an  humane  and 
civilized  behaviour.  Hence  rise  was 
given  to  a  number  of  fables. 

7.  At  the  same  time,  as  if  the  fire 
had  conspired  with  the  water  for  the 
destruction  of  men,  a  mighty  con- 
flagration, in  the  time  of  Phaeton's 
reign,  broke  out  in  Italy,  near  the 
river  Po;  which  proved  no  small 
matter  of  fiction  to  the  luxuriant  fan- 
cy of  the  poets.  Oenotrus  too,  the 
son  of  Lycaon,  having  brought  over 
a  colony  of  Arcadians  into  Italy,  set- 
tled near  the  Tuscan  sea,  and  dis- 


1491,  Israelita  Aegyptius  spo- 
Hum  onustus  educo. 


Ruber  mare  divisus,  in  soli- 
tudo  Arabia  Israelita  transeo ; 
commeatus  in  divinitus  suppe- 
to ;  manna  de  coelum,  aqua  e 
saxum,  defluo.  Ad  Sinamons 
lex  is  per  Moses  datus,  sacra 
et  ceremonia  institutus,  Aaron 
summits  sacerdos  consecratus 
Inde  40  peregrinatio  annus,  ad 
Jordanis  census  habitus,  sum- 
ma  is  qui  arma  fero  possum, 
amplius  600  mille  sum  ;  in  qui 
nemo  omnino  ex  is  qui  ex  Ae- 
gyptus  venio,  praeter  Josues 
Calebusque  :  nam  Moses,  ex 
Pisga  mons  promissus  sedes 
cum  prospicio,  intereo,  Josues 
successor  designatus. 


Idem  fere  tempus  sacra  et 
ceremonia  Moses  trado  Hebra- 
eus,  et  Cecrops,  Athenae  con- 
ditor,  simulacrum  et  sacrin- 
cium  induco  in  Graecia.  Ce- 
crops regnans,  Mercurius,  At- 
las nepos,  Jupiter  et  Maia  fi- 
lius,  idemque  eloquentia  et 
multns  res  inventor  existo. 
Deucalion,  obrutus  eluvio 
Thessalia,  mortalis  complures 
in  Parnassus  jugum,  ubi  im- 
perito,  conservo ;  isque  Pyr- 
rha conjux  opera,  a  durus  ag- 
restisque  vita,  ad  humanus  cul- 
tus  civilisque  traduco.  Hinc 
locus  multiplex  fabula  datus. 

Idem  tempestas,  perinde  ac 
si  ad  homo  pernicies  ignis  cum 
aqua  conjuro,  Phaeton  rex, 
maximus  in  Italia  ad  Eridanus 
flumen  exardeo  incendium; 
qui  poeta  licentia  haud  parvus 
fingo  materies  existo.  Oeno- 
trus porro,  Lycaon  prognatus, 
Areas  colonia  in  Italia  deduc- 
tus,  ad  mare  inferus  consido, 
Umbrique  indigenae  repulsus, 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP,  JIT* 


possessing  the  native  Umbrians,  peo-  frequento  Italia.  Hie,  Abori- 
gines primum,ab  ineertus  ori- 
go,  inde,  ab  Italus  rex,  Italus 
appellatus,  regio  Italia  nomea 
facio. 


pled  Italy.  These,  called  at  "first 
Aborigines,  from  their  uncertain 
extraction,  afterwards  Italians,  from 
their  king  Italus,  gave  name  to  the 
countrv  of  Italy. 


CHAP.  IV. 

From  the  departure  of  the  Israelites  out  of  Egypt  to  the  destruction  oj 
Troy,  containing  307  years. 


Joshua,  having  miraculously  dri- 
ed up  the  river  Jordan,  brought  over 
the  Israelites.  After  this  he  over- 
turns the  walls  of  the  city  Jericho, 
by  the  ark  of  the  covenant  carried 
seven  times  round  it,  by  the  sound  of 
trumpets,  and  the  shouts  of  his  army. 
He  utterly  destroys  the  Amorites, 
the  sun  and  moon  standing  still  at  his 
command  for  the  space  of  one  day, 
as  spectators  of  the  victory.  At  last, 
after  conquering  thirty  kings,  and  all 
the  nations  of  Palestine,  he  settled 
the  Israelites  in  the  country  promis- 
ed to  their  ancestors,  in  the  year  of 
the  creation  2560,  and  before  Christ 
1444. 

2.  About  the  same  time  Dana  us, 
causing  his  fifty  sons-in-law  to  be 
murdered  by  his  daughters,  of  whom 
there  was  the  like  number,  makes 
himself  master  of  the  kingdom  of 
Egypt.  But  being  deposed  by  Li- 
nus hisson-in-law,  he  seizes  upon  Ar- 
gos.  Orcus,  king  of  the  Molossi,  car- 
ries off  Proserpina,  the  daughter  of 
Ceres,  out  of  Sicily.  Europa,  ra- 
vished by  Jupiier,  brought  forth  Mi- 
nos and  Rhadamanthus,  and  gave 
name  to  the  third  part  of  the  earth  ; 
a  large  field  for  fables  to  the  poets. 
Much  about  this  time  flourished  the 
court  of  the  Areopagites  at  Athens. 
Upon  the  Nile  too,  Busiris,  the  son 
of  Neptune  and  Libya,  violating  the 
most  sacred  laws  of  hospitality,  is 
said  to  have  exercised  violence  up- 
on his  guests.  About  the  same  time 
the  Israelites  wrere  treated  in  a  way 
not  much  kinder  by  the  king  of  Me- 
sopotamia ;  but  judges,  by  the  divine 
favour,  were  raised  up  from  time  to 
lime  for  their  relief. 


Joshes,  Jordanis  flumen  di- 
vinitus  siccatus,  traduco  Israe- 
lita.  Hierichus  inde  oppidum 
murus,  area  foedus  septiescir- 
eumlatus,  tuba  clangor,  atque 
exercitus  clamor  disturbo.  A- 
morrhaeus,  sol  ac  luna,  is  jus- 
su  per  unus  dies  spatium,  tan- 
quam  spectator  victoria,  sub- 
sistens,  occidio  occidio.  De- 
mum,  triginta  rex,  omnisque 
Palestina  gens  debellatus,  Is- 
rael ita  in  promissus  majores 
sedes  colloco,  annus  post  mun- 
dus  conditus  2560,  et  ante 
Christus  1444. 

Sub  idem  tempus  Danans, 
quinquaginta  gener  per  toti- 
dem  filia  contrucidatus,  Ae- 
gyptus  regnum  potior.  Sed  a 
Linus  gener  pulsus,  Argos  oc- 
cupo.  Orcus,  Molossus  rex, 
Proserpina,  Ceres  filia,  e  Sici- 
lia  abnpio.  Europa,  a  Jupiter 
raptus,  Minos  ac  Rhadaman- 
thus pario.  tertiusque  orbis  ter- 
ra pars  nomen  do;  ingens  poe- 
ta  materies  fabula.  Per  idem 
fere  tempus  Athenae  concilium 
Areopagita  existo.  Busiris 
quoque,  Neptunus  et  Libya 
Alius,  ad  Nilus,  in  hospes  sae- 
vio  dico,  sanctus,  hospitium  jus 
violatus.  Haud  multum  hu- 
manius  sub  is  tempus  a  rex 
Mesopotamia  acceptus  sum  Is- 
rael ita;  sed  ad  is  deinceps  li- 
berandus  judex  divinus  munua 
concessus. 


CHAP.  IV. 


EPITOMIZED. 


209 


3.  Othniel,  the  first  of  the  Hebrew  Othniel,  primus  Hebraeus 
judges,  delivers  his  people  by  slay-  judex,  annus  ante  Christus 
ing  the  king  of  Mesopotamia,  in  the  1405,  populus,  Mesopotamia 
year  before  Christ  1405.  Othniel's  rex  caesus,  in  libertas  vindico. 
successor  was  Ehud,  who  killed  Othniel  Eudus,  qui  Eglon  Moa- 
Eglon,  king  of  the  Moabites.  Ehud  bita  rex  interficio,  succedo. 
was^suceeededby  Deborah,  a  woman  Eudus  Debora  excipio,  mulier 
of  more  than  masculine  courage,  virtus  plusquam  virilis.  Hie 
She  attended  Barak,  general  of  the  Barachus,  dux  exercitus,  ad 
army,  to  the  war,  and  obtained  a  sig-  bellum  comitatus,  insignis  de 
nal  victory  over  the  enemy.  Jael,  a  hostis  victoria  pario.  Jael,  mu- 
woman  too,  had  a  hand  in  this  vie-  lier  quoque,  hie  victoria  par- 
tory;  she  completed  the  enemy's  ticeps  sum  ;  qui  hostis  clades 
overthrow  by  the  slaughter  of  their  Sisera  dux  caedescumulo,  an- 
general  Sisera,  in  the  year  before  nus  ante  Christus  1285. 
Christ  1285. 

4.  Whilst  in  Palestine  even  wo-  Dum  in  Palestinaetiam  mu- 
men  make  a  figure  in  the  achieve-  lier  bellicus  laus  floreo,  apud 
ments  of  war,  in  other  nations  men  caeter  natio,  vir  pax  fere  ars 
became  illustrious  generally  for  the  vigeo.  Trismegistus,  Merci- 
ans of  peace.  In  Egypt,  Trismegis-  rius  nepos,  in  Aegyptus,  doc- 
tus,  the  grandson  of  Mercury,  excel-  trina  gloria  praesto.  Janus  in 
led  in  reputation  for  learning.  Janus  Latium  imperito.  Cadmus, 
reigned  in  Latium.  Cadmus,  the  Europa  frater,  litera  e  Phoeni- 
brother  of  Europa,  brought  over  let-  ciadeporto  in  Graecia,  et  The- 
ters  from  Phoenicia  into  Greece,  and  bae  in  Boeotia  condo.  Rha- 
built  Thebes  in  Boeotia.  Pvhadaman-  damanthus  in  Lycia,  Minos  in 
thus  reigned  in  Lycia,  and  Minos  in  Creta  insula,  summus  cum  se- 
Crete,  with  the  highest  characters  Veritas  laus,  regno.  Acrisius, 
of  strict  impartiality.  Acrisius,  king  Argivus  rex  Amphictyones, 
of  the  Argives,  instituted  or  new-  gravis  Graecia  concilium,  in- 
modelled  the  Amphictyones,  the  most  stituo  vel  emendo;  Apollo 
august  council  of  Greece  ;  he  erect-  Delphicus  aedes  et  oraculum 
ed  the  temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo  excito. 
at  Delphos. 


contemporary  with  Linus,  expell-  aequalis,  Cadmus  ejectus, 
ing  Cadmus,  and  building  the  cita-  Thebanusque  arx  exstructus, 
del  of  Thebes,  occasioned  abundant  magnus  poeta  mentior  licen- 
matter  of  fiction  to  the  poets.  Liber,  tia  facio.  Liber,  seu  Bacchus, 
or  Bacchus,  built  the  city  Nysa,  near  Nysa  urbs,  propter  Indus  flu- 
the  river  Indus.  He  conquered  India  men,  condo.  India  Bacchae 
with  an  army  of  Bacchae.  Per-  exercitus  subigo.  Perseus, 
seus,  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Danae,  Danae  et  Jupiter  natus,  Gor- 
took  off  the  head  of  Gorgon,  a  cour-  gon  meretrix  eximius  species 
tezan  of  exquisite  beauty.  Pelops  caput  demo.  Pelops  quoque. 
too,  the  son  of  Tantalus,  by  his  Tantalus  filius,  deductus  co- 
planting  a  colony,  gave  name  to  Pe-  Ionia,  Peloponnesus  facio  no- 
loponnesus.  His  sister  Niobe,  stu-  men.  Hie  soror  Niobe,  ob 
pified  with  grief  for  the  loss  of  her  a  missus  liberi  ex  moeror  stu- 
children,  gave  rise  to  the  fable  of  the  pefactus,  poeta  mendacium  lo- 
poets.  Dardanus,  the  son  of  Jupiter,  cus  do.  Dardanus,  Jupiter 
and  son-in-law  of  Teucer,  gave  name  genitus,  Teucer  gener,  Dar- 
to  the  country  of  Dardania ;  which  dania  regio  nomen  facio ;  qui 


mean  time  Amphion, 


Interim  Amphion,  Linus 


210 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP.  IV. 


was  afterwards  called  Troas,  from 
Tros,  his  son  and  successor. 

6.  In  Latium,  Janus  was  succeed- 
ed by  Saturn:  under  whose  reign, 
they'tell  you,  ail  things  were  com- 
mon, and  ail  men  free.  Hence  it 
was  called  the  golden  age.  The  same 
Saturn  taught  men  to  till  the  ground, 
to  build  houses,  to  plant  vines,  and 
gather  in  the  fruits.  Meanwhile 
the  Pelasgi,  seizing  upon  the  sea- 
coast  of  Italy,  which  is  next  to  Si- 
cily, introduced  learning  into  Italy. 
From  them  the  country  was  named 
Great  Greece.  Siculus,  the  son  of 
Italus,  being  driven  out  of  Italy  by 
the  Pelasgi,  passed  over  into  the 
next  island,  which  the  Cyclops  had 
anciently  possessed,  and  the  Sicani 
then  inhabited;  and  the  island  was 
called  Sicily  from  king  Siculus.  Af- 
ter Saturn  Pic  us,  after  Picus  Faunus, 
the  fourth  from  Janus,  held  the  king- 
dom. The  wife  of  Faunus,  who 
was  also  the  mother  of  king  Lati- 
nus,  is  said  to  have  invented  the  La- 
tin characters. 

7.  Gideon,  the  fourth  judge  of  the 
Hebrews,  about  the  year  of  the 
world  2759,  and  before' Christ  1245. 
performed  an  exploit  that  deserves 
to  be  celebrated  in  the  annals  of  all 
nations.  By  the  direction  of  God, 
he  selected  300  men  out  of  all  his 
army.  These  he  arms  with  trum- 
pets and  lamps.  Then  he  orders 
the  pitchers,  in  which  the  lamps 
were  concealed,  to  be  dashed  to- 
gether, and  all  the  trumpets  to  be 
blown  at  the  same  instant.  This 
unusual  way  of  fighting  wrought 
such  confusion  in  the  camp  of  the 
Midianites,  that  they  slaughtered 
one  another  with  mutual  havoc. 
Abimelech,  Gideon's  son,  was  unlike 
his  father:  he  usurped  the  sovereign- 
ty, after  he  had  put  to  death  his 
brothers,  in  number  70.  But  within 
three  years  he  was  slain  by  a  woman 
with  a  piece  of  a  millstone,  as  he 
was  setting  jire  to  the  tower  of 
Thebes. 

8.  Toward  the  latter  end  of  Gi- 
deon's age  appeared  the  Grecian 


postea,  ex  is  films  ac  successor 
Tros,  Troas  appello. 

Janus  Saturnus  succedo  m 
Latium  :  qui  rex,  omnis  com- 
munis, omnis  liber  sum,  per- 
hibeo.  Inde  aureus  seculum 
appellatus.  Idem  Saturnus 
ager  colo,  domus  aedifico, 
vinea  pono,  et  frux  colligo, 
doceo.  Pelasgus  interea,  ma- 
ritimus  Italia  ora,  qui  Sicilia 
sum  proximus,  occupatus,  li- 
terae  in  Italia  aflero.  Ab  hie 
regio  Magnus  Graecia  nomi- 
natus.  Siculus,  Italus  filius 
Italia  pulsus  a  Pelasgus,  in 
proximus  trajicio  insula,  qui 
olim  Cyclops  teneo,  ac  turn 
Sicani  incolo  ;  et  a  Siculus  rex 
insula  Sicilia  dictus  sum.  Ab 
Saturnus  Picus,  a  Picus  Fau- 
nus, quartus  a  Janus,  regnum 
accipio.  Faunus  uxor,  idem- 
que  Latinus  rex  mater,  Lati- 
nus  litera  reperio  memoro. 


Gideon,  judex  Hebraeus 
quartus,  annus  mundus  circi- 
ter  2759,  et  ante  Chrisius 
1245,  facinus  edo  omnis  gens 
litera  celebrandus.  Deus  mo- 
nitus,  vir  ex  omnis  exercitus 
trecenti  deligo.  Hie  tuba  ac 
lampas  armo.  Turn  lagena, 
qui  inclusus  lampas  sum,  com- 
plodo,  infloque  tuba  omnis  im» 
pero  unus  tempus.  Insolitus 
pugna  species  usque  eo  Ma- 
dianita  castra  turbo,  ut  mu- 
tuus  sui  caedes  conficio.  Gi- 
deon filius,  dissimilis  pater, 
Abimelechus  sum:  is,  irater 
caesus,  numerus  ad  70,  tyran- 
nis  occupo.  At  intra  trien- 
nium,  dum  turris  Thebetis 
ignis  subdo,  molaris  lapis,  frag- 
men  prostiatus  sum  a  foemina. 


Extremus  Gideon  aetas 
Graecus  heros  attingo,  haud 


CHAP.  IV. 


EPITOMIZED. 


211 


heroes,  furnishing  ample  subject  for 
fabulous  stories.  Hercules,  Orpheus, 
Castor,  Pollux,  and  the  other  Argo- 
nauts, having  built  the  ship  Argo, 
sailed  from  Thessaly  to  Troas,  and 
hence  to  Colchis,  under  the  con- 
duct of  Jason.  Whilst  they  were  at 
Troy,  Hercules  delivered  Hesione, 
the  daughter  of  Laomedon,  the  son 
of  Ilus,  and  king  of  Troy,  from  a 
sea-monster,  to  which  she  had  been 
exposed.  Her  father  promised  him 
the  young  lady,  with  some  fleet 
horses,  as  the  re  ward  of  his  hazardous 
enterprise.  Being  arrived  at  Col- 
chis, they  soothed  the  fierce  and 
savage  guards  by  means  of  Medea, 
the  king's  daughter;  brought  off  the 
treasures  which  had  been  carried 
thither  by  Phryxus  out  of  Thessaly, 
called  the  golden  fleece.  In  their 
return  they  killed  Laomedon,  for  re- 
fusing the  stipulated  reward,  and 
gave  the  kingdom  to  his  son  Priam. 
This  expedition  happened  about 
1280  years  before  Christ. 

9.  About  the  same  time  Aegeus, 
king  of  the  Athenians,  and  the  father 
of  Theseus,  had  invidiously  slain 
Androgeos,  the  son  of  Minos  king  of 
Crete.  For  which  reason  the  Athe- 
nians were  ordered  to  send  annually 
into  Crete  seven  young  men,  and  as 
many  girls,  to  be  devoured  by  the 
Minotaur.  In  the  number  of  these 
went  Theseus,  who,  by  the  assistance 
of  Daedalus,  and  Ariadne,  Minos' 
daughter,  slew  the  Minotaur,  and 
delivered  his  country.  Minos  with 
a  fleet  pursuing  Daedalus  in  his 
flight,  was  killed  in  the  bath  by  king 
Cocalus  in  Sicily.  After  this  The- 
seus encountered  the  Centaurs,  or 
Thessalian  horsemen,  with  good  suc- 
cess, and  associated  himself  with 
Hercules. 

10.  The  Amazons  too,  who  were 
women,  natives  of  Scythia,  having 
ost  their  husbands  in  war,  took  up 
irms,  assuming  at  the  same  time  a 
masculine  intrepidity ;  possessed 
themselves  of  the  Lesser  Asia,  and 
built  Ephesus.  Hercules  and  The- 
seus made  war  upon  them,  and  con- 


exiguus  materia  fabula.  Her- 
cules, Orpheus,  Castor,  Pol- 
lux, caeterque  Argonauta,  Ar- 
go navis  aedificatus,  Jason  dux, 
e  Thessalia  ad  Troas,  exinde 
Colchis,  navigo.  Dum  apud 
Troja  sum,  Hercules  Hesione, 
Laomedon,  Ilus  filius,  rex 
Trojanus,  filia,  monstrum  ma- 
rinus,  qui  expositussum,libero. 
Pater  virgo  ille,  cum  pernix 
equus,  labor  suus  praemium, 
pollicitus  sum.  Cum  ad  Col- 
chis venio,  Medea  rex  filia 
opera,  custos  ferus  ac  barbarus 
delenio;  thesaurus  eo  a  Phry- 
xus e  Thessalia  deportatus, 
aureus  vellus  dictus,  aufero. 
In  reditus  Laomedon,  ob  pac- 
tus  merces  negatus,  obtrunco  ; 
regnum  Priamus,  is  filius, 
trado.  Hie  expeditio  incido 
in  annus  circiter  1280  ante 
Christus  natus. 


Sub  idem  tempus  Aegeus, 
Atheniensis  rex,  et  pater  The- 
seus, Androgeos,  Minos  rex 
Creta  filius,  per  invidia  occido. 
Ob  qui  causa  Atheniensis 
jubeo  quotannis  septeni  juve 
nis  et  puella  totidem  in  Creta 
mitto,  a  Minotaurus  devoran- 
dus.  Hie  in  numerus  The- 
s-eus  profectus  sum,  qui,  opis 
Daedalus,  et  Ariadne,  Minos 
filia,  Minotaurus  occido,  et 
patria  libero.  Minos,  Daeda- 
lus fugiens  classis  insecutus, 
in  Sicilia  a  Cocalus  rex  neco 
in  balneum.  Theseus  inde  cum 
Centaurus,  Thessalus  eques, 
bone  pugno,  suique  Hercules 
comes  adjungo. 

Amazones  mulier  quoque,  e 
Scythia  oriundus,  amissus  in 
bellum  vir,  cum  arma,  animus 
virilis  assumo ;  Asia  Minor  oc- 
cupo,  Ephesus  condo.  Hie 
Hercules  ac  Theseus  infero 
bellum,  isque  vinco,  major  vic- 
tus  gloria  quam  suus:  quippe 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP.  IV. 


quered  them,  more  to  the  glory  of 
the  vanquished  than  their  own  :  for, 
though  women,  they  had  valiantly 
coped  with  such  heroes,  and  when 
taken  prisoners,  made  their  escape, 
by  killing  the  guards.  Hercules  is 
further  reported  to  have  instituted 
the  Olympic,  and  Theseus  the  Is.h- 
mian  games. 

11.  Much  about  this  time,  Greece 
exhibited  scenes  of  an  horrible  and 
tragical  nature.  Atreus  and  Thy- 
estes,  the  sons  of  Pelops,  vented  their 
mutual  resentment  in  a  more  hos- 
tile way  than  became  brothers.  For 
Thyestes  committed  a  rape  on  his 
brother's  wife:  Atreus,  on  his  part, 
caused  Thyestes'  sons  to  be  served 
up  to  him  at  a  banquet.  Oedipus 
having  been  exposed  by  his  father 
Laius,  slew  him  afterwards  in  a 
squabble,  without  knowing  him  to  be 
his  father  ;  and  restored  the  country 
about  Thebes  to  a  perfect  tranquil- 
lity, by  killing  the  Sphinx,  an  artful 
mischievous  woman.  Having  thus 
procured  himself  his  father's  king- 
dom, he  unwittingly  married  his 
mother  Jocasta.  However,  being 
informed  of  the  whole  matter  by 
Tyresias  the  seer,  he  plucked  out 
his  own  eyes,  and  left  the  kingdom 
to  his  sons,  Polynices  and  Eteocles. 
But  Polynices  being  quickly  expell- 
ed the  kingdom  by  his  brother,  fled 
to  Adrastus  king  of  the  Argives. 
Supported  by  him,  he  made  war 
upon  his  brother,  attended  by  the 
prophetic  Amphiaraus,  who  having 
been  betrayed  by  his  wife  Eriphyla, 
gave  orders  to  his  son  Alcmeon  to 
assassinate  his  mother;  in  this  more 
wicked  than  his  wife,  that  he  made 
a  son  the  murderer  of  his  parent. 
During  that  war  Amphiaraus  was 
swallowed  up  by  an  earthquake. 
Polynices  and  his'brother  fell  by  mu- 
tual wounds. 

12.  Jephtha,  the  seventh  judge  of 
the  Hebrews,  was  somewhat  later 
than  Hercules.  As  he  was  about  to 
join  battle  with  the  enemy,  he  vow- 
ed, that  if  he  overcame,  he  would 
consecrate   to  God   whatever  he 


et  mulier  cum  talis  vir  fort  iter 
depugno,  et  captivus,  caesus 
custos,  aufugio.  Hercules 
porro  Olympicus  ludus,  The- 
seus Isthmius  fero  instituo. 


Idem  fere  tempus,  foedus 
ac  dims  speetaeulum  edo 
Graecia.  Atreus  et  Thyes- 
tes, Pelops  natus,  plusquam 
fraternus  inter  sui  odium  ex- 
erceo.  Thyestes  enim  frater 
uxor  stuprum  infero  :  Atreus 
Thyestes  vicissim  filius  epu- 
landus  appono.  Oedipus  a 
Laius  pater  expositus,  is  de- 
lude in  rixa  ignarus  occido  ; 
agerque  Thebanus,  Sphinx 
insidiosus  mulier  occisus,  pa- 
catus  reddo.  Ita  paternus  reg- 
num  adeptus,  Jocasta  mater 
ipse  inscius  duco  uxor.  Cae- 
terum  res  omnis  ex  Tyresias 
vates  cognitus,  sui  ipse  eruo 
oculus,  et  regnum  Eteocles  ac 
Polynices  filius  relinquo.  Po- 
lynices autem  cito  regnum  a 
frater  pulsus,  ad  Adrastus  Ar- 
givus  rex  confugio.  Is  opes 
subnixus,  frater  bellum  infero, 
comes  Amphiaraus  vates,  qui 
ab  Eriphyla  conjux  proditus, 
Alcmeon  filius,  mater  ut  neco, 
impero;  hie  sceleratus  uxor, 
quod  filius  fac  o  parricida.  Is 
bellum  Amphiaraus  hiatus 
terra  absorptus  sum.  Poly- 
nices et  frater  mutuus  vulnus 
pereo. 


Jephthes,  septimus  Hebrae- 
us  judex,  Hercules  paulo  mi- 
nor natu  sum.  Is  signum 
cum  hostis  collaturus,  voveo,  si 
vinco,  sui  Deus  eonsecro,  quis- 
quis  re vertens primus  occurro. 


THAP  V. 


EPITOMIZED. 


£13 


should  meet  first  at  his  return.  He 
engaged  the  enemy,  and  gained  the 
victory  ;  his  daughter,  the  only  child 
he  had,  met  him  first  of  all  at  his  re- 
turn home  and  converted  the  glory 
of  the  victory  into  mourning,  about 
the  year  before  Christ  1188. 

13.  About  the  same  time  a  much 
greater  disaster  befel  Priam  king  of 
Troy,  who  refusing  to  restore  Helen, 
the  wife  of  Menelaus  king  of  Sparta, 
that  had  been  carried  off  by  his  son 
Paris,  called  also  Alexander,  was 
stripped  of  his  kingdom,  children, 
and  life,  by  the  Greeks,  after  a  siege 
of  ten  years.  Troy  was  destroyed 
2820  years  after  the  creation  of  the 
world,  436  before  the  building  of 
Rome,  and  before  the  birth  of  Christ 
1181. 


Confligo  cum  hostis,  victoria 
refero :  domus  rediens,  filia, 
qui  unicus  habeo,  primus  om- 
nis  obviam  venio,  et  gloria 
victoria  in  moeror  verto.  an- 
nus ante  Christus  natus  fere 
1188. 

Multurn  gravis  sub  idem 
tempus  Priamus  Trojanus  rex 
casus  evenio,  qui  cum  Helena, 
Menelaus  rex  Spartanus  uxor, 
a  Paris  Alius  suus,  Alexander 
etiarn  dictus,  raptus,  reddo  no  • 
3o,  post  decennium  obsidio, 
liberi,  regnum  et  vita  orbo  a 
Graecus.  Troja  e versus  sum 
annus  a  mundus  conditus 
2820,  ante  Roma  conditus 
436,  et  ante  Christus  natus 
1184, 


CHAP.  V. 


From  the  destruction  of  Troy,  to  the  finishing  and  dedicating  of  the  tem- 
ple at  Jerusalem  by  Solomon,  including  163  years. 


Aeneas  flying  fnom  Troy,  came 
into  Italy.  There  he  contracted  an 
alliance  and  affinity  with  Latinus 
king  of  the  Latins;  from  his  wife's 
name,  he  called  the  town  built  by 
him  Lavinium.  He  routed  in  battle, 
and  put  to  flight,  Turnus  king  of  the 
Rutuli.  After  that  he  greatly  weak- 
ened the  power  of  the  Hetrusci; 
and  Latinus  dying  in  battle,  he  him- 
self reaped  all  the  benfit  of  the  vic- 
tory. In  order  to  strengthen  his  in- 
terest, the  name  and  laws  of  the  La- 
tins were  by  him  imposed  on  the 
Trojans .  he  himself  was  cailed  king 
of  the  Latins.  After  this,  Aeneas 
fell  in  battle,  fighting  against  Mezen- 
tius  king  of  the  Hetrusci.  four  years 
after  the  death  of  his  father-in-law 
Latinus. 

2.  Samson  was  contemporary  with 
Aeneas.  He  killed  a  lion  without 
any  weapon  ;  checked  !he  pride  of 
the  Philistines,  and  made  a  dreadful 
havoc  of  his  enemies  with  the  jaw- 
bone of  an  ass.  Having  lost  his 
strength  together  with  his  hair,  he 
fell  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies,  by 


Aeneas  Troja  profugus,  in 
Italia  venio.  lbi  cum  Lati- 
nus, Latinus  rex,  foedus  affi- 
nitasque  jungo;  oppidum  a 
sui  conditus,  ab  uxor  nomen, 
Lavinium  appello.  Turnus 
Rutulus  rex  praelium  fundo 
fugoque.  Hetruscus  inde  opes 
frango ;  Latin  usque  in  acies 
mortuus,  ipse  omnis  fero  vic- 
toria fructus.  Ad  firmandus 
opes,  Trojanus  Latinus  lex  ab 
is,  ac  nomen  impositus :  La- 
tinus ipse  rex  dictus.  Aeneas 
postea,  adversus  Mezentius 
Hetruscus  rex  pugnans,  prae- 
lium cado,  annus  quartus  post 
mors  socer  Latinus. 


Samson  Aeneas  tempus  sup- 
par  sum.  Leo  inermis  neco, 
Philistaeus  superbia  coerceo ; 
asinus  maxilla  hostis  trucido. 
Mulier,  qui  depereo,  prodens, 
amissus  cum  coma  vires,  in 
hostis  potestas  pervenio.  Gtui, 
orbatus  lumen,  diu  ludibrium 


t9 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP.  V, 


the  treachery  of  a  woman,  whom 
he  passionately  loved.  To  them,  af- 
ter they  had  put  out  his  eyes,  he 
served  long  for  an  object  of  derision. 
At  length,  having  recovered  his 
strength  with  his  hair,  he  endeavour- 
ed to  put  an  honourable  period  to 
his  ignominious  servitude.  The  pil- 
lars of  the  house,  wherein  the  Philis- 
tines beheld  him  making  sport,  he 
overset;  the  i  hilistines  who  were 
present,  and  Samson  himself,  were 
crushed  to  death  by  the  fall  of  the 
building,  in  the  year  before  Christ 
1117. 

3.  Ascanius,  Aeneas' son,  resign- 
ing Lavinium  to  his  step-mother, 
founded  Alba  Longa.  After  this  the 
sovereignty  was  conferred  by  the 
people  on  Sylvius,  a  son  of  Aeneas, 
born  after  his  death.  The  priest- 
hood was  given  to  Julus,  the  son  of 
Ascanius,  which  the  Julian  family, 
originally  sprung  from  Julus,  en  joy- 
ed hereditary  ever  after.  After  Syl- 
vius, thirteen  kings  reigned  in  Alba 
Longa,  for  near  400  years;  of  whom 
Aeneas  Sylvus  swayed  the  sceptre 
31  years,  Latinns  51,  Alba  39,  Syl- 
vius Athvs  or  Capetus  I.  26,  Capvs 
28,  Capetus  II.  13,  Tiberinus  8, 
Agrippa  24,  Romulus  Sylvius  or  Al- 
ladius  30,  Aventinus  37,  Procas  23, 
Amulius  42;  whose  brother  Numi- 
tor  was  the  last  king  of  Alba. 

4.  Samuel,  the  last  judge  of  the 
Hebrews,  by  God's  direction,  anoints 
Saul  king,  as  he  was  in  quest  of  his 
father's  asses,  seven  years  before 
Aeneas  Sylvius  began  his  reign  in 
Latium.  The  Hebrew  state  was 
managed  by  judges  about  400  years. 

5.  The  Heraclidae,  viz.  the  pos- 
terity of  Hercules,  who,  long  harass- 
ed by  Euristheus  king  of  Mycenae, 
had  lived  in  exile  with  Cevx  in 
Thrace,  and  afterwards  with  These- 
us king  of  Athens;  at  length,  about 
80  years  after  the  destruction  of  Troy, 
returned  to  Peloponnesus,  and  set- 
tled in  it. 

6.  Saul,  the  first  king  of  the  Is- 
raelites, came  to  the  throne  abuut 


sum.  Demum  rtceptus  cum 
capillus  vires,  turpis  servitus 
honestus  quaero  exitus.  Do- 
mus  is,  unde  Philistaeus  ludens 
ipse  specto,  columna  concutio ; 
aedes  ruina  Philistaeus,  qui 
praesto  sum,  atque  Samson  ip- 
se, opprimo,  annus  ante  Cnris- 
tus  natus  1117. 


Ascanius,  Aeneas  filius,  La- 
vinium noverca  relictus,  Alba 
Longa  condo.  Sylvius  inde, 
Aeneas  filius  posthumus,  reg- 
num  a  populus  delatus  sum. 
Julus,  Ascanius  filius,  sacerdo- 
tium  datus,  qui  gens  Julius,  ab 
Julus  ortus,  postea  heredita- 
rius  habeo.  Post  Sylvius  a 
tredecim  rev  in  Alba  Longa, 
400  fere  annus,  regnatur  ;  qui 
Aeneas  Sylvius  imperinm  te- 
neo  annus  31,  Latmus  51,  Al- 
ba 39,  Sylvius  Athvs  seu  Ca- 
petus I.  26,  Capys  28,  Capetus 
II.  13,  Tiberinus 8,  Agrippa  24, 
Romulus  Sylvius  seu  Alladius 
19,  Aventinus  37,  Procas  23, 
Amulius  42  ;  qui  fralerNumi- 
tor  ultimus  Alba  rex  existo. 

Samuel,  judex  Hebraeus 
postremus,  Saul,  paternus  asi- 
na  quaeritans,  Deus  admoni- 
tus,  consecro  rex,  septennium 
antequam  Aeneas  Sylvius  reg- 
no occipio  in  Latium.  Admi- 
nistratus  res  Hebraeus  sum  a 
judex  annus  circiter  400. 

Heraclidae,  viz.  Hercules 
posteri,  qui,  ab  Euristheus 
Mycenae  rex  diu  exagitatus, 
in  exilium  apud  Ceyx  in 
Thracia,  deinde  apud  Theseus 
Athenae  rex,  retas  ago;  tan- 
dem, 80  fere  annus  a  clades 
Trojanus,  ad  Peloponnesus  re- 
deo,  ibique  sedes  suns  pono. 

Saul,  Israel  it  a  rex  primus, 
regnum   accipio  annus  posl 


chap.  y„ 


EPITOMIZED. 


•215 


the  year  of  the  world  2009,  and  be- 
fore Christ  1095.  At  first  he  behav- 
ed well,  but  afierwards  offended  hei- 
nously. Hereupon  he  was  rejected  by 
God,  and  David  chosen  in  his  room. 
He  having  slain  Goliah,  a  gigantic 
Philistine,  was  advanced  to  be  the 
king's  son-in-law.  Saul  fell  in  bat- 
tle fighting  against  the  Philistines,  in 
the  twentieth  year  of  his  reign.  Da- 
vid, afier  lamenting  the  death  of  his 
faiher-in-law,  mounted  the  throne, 
in  the  reign  of  Latinus  Sylvius,  the 
son  of  Aeneas  Sylvius,  king  of  the 
La'ins. 

7.  King  David,  a  man  of  singular 
piety  towards  God,  was  ever  victori- 
ous over  his  foes.  He  was  dethron- 
ed by  his  son  Absalom;  but  having 
defeated  Absalom  in  battle,  he  re- 
covered his  kingdom.  David  reign- 
ed 40  years. 

8.  Almost  at  the  same  time  that 
Absalom  suffered  the  punishment  of 
his  unnatu ral  behaviour  to  his  father, 
Codrus,  the  son  of  Melanthus,  and 
the  last  king  of  Athens,  gained  the 
character  of  a  most  extraordinary 
affection  for  his  country.  In  the 
Dorian,  or  Peloponnesian  war,  being 
informed  by  the  oracle,  that  the  ene- 
my wrould  prove  victorious,  unless 
the  kingof  the  Athenians  was  killed, 
he  devoted  his  life  for  the  safety  of 
his  country.  Having  disguised  him- 
self in  the  habit  of  a  peasant,  he 
wounded  a  common  soldier  of  the 
Dorians  in  a  quarrel,  and  being 
slain  by  him,  as  he  wished,  saved  his 
country  from  a  blockade  of  the  ene- 
my; in  fact,  rather  than  in  name, 
the  father  of  his  country.  Upon  his 
death,  the  government  of  Athens  de- 
volved on  magistrates,  who  were 
called  Archons.  The  first  of  them 
was  Medon,  the  son  of  Codrus. 

9.  Solomon,  the  third  king  of  the 
Hebrews,  reigned  also  40  years.  He 
built  and  dedicated  the  temple,  de- 
signed by  his  father  David,  in  the 
most  magnificent  manner,  about  the 
year  of  the  world  2983,  and  before 
the  birth  of  Christ  1021,  in  the  reign 
of  Alba  Sylvius,  king  of  the  Latins. 


iriundus  conditus  prope  2909, 
et  ante  Christus  lo95.  Initium 
bene  sui  gero,  deinde  graviter 
offendo.  GLuocirca  rejicio  a 
Deus,  et  in  is  locus  David  suf- 
ficio.  Hie,  Golias  Philistaem 
gigas  interfectus,  regius  evado 
gener.  Saul,  vigesimus  reg- 
num  annus,  ad  versus  Phil  is- 
taeus  pugnans,  praelium  cado. 
David,  socer  mors  deploratus, 
regnum  potior,  rex  Latinus 
Latinus  Sylvius,  Aeneas  Syl- 
vius filius. 

David  rex,  homo  eximius  er- 
ga  Deus  pietas,  hostis  perpe- 
tuo  victor  existo.  Regnum  ab 
Absalon  filius  pulsus  sum;  at 
Absalon  acies  superatus,  reg- 
num recipio.  David  40  annus 
imperito. 

Idem  ferme  tempus  Absalon 
impietas  in  pater  poena  luo, 
et  Codrus,  Melanthus  filius, 
Atheniensis  rex  postremus,laus 
egregius  in  patria  pietas  fero. 
Bellu m  Peloponnesiacus  seu 
Doriensis,  cum  ex  oraculum 
cognosco  superior  forem  hos- 
tis, nisi  Atheniensis  rex  cado, 
caput  suus  pro  patria  sains  de- 
voveo.  Rusticus  vestitus  indu- 
tus,  gregarius  miles  Doriensis 
exjurgium  sancio;  ab  is,  ut 
opto,  interemptus,  hostis  obsi- 
dio  patria  eximo;  pater  patria, 
res  magis,  quam  nomen.  Is 
mors  Athenae  administrate  ad 
magistratus  devenio,  qui  Ar- 
chon  sum  appellatus.  Is  pri- 
mus Medon  sum,  filius  Co- 
drus. 


Salomon,  rex  Hebraeus  ter- 
tius,  40  quoque  annus  regno. 
Templum,  a  David  pater  des- 
tinaius,  magnificenter  exaedifi- 
co  dicoque,  annus  mundus 
prope  2983,  et  ante  Christus 
natus  1021,  Alba  Sylvius  rex 
Latinus.  Salomon,  omnismor- 


216 


ANCIENT  HISTORY      '  chap,  vi. 


Solomon,  the  wisest  of  all  men,  in 
his  old  age,  was  seduced  by  his  wives 
into  the  worship  of  Heathen  deities. 
Homer  was  something  elder  than 
Solomon,  if  he  lived,  as  Herodotus 
says,  1G8  years  after  the  Trojan  war. 


talis  sapiens,  ab  uxor  senox 
perductus  sum  ad  cultus  deus 
Ethnicus.  Salomon  senior  ai- 
iquantum  Homerus  sum,  si 
quidem  existo,  ut  Herodotus 
perhibeo,  annus  168  post  bel- 
lum  Trojanus. 


CHAP.  VI. 

From  the  dedication  of  the  temple  to  the  building  of  Romey  comprehend' 
ing  273  years. 


Rkhoboam,  Solomon's  son,  by  his 
folly,  completed  the  ruin  of  the  em- 
pire, already  tottering  by  his  father's 
misconduct.  Thus  out  of  one  wTere 
two  kingdoms  formed;  the,  one  was 
called  the  kingdom  of  Judah,  or  Je- 
rusalem; the  other  that  of  Israel,  or 
Samaria.  The  tribe  of  Judah  and 
Benjamin  were  subject  to  Rehobo- 
am,  and  the  other  successive-descen- 
dants of  David  ;  the  other  ten  tribes, 
being  seduced  and  corrupted  by  Je- 
roboam, their  first  king,  had  princes 
of  very  different  families.  The  kings 
of  Samaria  were  all  impious,  to  a 
man,  and  worshippers  of  idols;  the 
kings  of  Jerusalem  otherwise.  And 
these  two  kingdoms  contended  with 
one  another,  in  almost  continual 
wars.  In  the  fifth  year  of  Rehobo- 
am's  reign,  Jerusalem  was  besieged 
by  Shishak,  king  of  Egypt.  He  car- 
ried away  all  the  sacred  furniture  of 
the  temple.  Rehoboam  dying  in  the 
17th  year  of  his  reign,  leaves  his  king- 
dom to  his  son  Abijah,  Sylvius  Athys 
being  then  king  of  the  Latins. 

2.  In  the  third  year  of  Abijah's 
reign,  Asa,  hisson.  succeeded  him — 
a  king  of  eminent  piety,  who  swayed 
the  sceptre  41  years.  In  his  reign, 
Capys  ruled  in  Latium;  and  Omri, 
king  of  Israel,  built  the  royal  city 
of  Samaria. 

3.  Jehoshaphat,  the  son  of  Asa, 
proved  a  second  David,  for  piety. — 
He  held  the  government  25  years.  In 
his  reign  lived  Ahab,  king  of  Sama- 
ria, and  the  holy  prophet  Elijah,  the 
Tishbite.  Much  about  the  same 
time  Tiberinus,  too,  the  son  of  Cape- 
tus,  the  ninth  ting  of  the  Albans,  after 


Robots,  Salomon  filius,  nu- 
tans paternus culpa  imperium, 
suus  stultitia  everto.  Sic  duo 
ex  unus  regnum  factus:  alter 
Juda,  seu  Hierosolyma;  alter 
Israel,  sive  Samaria,  dictus 
sum.  Judaeus  tribus  ac  Ben- 
jamin i  us  Roboas,  ac  stirps  de- 
inceps  pareo  Davidicus;  caeter 
decern  tribus,  a  Jeroboas,  pri- 
mus rex,  traductus  deprava- 
tusque,  diversus  stirps  rex  ha- 
beo.  Samaria  rex  omnis  ad 
unus  impius  sum.  cultorque 
idolum:  Hierosolyma  rex  non 
item.  Et  hie  duo  regnum 
perpetuus  inter  sui  bellum  fere 
con  ten  do.  Annus  imperium 
Roboas  quint  us,  a  Sesacus  Ae- 
gyptus  rex  Hierosolyma  obsi- 
deo.  Hie  omnis  sacer  tem- 
pi um  supellex  deporto.  Ro- 
boas 17  regnum  annus  exce- 
dens  e  vita,  Abias  filius  reg- 
num lego,  Sylvius  Athys  rex 
Latin  us. 

Abias  tertius  regnum  annus, 
A*a  filius,  summus  rex  pietas, 
succedo  ;  qui  imperium  annus 
41  teneo.  Hie  regnans  Capys 
in  Latium  impero;  et  Amrius 
Israel ita  rex  Samaria  urbs  re- 
gius  condo. 

Josaphatus,  Asa  filius,  pie- 
tas alter  David  sum.  Annus 
25  imperium  teneo.  Is  reg- 
nans, existo  Achabus  rex  Sa- 
maria, et  sacer  vates  Helias 
Thesbites.  Idem  fere  quoque 
tempus  Tiberinus,  Capetus  fi- 
lius, rex  Albanus  ab  Ascanius 


chap.  vr. 


EPITOMIZED. 


217 


Ascanius,  beim*  drowned  in  his  pas- 
sage over  the  Albula,  gave  name  to 
•he  river. 

4.  Jehoram,  the  son  of  Jehosha- 
phat,  and  son-in-law  of  king  Ahab, 
followed  the  impious  example  of  his 
father-in-law.  He  possessed  the 
throne  eight  years.  His  son,  Aha- 
ziah,  reigned  only  one  year,  Agrippa 
being  then  king  of  the  Latins. 

5.  Joash,  the  son  of  Ahaziah,  the 
tenth  king  of  the  Jews  after  David, 
reigned  40  years.  In  his  reign  Ro- 
mulus Sylvius,  king  of  the  Albans, 
was  burnt  up  by  lightning.  After 
him  Aventinus  got  the  kingdom,  who 
gave  name  to  the  hill  on  which  he 
was  buried. 

6.  Amaziah,  the  son  of  Joash,  go- 
verned 29  years.  In  his  reign,  as  Eu- 
sebius  relates,  flourished  Lycurgus, 
the  famous  lawgiver  of  Sparta,  who 
spontaneously  resigned  the  crown  of 
Lacedemon,  left  him  by  his  brother, 
to  Charilaus,  his  brother's  son,  born 
after  his  father's  death.  He  divided 
the  land  of  Laconia  to  each  man 
equally;  abolished  the  use  of  gold 
and  silver ;  and  enjoined  all  people 
to  eat  in  public.  Then  he  bound 
his  countrymen  by  an  oath,  that  they 
should  not  make  any  alteration  of  his 
laws,  till  he  should  return  from  con- 
sulting the  oracle  at  Delphos.  He 
died  at  Crete,  a  voluntary  exile, 
about  the  lime  of  the  death  of  Ama- 
ziah king  of  the  Jews.  Uzziah,who 
is  also  called  Azariah,  was  the  son 
and  successorof  Amaziah.  He  reign- 
ed 52  years. 

7.  Elisa,  who  is  also  called  Dido, 
abhorring  her  brother,  Pygmalion, 
the  murderer  of  her  husband  Sichae- 
us,  privately  put  on  board  all  her 
husband's  wealth,  and  sailed  from 
Tyre.  Landing  on  the  coast  of  Li- 
bya, she  built  a  city,  which  was  first 
called  Byrsa,  and  afterwards  Car- 
thage. Carthage  was  founded  about 
142  years  before  the  building  -of 
Rome,  and  before  the  birth  of  Christ 
890.  About  the  same  time  Boccho- 
rus,or  Bocchorides,  king  of  Egypt, 
settled  the  laws  and  institutions  of 
the  Egyptians. 


nonus,  in  trajectus  Albula  am- 
nis  submersus,  flumen  nomen 
do. 

Joras,  Josaphatus  filius,  A- 
chabus  rex  gener,  impietas  so- 
cer  secutus  sum.  Octo  annus 
imperium  teneo.  Filius  is, 
Ochozias,  annus  regno  omnino 
unus,  Agrippa  rex  Latinus. 

Joas,  Ochozias  filius,  deci- 
mus  a  David  rex  Judaeus,  an- 
nus 40  impero.  Is  regnans, 
Romulus  Sylvius,  Albanus 
rex,  fulmen  ictus  deflagro. 
Aventinus  deinde  obtineo  reg- 
num,  qui  collis,  ubi  sepultus 
sum  nomen  do. 

Amasias,  Joas  filius,  annus 
29  imperito.  Is  regnans,  ut 
Eusebius  perhibeo,  existo  Ly- 
curgus,  celeber  Sparta  legisla- 
tor, qui  Lacedaemonius  reg- 
num,  afrater  relictus,  frater  fi- 
lius posthumus  Charilaus,  suus 
sponte  trado.  Ager  Laconicus 
viritim  aequaliler  divido;  an- 
jum  argentumque  usus  tollo ; 
et  omnis  epulor  publice  jubeo. 
Civis  inde  sacramentum  adigo, 
ut  nihil  de  lex  immuto,  quoad 
ipse  a  consulendus  Delphicus 
reverto  oraculum.  Exul  vo- 
luntarius  in  Creta  obeo,  sub 
nex  Judaeus  rex  Amasias. 
Ozias,  qui  etiam  Azarias  dic- 
tus  sum,  Amasias  filius  ac  suc- 
cessor sum.    Annus  52  regno. 


Elisa,  qui  etiam  Dido  ap- 
pello,  Pygmalion  frater,  Si- 
chaeus  vir  suus  interfector, 
exosns,  omnis  vir  gaza  clam 
impono  in  navis,  et  Tyrus  sol- 
vo.  Ad  Libya  appulsus,  urbs 
cendo,  qui  Byrsa  primum,  in- 
de Carthago  diet  us  sum.  Con- 
ditus  Carthago  sum  annus  an- 
te Roma  conditus  circiter  142, 
et  ante  Christus  natus  890. 
Sub  idem  tempus  Bocchorus, 
seu  Bocchorides,  rex  Aegyp- 
tus,  lex  Aegyptius  et  jus  con- 
stituo. 


£18 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAT.  \n. 


8.  About  the  same  time,  that  is, 
409  years  after  the  destruction  of 
Troy,  and  27  before  the  building  of 
Rome,  the  Olympic  games  were  re- 
vived by  Iphitus  ;  for  they  had  been 
instituted  before  by  Hercules,  as  was 
related  above.  The  Olympic  games 
were  so  called  from  Olympia,  a  city 
of  Elis  in  Peloponnesus,  near  which 
they  were  celebrated  every  fourth 
year,  by  a  great  concourse  of  people 
from  all  Greece,  and  other  nations. 
From  this  period  the  Greeks  began 
to  use  the  Olympiads  for  the  distinc- 
tion of  times.  Before  that  epoch, 
fiction  prevailed.  From  it  the  true 
history  of  the  Greeks  takes  its  rise. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  first  Olym- 
piad, if  we  believe  Herodotus,  died 
Hesiod,  about  140  years  later  than 
Homer. 

9.  Jotham,  Uzziah's  son,  and  fa- 
ther of  Ahaz,  a  pious  man,  and  be- 
loved of  God,  governed  16  years.  In 
his  reign,  Theopompus,  kir^gofthe 
Lacedemonians,  in  order  to  render 
the  sovereign  authority  more  stable, 
by  sharing  the  power  with  the  peo- 
ple, created  five  Ephori,  130  years 
after  Lycurgus.  These  magistrates 
very  much  resembled  the  tribunes 
of  the  people  among  the  Romans. 

10.  In  Latium,  Amulius,  having 
deposed  his  elder  brother  Numitor, 
usurped  the  crown.  Romulus  and 
Remus,  the  sons  of  Rhea  Sylvia,  or 
Ilia,  Numiior's  daughter,  having 
been  exposed  by  Amulius,  were  edu- 
cated by  Faustiilus,  the  king's  shep- 
herd. When  they  came  to  a^e,  they 
knew  their  grandfather  Numitor, 
and,  having  slain  Amulius,  replaced 
him  on  his  throne.  They  themselves 
having  got  together  a  body  of  shep- 
herds, founded  on  mount  Palatine 
the  city  of  Rome,  for  which  was 
destined  the  empire  of  the  world. 
Rome  was  built  in  the  third  year  of 
the  seventh  Olympiad,  430  years  af- 
ter the  destruction  of  Troy,  in  the 
year  of  the  world  3256,  of  the  flood 
1600,  and  before  the  birth  of  Christ 
748. 


Sub  idem  tempus,  annus 
scilicet  409  post  Trcja  riele- 
tus,  et  ante  Roma  conditus  27, 
ludus  Olympicus  ab  Iphitus 
renovatus  sum;  nam  antea, 
ut  supra  dico,  ab  Hercules  in- 
stitutus  sum.  Ludus  Olympi- 
cus sic  dictus  sum  ab  Olympia, 
urbs  Elis  in  Peloponnesus, 
prope  quicelebratussum  quar- 
tus  quisque  annus,  magnus 
homo  concursus  ex  omnis 
Graecia  gensque  peregrinus. 
Ex  is  tempus,  Graecus,  ad 
tempus  distinguo,  Olympias 
adhibeo  coepi.  Ante  is  tempus 
fabula  vigeo.  Ex  is  Graecus 
initium  duco  historia.  In 
auspicium  primus  Olympias, 
si  Herodotus  credo,  Hesiodus 
obeo,  Homerus  junior  annus 
circiter  140. 

Joathas,  Ozias  filius,  et 
Achas  pater,  vir  pius,  et  Deus 
carus,  annus  16  impero.  Is 
regnans,  Theopompus  Lace- 
daemonius  rex,  quo  regnum, 
communicatus  cum  populus 
potestas,  efficio  diuturnus 
Ephorus  quinque,  annus  post 
Lycurgus  130,  creo.  Hie  tri- 
bunes plebs  apud  Romanus 
persimilis  sum. 

In  Latium,  Amulius,  Nu- 
mitor major  frater  pulsus, 
regnum  occupo.  Romulus  et 
Remus.  Rhea  Sylvia,  seu  Ilia 
Numitor  filia,  natus,  ab  Amu- 
lius expositus,  a  Faustulus, 
pastor  regius,  educaius  sum. 
Cum  adolesco,  Numitor  avus 
agnosco,  isque,  Amulius  ob- 
trnncatus,  restituo  in  regnum. 
Ipse,  coactus  pastor  manus,  in 
Palatinus  mons  condo  urbs 
Roma,  qui  destino  imperium 
orbis  terra.  Roma  conditus 
sum  annus  tertius  septimus 
Olympias,  post  Troja  eversus 
436,  annus  mundus  3256,  di- 
luvium 1600,  et  ante  Christus 
natus  748. 


chap.  vn. 


EPITOMIZED. 


219 


CHAP.  VII. 


From  the  building  of  Rome  to  the  liberation  of  the  Jews  from  the  Baby- 
lonish  captivity  by  Cyrus ,  in  the  first  year  of  the  Persian  empire,  co?i- 
taining  214  years. 


Romulus  is  commonly  reported  to 
have  killed  his  brother  Remus,  for 
having  contemptuously  leaped  over 
his  new  walls.  Thus  he  became  sole 
monarch.  He  took  numbers  of  his 
neighbours  into  his  city.  He  chose 
an  hundred  senators,  who,  from  their 
age,  were  called  Fathers,  and  their 
children  Patricii.  Then,  as  he  and 
his  people  had  no  wives,  he  invited 
the  neighbouring  nations  to  the  sight 
of  games,  and  seized  their  young 
women.  Whereupon  the  adjacent 
nations  made  war  upon  the  Romans. 
Romulus  havingroutedtheCaeninen- 
ses,  and  slain  their  king  Acron  with 
his  own  hand,  presented  the  spolia 
opima  to  Jupiter  Feretrius,  to  whom 
he  then  dedicated  a  temple.  He  tri- 
umphed over  the  Antemnates,  the 
Crustuminians,  the  Fidenates,  and 
Veientes.  Upon  seeing  his  army  like 
to  be  worsted  by  Tatius,  king  of  the 
Sabines,  he  vowed  a  temple  in  the 
Forum  to  Jupiter  Stator.  The  action 
being  renewed,  the  Sabine  women 
throwing  themselves  into  the  battle, 
put  an  end  to  the  wrar  by  their  in- 
treaties.  An  alliance  is  struck  up  be- 
tween the  generals,  and  the  Sabines 
remove  to  Rome.  At  last  Romulus, 
a  sudden  tempest  arising,  as  he  re- 
viewed his  army  at  the  lake  of  Ca- 
prea,  entirely  disappeared.  He  was 
supposed  to  have  gone  to  the  gods. 
He  reigned  37  years. 

2.  Niniveh,  as  formerly  observed, 
was  founded  by  Ashur,  some  time 
after  Babylon  had  been  built  by  Nim- 
rod  ;  but  continued  for  many  ages  a 
private  royalty.  For  Pul,  one  of  the 
kings  of  Niniveh,  and  probably  also 
king  of  Babylon,  seems  to  have 
founded  the  Assyrian  empire.  He 
makes  his  first  appearance  in  scrip- 
ture in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Menahem,  king  of  Israel,  and  771 
years  before  the  birth  of  Christ.  This 
empire  lasted  about  170  years.  The 


Romulus  vulgo  fero  Remus 
fraler  trucido,  quod  per  con- 
tumelia  murus  novus  transilio. 
Ita  solus  imperium  potitussum. 
Multitude*  finitimus  in  civitas 
recipio.  Centum  senator  eligo, 
qui  ab  aetas  Pater,  Patriciique 
is  progenies,  appellatus.  Tunc, 
cum  uxor  ipse  et  populus  non 
habeo,  invito  ad  spectaculum 
ludus  vicinus  natio,  atque  is^ 
virgo  rapio.  Itaque  flnitimus 
populus  Romanus  bellum  in- 
fero.  Romulus,  Caeninenses 
fugatus  isque  rex  Acron  suus 
manus  interemptus,  Jupiter 
Feretrius,  qui  turn  aedes  dico, 
opimus  spolium  fero.  De  An- 
temnates, Crustuminii,  Fide- 
nates,  et  Veientes,  triumpho. 
A  Tatius,  Sabinus  rex,  acies 
suus  fugo  videns,Jupiter  Stator 
templumvoveo  in  Forum.  De- 
mum  redintegratus  praelium, 
Sabinus  in  acies  irrumpens, 
bellum  precis  dirimo.  Percutio 
inter  dux  foedus,  et  Sabinus 
Roma  commign.  Romulus, 
cumexercitus  ad  Caprea palus 
recenseo,  subitus  coortus  tem- 
pestas,  nusquam  appareo.  Ad 
deus  tran^eo  creditus  sum. 
Regno  annus  37. 


Ninive,  ut  supra  dictussum, 
ab  Ashur  conditus  sum,  sero  ali- 
quantum  quamBabylon  a  Nim- 
brothus  exstructus  sum;  sed 
privatus  tantummodo  regnum 
per  multus  seculum  existo. 
Namque  Pul,  unus  e  rex  Nini- 
ve, et,  ut  verisimilis  sum,  rex 
etiamBabylon,Assyrius  consti- 
tuo  imperium  videor.  Hie  men* 
tio  fioprimo  in  scriptura  sub  in- 
itium  regnum  Menahem  rex  Is- 
raeliticus,  et  771  annus  ant* 


220 


ANCIENT  HISTORY" 


chap.  va. 


chief  of  its  monarchs  were,  1.  Pul, 
supposed  to  be  the  same  with  Belus. 
He  reigned  upwards  of  24  years.  2. 
Tiglathpileser,  who  is  supposed  to  be 
the  same  with  Ninus,  and  who  subdu- 
ed Damascus,  and  put  an  end  to  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Syria,  reigned 
about  19  years.  3.  Shalmaneser,  who 
besieged  and  sackedSamaria, reigned 
12  years.  4.  Sennacherib,  whose  ar- 
my, whilst  he  attempted  to  besiege 
Jerusalem,  was  smitten  by  an  angel, 
reigned  G  years.  5.  Esarhaddon,  who 
carried  Manasseh,  king  of  Juda,  cap- 
tive to  Babylon, and  conquered  Egypt 
and  Ethiopia,  reigned  42  years,  G. 
Saosduchinus,  in  scripture  called  Ne- 
buchadonosor,  who  conquered  Phra- 
ortes  king  of  the  Medes,  levelled  Ec- 
batan  with  the  ground,  and  returning 
to  Niniveh,  feasted  120  days,  reign- 
ed 20  years.  7.  Chynalydan,  suppos- 
ed to  be  the  same  wrilh  Sardanapalus, 
reigned  22  years.  This  prince,  the 
Medes  having  made  war  upon  him, 
and  the  Babylonians  having  revolted 
from  him,  set  fire  to  his  palace,  and 
was  consumed,  with  all  his  wealth,  in 
the  flames.  The  Assyrian  empire 
subsisted  several  years  after  his 
death  ;  but  was  in  the  end  overturned 
by  the  Medes  and  Babylonians,  in 
the  year  before  Christ  G01.  Thus 
two  empires  prose  out  of  that  of  the 
Assyrians,  namely,  the  Babylonian 
and'Median. 

3.  From  the  lime  of  Nimrodto  that 
of  Pul,  a  great  many  petty  princes 
reigned  in  Babylon.  Niniveh  too, 
and  Babylon,  seem  to  have  been  often 
governed  by  the  same  king.  But,  in 
the  24th  year  of  the  reign  of  Pul  and 
747  years  before  Christ,  these  became 
two  distinct  kingdoms.  Nabonassar, 
wrho  gives  name  to  the  famous  era, 
and  who  seems  to  have  been  a  young- 
er son  of  Pul,  gets  the  kingdom  of 
Babylon,  whilst  his  elder  brotherTig- 
lathpileser  obtains  the  sceptre  at  Ni- 
niveh. During  the  flourishing  state 
of  the  Assyrian  monarchy,  the  kings 
of  Babylon  seem  to  have  been  only 
viceroys  or  lord  lieutenants  to  those 
of  Niniveh,  But  afterwards  Babylon 


natus  Christus.  Hie  imperium 
annus  circiter  170  duro.  Piae- 
cipuus  ex  is  princeps  sum,  1. 
Pul,  qui  et  Belus  sum  credo.  Is 
annus  24  et  amplius  imperito. 
2.  Tiglathpileser,  qui  et  Ninus 
sum  credo,  et  qui,  Damascus 
subactus,  antiquus  Syria  reg- 
num  finis  impono,  annus  circi- 
ter 19  regno.  3.  Shalmaneser, 
qui  Samaria  obsidio  captus  de- 
leo,  annus  12  regno.  4.  Sen- 
nacherib, qui  exercitus,  cum 
Hierosolyma  obsideo  conor,  ab 
angelus  caedo,  annus  G  regno. 
5.  Esarhaddon,  qui  Manasses 
Juda  rex  Babylon  captivusab- 
duco,  et  Aegyptusatque  Aethi- 
opia  in  suus  ditio  redigo,  annus 
42  regno.  G.  Saosduchinus,  in 
scriptura  Nebuchadonosor  ap- 
peilatus,  qui  Phraortes  Medus 
rex  devictus,  Ecbatana  solum 
aequo,  et  Ninive  reversus  dies 
120  epulor,  annus  20  regno.  7. 
Chynalydan,  qui  et  Sardanapa- 
lus fortasse  dico,  annus  22  reg- 
no. Hie,  Medus bellum  infero, 
Babylon  i usque  desero,  regia 
suus  incendo,  et  cum  divitiae 
concremo.  Imperium  Assyrius 
aliquot  annus  post  is  interitus 
duro;  demum  vero  a  Medus  et 
Babylon i us  everto,  annus  ante 
Christus  601.  Ita  ex  imperium 
Assyrius  duo  orior,  Babylo- 
nius,  sciz.  et  Medus. 

A  tempus  Nimbrothus  ad 
Pul,  multus  princeps  exiguus 
Babylon  imperito.  Ninive  quo- 
que  et  Babylon  idem  rex  saepe 
pareo  videor.  Sed  24  annus 
regnum  Ful,  et  747  annus  ante 
Christus  natus,  ex  unusduodi~ 
versus  regnum  factussum.  Na- 
bonassar, qui  inclytus  aera  no- 
men  facio,  et  qui  filius  Pul  na- 
tu  minor  sum  video,  regnum 
Babylon icusadipiscor,  cum  in- 
terim Tiglathpileser,  fraterna- 
tu  major  apud  Ninive  res  po- 
tior. Imperium  Assyriacus  vi- 
gens,  rex  Babylonicus,  quasi 
prorexseu  praefectus rexAssy- 
ria  subjectussum  video:  postea 


chap.  vn. 


EPITOMIZED. 


221 


rose  upon  its  ruins,  and  became  a 
great  empire ;  which  computing  from 
Nabonassar,  lasted  209  years;  viz. 
Nabonassar,  called  also  Belesis  and 
Nanybrus,  reigned  14  years.  Na- 
dius  2.  Chinzirus  and  Porus  jointly 
5.  Jugaeus  5.  Mardoc  Empadus, 
in  scripture  called  Merodach-Bala- 
dan,  who  sent  an  embassy  to  Heze- 
kiah,  king  of  Judah,  to  inquire  about 
the  sun's  retrogression,  reigned  12 
years.  Arkianus5.  An  inter-reign 
of  two  years  followed.  Belibus  3. 
Apronadius  6.  Mesessimordacus  4. 
Then  an  inter-reign  of  eight  years. 
Assaradinus,  or  Esarhaddon,  who, 
with  his  two  successors,  were  also 
ings  of  Assyria,  reigned  13  years. 
£aosduchinus  20.  Chynalydan,  call- 
ed also  Sarac,  22.  "Nabopallasar, 
who  revolted  from  Chynalydan,  and 
transferred  the  seat  of  the  empire 
from  Niniveh  to  Babylon,  reigned 
21  years.  He,  joining  his  forces 
with  those  of  Cyaxares,  king  of  the 
Medes,  reduced  Niniveh  to  a  low 
condition  ;  but  did  not  live  to  see  its 
final  destruction,  having  been  di- 
verted from  this  war  by  an  irruption 
of  the  Scythians,  who  at  that  time 
overran  a  great  part  of  Asia.  Nabo- 
colassar,  or  Nebuchadnezzar,  who  in 
a  most  magnificent  manner  adorned 
the  city  Babylon,  and  raised  the  em- 
pire to  its  highest  pitch  of  glory,  and 
was  himself  afterwards  by  the  de- 
cree of  heaven,  driven  from  the  so- 
ciety of  men  to  dwell  with  the  beasts 
of  the  field,  reigned  43  years.  Evil- 
rnerodach  reigned  2  years.  Nerig- 
lissar  4.  Nabonadius,  Labynitus,  or 
Belshazzar  17;  in  whose  time  the 
city  of  Babylon  was  taken  by  Cyrus, 
and  the  empire  overturned,  in  the 
year  before  Christ  538. 


i  4.  The  Medes,  having  thrown  off 
the  Assyrian  yoke  in  the  reign  of  Sen- 
nacherib, lived  sometime  without  a 
king;  but  intestine  disorders  arising, 
Dejoces,  one  of  their  own  number, 
called  Arphaxad  in  the  book  of  Ju- 
dith, was  chosen  king,  in  the  year  be- 


autem  Babylon  Ninive  excidi- 
umauctussum,  et  magnusim- 
perium  evado;  qui,  si  supputa- 
tio  a  Nabonassar  instituo,  per 
annus  209  duro;  sciz.  Nabo- 
nassar, qui  Belesis  et  Nanybrus 
etiam  dictus  sum, annus  14 reg- 
no. Nadius  2.  Chinzirus  et 
Porus  si mul  5.  Jugaeus  5. 
Mardoc  Empadus,sacer  literae 
Merodach  Baladan  dictus,  qui 
legatus  ad  Ezechias  rex  Judaea 
ut  de  sol  retrogressus  certior 
fio.  mitto,  annus  12  impero.  Ar- 
kianus  5.  Duo  annus  interreg- 
num secutus  sum.  Belibus  3. 
Apronadius  6.  Mesessimorda- 
cus 4.  Deinde  interregnum  oc- 
to  annus.  Assaradinus,  seu 
Esarhaddon, qui,  cumduosuc- 
cessor,  rex  etiam  Assyria  sum, 
annus  13  regno.  Saosduchinus 
20.  Chynalydan,  Sarac  etiam 
appellatus,  22.  Nabopallasar, 
qui  a  Chynalydan  descisco,  et 
sedesimperium  aNiniveadBa- 
bylon  transfero,  annus  21  reg- 
no. Is,  snus  cum  copiae  Cyax- 
ares Medus  rex  junctus,  Ninive 
ad  conditio  affl  ctus  redigo;  at 
mors  praereptus  internecio  non 
video ;  ab  hie  etenimbellum  ab- 
stracts sum  incursus  Scytha, 
qui  tunc  tern  pus  magnus  pars 
A  sia  vasto.  Nebocolassar,  seu 
Nebuchadnezzar,  qui  urbs  Ba- 
bylon magnificenter  exstruo,  et 
imperiumadsummusfastigium 
eveho,  et  qui  postea  coelestis 
decretum  e  homo  coetus  ad  ha- 
bitandum  cum  bestia  ager  ex- 
pulsus  sum,  annus  43  impero. 
Evilmerodach  annus  2  regno. 
Neriglissar4.  Nabonadius,  La- 
bynituSjSeu  Belshazzar  17;  qui 
regnans  urbs  Babylon  a  Cyrus 
captus  sum,  et  imperium  ever- 
sus,  annus  ante  Chri«stus  538. 
Med  us,]  ugu  m  Assy  riu s  exc  us- 
sus,  rex  Sennacherib,  aliquam- 
diu  sine  rex  ago;  sed  discor- 
dia  civilis  subortus,  Dejoces, 
ex  gens  Medus  oriundu? ,qui  in 
liber  Juditha  Arphaxad  appel- 
lo,  rex  creo,  annus  ante  Chris- 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


chap,  m 


fore  Christ  710.  In  his  latter  days  he 
made  war  upon  Saosduchinus,  king 
of  the  Assyrians;  but  his  army  was 
defeated  in  a  battle  lought  in  the  great 
plain  of  Ragau,  himself  slain,  and  his 
capital  Ecbatan  destroyed,  after  a 
reign  of  53  years.  His  son  Phraortes 
subdued  a  "great  part  of  the  upper 
Asia,  invaded  Assyria,  and  laid  siege 
to  Niniveh;  where  he  perished,  with 
the  greater  part  of  his  army,  after 
having  reigned  2*2  years.  His  son, 
Cyaxares  I.  by  a  stratagem,  relieved 
his  country  from  the  Scythians.  He 
engaged  in  war  with  the  Lydians; 
but  a  total  eclipse  of  the  sun,  said  to 
have  been  foretold  by  Thales  the 
Milesian,  happening  in  the  time  of 
battle,  both  armies  retreated,  and  a 
peace  was  concluded.  He  after- 
wards, in  conjunction  with  Nebu- 
chadnezzar, king  of  Babylon,  invest- 
ed Niniveh,  and  razed  it  to  the 
ground,  in  the  year  before  Christ  601. 
This  confederate  army  soon  after 
overran  and  conquered  Egypt,  Ju- 
dea,  Syria,  Armenia,  Pontus,  Cap- 
padocia,  and  Persia.  Cyaxares 
reigned  40 years.  His  son  Astyages, 
called  Ahasuerus  in  the  book  of  Da- 
niel, repulsed  the  Babylonians,  who, 
under  the  conduct  of  Evilmerodach, 
had  made  an  irruption  into  Media. 
He  reigned  35  years.  His  son 
Cyaxares  II.  called  in  scripture  Da- 
rius the  Mede,  reigned  22  years. 
He  had  a  bloody  war  with  the  kings 
of  Babylon,  and  their  ally  Croesus 
king  of  Lydia,  for  the  space  of  21 
years.  In  this  war  he  was  assisted 
by  Cyrus  his  nephew;  who,  at  last, 
took  Babylon,  and  placed  his  uncle 
on  the  throne,  where  he  reigned  two 
years.  Upon  his  death,  Cyrus  trans- 
ferred the  seat  of  empire  from  the 
Babylonians  and  Medes  to  the  Per- 
sians, in  the  year  before  Christ  536. 

5.  Twenty-five  years  after  the 
building  of  Rome,  So  or  Sabacus, 
the  Ethiopian,  began  to  reign  in 
Egypt;  whose  successors,  for  about 
200  years,  were  Anysis,  Sethon,  12 
kings  jointly,  Psammitichus,  Necho, 
Psammis,  A  pries,  Amasis,  and 
Psamminitus. 


tus  710.  Postremus  tempus 
bellum  Saosduchinus,Assyrius 
rex  infero;  sed  exercitus  isfu- 
gatus  sum,  praelium  in  magnus 
planities  Ragau  commissus,  ip- 
se interfectus,  et  caput  regnum 
Ecbatana  excidiumdatus,  post- 
quamannus53  impero.  Phraor- 
tes filius  magnus  pars  superior 
Asia  domo,  Assyria  invado,  Ni- 
niveque  obsideo;  ubi  ipse  cum 
magnus  pars  copiae  pereo,  post 
regnum  22  annus.  Filius  is, 
Cyaxares  I.  civis  dolus  Scytha 
libero.  Bellum  contra  Lydi- 
us  ineo ;  sed  cum  sol  inter  pug- 
nan  dum  defect  us  totalis  laboro, 
qu  deliquium  Thales  Milesius 
praedico  fama  sum,  ambo  exer- 
citus praelium  recedo,  et  pax 
factus  sum.  Hicpostea,  Nebu- 
chadnezzar rex  Babylon  adju- 
vans,  Ninive  obsideo,  et  solum 
aequo,annusante  Christus 601. 
Adunatus  hie  exercitus  mox 
Aegyptus,  Judaea,  Syria,  Ar- 
menia, Pontus,  Cappadocia,  et 
Persia  peragro  domoque.  An- 
nus 50  regno.  Astyages  films, 
Daniel  liber  Ahasuerus dictus, 
Babylonius,  qui,  Evilmerodach 
dux,  in  Media  irrumpo,  re- 
pello.  Annus  35  impero.  Fi- 
lius is,  Cyaxares  II.  sacer  lite- 
rae  Darius  Medus  appellatus, 
annus  22  regno.  Bellum  cru- 
entus  cum  rex  Babylon,  isque 
socius  Croesus  Lydia  rex,  per 
spatium  21  annus  gero.  In 
hie  bellum  Cyrus  nepos  is  aux- 
ilium  venio;  qui  tandem  Ba- 
bylon potitus,  avunculus  sum- 
mus  potestas  permitto,  qui  ibi 
duo  annus  regno.  Cyrus,  avun- 
culus mortuus,  sedes  imperium 
a  Babylonius  et  Medus  ad 
Persa  transfero,  annus  ante 
Christus  536. 

In  Aegyptus  Soseu  Sabacus, 
Aethiops,  regno  coepi,  annus 
post  Roma  conditus  25 ;  qui 
successor,  per  ducenti  fere  an- 
nus, sum  Anysis,  Sethon,  12 
rex  simul,  Psammitichus,  Ne- 
cus,  Psammis,  Apries,  Amasis, 
et  Psammin'tus. 


CHAP.  VII. 


EPITOMIZED. 


223 


6.  Twenty-seven  years  after  the 
building  of  Rome,  and  721  before 
Christ,  Samaria  was  taken  and  de- 
stroyed by  Salmaneser,  king  of  the 
Assyrians.  The  ten  tribes,  with 
their  king  Hoshea,  were  carried 
away  into  Assyria.  Tobias  was  one 
of  the  captives,  whose  piety  preserv- 
ed him  his  liberty  in  the  midst  of 
servitude.  Hezckiah,  the  son  of  king 
Ahaz,  a  man  of  eminent  piety,  was 
then  king  of  Jerusalem.  At  this 
time  too,  lived  the  prophet  Isaiah. 

7.  Numa  Pompilius,  the  second 
king  of  the  Romans,  was  called  to  the 
throne  from  Cures,  a  town  of  the  Sa- 
bines,  on  account  of  his  renowned 
wisdom.  He  softened  the  martial 
fierceness  of  Rome  by  religion.  He 
instituted  priests  and  sacred  rites, 
pretending  intercourse  with  the  god- 
dess Egeria  in  the  night.  Then  he 
built  the  temple  of  Janus,  and  shut 
its  gates,  which  were  the  signs  of 
peace  and  war.  He  completed  the 
year  by  the  addition  of  two  months; 
and,  instead  of  March  appointed  Jan- 
uary to  be  the  beginning  of  the 
year.    He  reigned  43  years. 

8.  Manasseh,  the  son  of  Hezekiah, 
reigned  then  in  Judea.  At  the  same 
time  lived  Judith,  by  v»rhom  Holo- 
fernes,  general  of  Saosduchinus,king 
of  the  Assyrians  was  slain ;  Gyges 
too,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  in- 
timate favourite  of  Candaules,  king 
of  the  Lydians,  and  was  forced  by 
him  to  view  the  beauty  of  his  queen 
when  naked.  After  which  Gyges,  at 
the  queen's  desire,  murdered  Can- 
daules, and  seized  upon  the  kingdom. 

9.  After  Numa,  Tullus  Hostilius, 
being  created  king  of  Rome,  made 
war  upon  the  Albans.  The  dispute 
being  referred  to  three  Horatii  on  the 
side  of  the  Romans,  and  as  many  Cu- 
riatii  on  that  of  the  Albans,  victory 
declared  for  theRomans.  The  Albans 
afterwards  rebelling,  Tullus,  after 
demolishing  Alba,  ordered  them  to 
remove  to  Rome.  Rome  being  in- 
creased by  the  ruins  of  Alba,  mount 
Coelius  was  added  to  the  city.  Tul- 
lus was  thunderstruck,  and  burnt  up 
with  all  his  house,  after  he  had  reign- 


Annus  post  Roma  conditus 
27,  et  ante  Christus  721,  Sa- 
maria a  Salmaneser,  Assyrius 
rex,  cap'us  et  eversus  sum. 
Tribus  decern,  cum  Oseasrex, 
in  Assyria  abductus.  Unus  e 
captivus  Tobias  sum,  qui  liber- 
tas  in  ipse  servitus  pietas  con- 
servo.  Rex  turn  Hierosolyma 
Ezechias,  Achas  rex  natus, 
homo  singularis  pietas.  Hie 
tempus  etiam  existo  vates 
Esaias. 

Numa  Pompilius,  Romanus 
rex  II.  propter  sapientia  fama, 
ad  regnum  e  Cures,  Sabinus 
oppidum,  vocatus  sum.  Roma 
arma  ferox  religio  mansuefa- 
cio.  Sacra  sacerdosque  insti- 
tuo,  simulatus  cum  dea  Egeria 
nocturnus  congressus.  Janus 
dein  templum  exstruo,  isque 
valvae,  pax  bellumque  index, 
claudo.  Annus  duo  mensis  ad- 
ditus  expleo.  Annus  initium 
Januarius  pro  Martius  sum  vo- 
lo.  Regno  annus  quadraginta 
tres. 

Manasses,  Ezechias  filius,  in 
Judaea  turn  regno.  Idem  tem- 
pus existo  Juditha,  a  qui  Ho- 
lofernes,  dux  Saosduchinus, 
rex  Assyrius  sum  obtruncaius; 
Gyges  quoque,  qui  intimus 
Candaules,  Lydus  rex,  sum 
assecla  dico,  ab  isque  coactus, 
nt  nudus  regina  species  con- 
templor.  Postea  Gyges,  regina 
jussu,  Candaules  obtrunco,  et 
regnum  in v ado. 

Tullus  Hostilius,  post  Numa, 
Roma  rex  creatus,  bellum  Al- 
banus  infero.  Certamen  tres 
Horatius  Romanus,  et  totidem 
Curiatius  Albanus,  commissus, 
victoria  penes  Romanus  sum. 
Albanus  postea  rebellans,  Alba 
eversus,  Roma  demigro  Tullus 
jubeo.  Roma  Alba  ruina  auc- 
tus,  Coelius  mons  urbs  additus. 
Cum  Tullus  31  annus  regno, 
fulmen  ictus,  cum  domussuus 
ardeo.  Ammon,  interea,  Ma- 
nasses filius,  et  Hierosolyma 


224 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP.  VII. 


ed  31  years.  In  the  mean  time  Am- 
nion, Manasseh's  son,  and  king  of 
Jerusalem,  was  assassinated  by  his 
servants. 

10.  After  TullusHostilius,  Ancus 
Martius,  the  grandson  of  Numa  by  a 
daughter,  took  upon  him  the  govern- 
ment. He  proclaimed  war  by  his 
heralds  against  the  Latins,  and  van- 
quished them.  He  took  a  great  many 
of  them  afterwards  into  the  city.  He 
united  the  Aventine  mount  to  the 
city,  and  likewise  the  Janiculum,  by 
throwing  a  wooden  bridge  over  the 
river.  He  extended  the  Roman  do- 
minion quite  to  the  sea,  and  built  the 
city  Ostia  at.  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 
He  died  of  a  distemper  in  the  24th 
year  of  his  reign.  A  few  years  after, 
Josiah,  Hezekiah's  grandson,  fell  in 
bnwtV,  fighting  against  Necho,  king 
oi  Egypt.  The  prophet  Jeremiah 
and  all  the  people  lamented  him. 

11.  The  fifth  king  of  Rome  was 
Tarquinius  Priscus,  the  son  of  De- 
maratus  of  Corinth.  He  doubled  the 
number  of  the  senators,  built  the 
Circus,  and  instituted  the  Circensian 
games.  He  subdued  the  twelve  na- 
tions of  Tuscany,  and  borrowed 
from  them  the  ensigns  of  supreme 
powder,  the  Fasces,  the  Trabeae,  the 
Curule  chairs,  the  Praetexta,  and 
other  things  of  that  kind.  He  was 
slain  by  the  sons  of  Ancus,  in  the 
37th  year  of  his  reign. 

12.  "  Dracho,  who  was  Archon  at 
Athens,  in  the  year  before  Christ 
623,  laid  the  Athenians  under  the 
most  cruel  laws,  by  which  the  small- 
est offences  and  the  greatest  crimes 
were  equally  punished  with  death. 
For  which  he  himself  assigned  this 
reason :  Small  faults  seem  to  me 
worthy  of  death,  and  for  flagrant  and 
great  offences  I  can  find  no  higher 
punishment.  But  these  laws  did  not 
long  please  the  Athenians.  Demades 
was  wont  to  say,  that  Draco's  laws 
were  not  written  with  ink,  but  blood. 

13.  In  Judea,  after  the  death  of 
Josiah,  his  son  enjoyed  the  crown 
three  months,  and  his  brother  a  few 
years.  Josiah  s brother  was  succeed- 
ed by  Zedekiah.  the  last  king  of  the 


rex,  a  famulus  suns  interfeetus 
sum. 


Post  Tullus  Hostilius,  Ancus 
Martius,  Numa  ex  filia  nepos, 
suscipio  imperium  Latinus  bel- 
lum  perfecialisindico,acvinco. 
Is  plurimus  postea  in  ci vitas 
adscisco.  Aventinusmons,  nec 
non,  sublicius  pons  in  flumen 
factus,  Janiculum  uibsadjicio. 
Romanus  imperium  usque  ad 
mare  propago,  et  Ostia  urbs 
in  os  Tiberis  condo.  Annus 
imperium  24  morbus  pereo. 
Pauci  exinde  annus,  Josias, 
Ezechias  nepos,  contra  Necus, 
Aegyptus  rex,  pugnans,  prae- 
lium  cado.  Is  Jeremias  vates 
et  cunctus  populus  lamentatio 
prosequor. 

QuintusRoma  rex  sum  Tar- 
quinius Priscus,  films  Dema- 
ratusCorinthius.  Hicnumerus 
senator  duplico,  Circus  aedifv- 
co,  et  ludus  Circensis  instituo. 
Thuscia  populus  duodecimsu- 
bigo,  ab  isque  summuspotestas 
insigne  accipio,  Fasces,  Tra- 
beae, Cnrules,  Praetexta,  et  is 
genus  alius.  Annus  imperium 
37,  per  Ancus  filius  occisus 
sum. 

Draco,  qui  Archon  Athenae 
sum,  annus  ante  Christus  G23, 
atrox  Atheniensis  lex  impono, 
qui  aeque  parvus  peccatum  ac 
magnus  scelus  capitalis  sum. 
GUii  ipse  hie  causa  trado:  Par- 
vus peccatum  ego  mors  dignus 
video,  et  manifestus  ac  magnus 
scelus  magnus  supplicium  ex- 
cogito  non  possum.  At  hie  lex 
Atheniensis  non  diu  placeo. 
Demades  dico  soleo,  Draco  lex 
non  atramentr  m,  sed  sanguis, 
scriptus  sum. 

In  Judaea,  post  mors  Josias, 
filius  tres  mensis,et  f rater  pauci 
annus,  regnum  potitus  sum. 
Frater  Josias  succedo  Zede- 
chias,  rex  Judaeus  post  rem  us, 


ciup.  vn. 


EPITOMIZED. 


235 


Jews,  who  was  reduced  to  slavery  by 
Nebuchadnezzar,  king  of  Babylon; 
Jerusalem  also,  and  the  temple,  were 
burnt,  and  the  citizens  carried  away 
into  Babylon,  in  the  year  before  the 
birth  of  Christ  583. 

14.  Whilst  Palestine  and  Syria 
were  laid  waste  by  the  arms  of  bar- 
barians, Greece  was  improved  by  the 
institutions  of  its  wise  men.  The 
seven  wise  men  of  Greece  flourished 
at  the  same  time.  Solon,  one  of  their 
number,  having  abolished  Draco's 
laws,  enacted  new  ones  more  proper 
lor  the  Athenians. 

15.  Servius  Tullius,  the  sixth  king 
of  the  Romans,  having  conquered 
the  Hetrusci  and  Veientes,  instituted 
the  Census.  He  divided  the  people 
into  classes  and  centuries;  added  to 
the  city  the  Gluirinal,  Viminal,  and 
Esquiline  hills.  He  was  murdered 
in  the  44th  year  of  his  reign,  by  the 
villainy  of  his  son-in-law,  Tarquin 
the  Proud. 

16.  About  this  period  lived  a  set 
of  the  most  savage  tyrants  in  different 
parts  of  the  world  ;  Periander  at  Co- 
rinth, Pisistratus  at  Athens,  Thrasy- 
bulus  at  Miletus,  Polycrates  in  the 
island  Samos,  and  Phalarisin  Sicily. 
The  same  age  was  very  productive 
of  wise  men;  then  nourished  Aesop 
the  famous  writer  of  fables,  and  Py- 
thagoras in  Italy,  who  first  called 
himself  a  philosopher.  In  Greece, 
the  poets  Alcaeus,  Stesichorus,  Sap- 
pho, Simonides,  Anacreon,  Pindar, 
were  greatly  renowned. 

17.  Towards  the  latter  end  of  Ser- 
vius Tullius'  time  nourished  Cyrus 
the  Persian.  He  was  the  son  of  Cam- 
byses,  either  king  of  Persia,  or  a  man 
of  the  first  rank  in  that  country,  and 
of  Mandane,  the  daughter  of  Astya- 
ges,  king  of  the  Medes.  Herodotus  in- 
deed says,  that  his  father  was  a  mean 
man;  and  that  Cyrus,  on  account  of 
a  dream,  had  been  exposed  in  his  in- 
fancy by  order  of  his  grandfather. 
But  greater  credit  is  due  toZenophon. 
Cyrus,  in  the  fortieth  year  of  his  age, 
was  called  from  Persia  to  assist  his 
uncle  Cyaxares,king  of  the  Medes,  in 
his  war  against  the  Babylonians,  and 


qui  a  Nebuchadnezzar,  Baby- 
lon rex,  in  servitus  redactus 
sum  ;  templum  quoque,  ac  Hie- 
rosolyma,  incensus,  civis  Ba- 
bylon traductus,  annus  ante 
Christus  natus  588. 

Dum  Palaestina  et  Syria  bar- 
barus  arma  evasto,  Graecia  sa- 
piens instiiutum  excolo.  Sep- 
tem  ilJe  Graecia  sapiens  unus 
tempus  existo.  Ex  qui  nume- 
rus  Solon,  abrogatus  Draco 
lex,  commodus  Atheniensis 
lex  fero. 

Servius  Tullius,  sextus  Ro 
manus  rex,  Hetruscus  ac 
Veiens  debellatus.  Census  in- 
stituo.  Populus  in  classis  ac 
centuria  describo ;  urbs,  Gluiri- 
nalis,  Vimmalis,  Esquilinus 
mons,  adjungo.  Occisus  sum 
44  imperium  annus,  scelus  ge- 
nersuus  Tarquinius  Superbus. 

Hie  tempus  immanis  tyran- 
nus  passim  existo;  Periander 
Corinthus,  Pisistratus  Athe- 
nae,ThrasybulusMiletus, Poly- 
crates in  Samos  insula,  et  Pha- 
laris  in  Sicilia.  Idem  aetas 
sapiens  ferax  sum;  Aesopus 
fabula  architectus  turn  vigeo, 
necnon  Pythagoras  in  Italia, 
qui  sui  primus  philosophus 
appello.  In  Graecia,  poeta, 
Alcaeus,  Stesichorus,  Sappho, 
Simonides,  Anacreon,  Pin- 
darus,  illustris  sum. 

Cyrus  Persa  extremus  Ser- 
vius Tullius  tempus  existo. 
Sum  natus  Cambyses,  aut  rex 
Persia,  aut  vir  primus  ordo  in 
is  civitas,  et  Mandane,  filia  As- 
tyages,  rex  Medus.  Herodotus 
quidem,  pater  Cyrus  mediocris 
vir  sum,  perhibeo ;  et  Cyrus  in- 
fans,  jussu  avus,  propter  som- 
nium  expositus sum.  At  fides 
Xenophon  potius  adhibendus 
sum.  Cyrus  qu.adragesimus 
aetas  annus  agens,  e  Persia  ar- 
cessitus  sum,ut  Cyaxares  avun» 
cuius  suns  in  bellum  contra 
Babylonius,  isque socius  Croe« 


226 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHiP.  VII. 


their  ally  Croesus,  king  of  Lydia. 
This  war  lasted  21  years.  Cyrus 
commanded  the  united  army  of 
Medes  and  Persians;  and  from  this 
period  historians  compute  the  be- 
ginning of  his  reign.  Cyrus'  con- 
duct in  this  war  was  glorious,  and 
his  success  wonderful.  He  van- 
quished Croesus,  and  took  the  royal 
city  of  Sardis;  after  this  he  subdued 
all  the  continent  from  the  Aegean 
sea  to  the  Euphrates.  He  reduced 
the  strong  city  of  Babylon,  and  de- 
livering the  government  of  that  king- 
dom to  his  uncle  Cyaxares,  called 
also  Darius  the  Mede,  he  returned 
into  Persia.  About  two  years  after, 
Cyaxares  dying,  and  also  Cambyses, 
king  of  Persia,  Cyrus  took  upon  him 
the  government  of  the  whole  empire; 
which  he  held  for  the  space  of  seven 
years.  In  the  first  of  these  seven 
years,  and  before  Christ  534,  he  is- 
sued out  his  decree  for  restoring  the 
Jews  to  their  country.  In  the  reign 
of  Cyrus  lived  the  prophet  Daniel, 
whom  that  monarch  esteemed  with 
an  affectionate  regard. 

18.  A  few  years  after,  as  Herodo- 
tus relates,  Cyrus  made  war  upon 
the  Scythians,  and  cut  off  the  son  of 
their  queen  Tomyris  with  his  army. 
But  the  advantages  of  the  victory 
proved  delusive  and  of  short  dura- 
tion. Cyrus,  flushed  with  his  late  vic- 
tory, marches  out  into  a  place  of  dis- 
advantage, where  he  was  trepanned 
by  the  enemy,  and  cut  to  pieces  with 
all  his  forces.  But  Xenophon  says, 
Cyrus  died  at  home  a  natural  death, 
in  the  70th  year  of  his  age,  and  was 
buried  at  Pasargada  in  Persia,  leav- 
ing his  son  Cambyses  heir  to  his  em- 
pire; who,  having  conquered  Psam- 
minitus,  annexed  Egypt  to  his  fa- 
ther's realm.  The  Persian  empire 
lasted  2*28  years.  Cyrus  reigned  30 
vears,  Cambyses 7,  Darius  Hystaspis 
36,  Xerxes 21.  Artaxerxes  Longima- 
nus,  called  Ahasuerus  in  the  scrip- 
tures, and  who  had  Esther  for  his 
queen,  41,  Darius  Nothus  19,  Artax- 
erxes Mnemon  46,  Ochus  21,  Arses 
2,  Darius  Codomannus  6. 


sus,  rex  I^dia,  auxilium  sum. 
Hie  bellum  per  annus  21  gestus 
sum.  Adunatus  copiae  Medus 
et  Persa  Cyrus  praesum,  etab 
hie  tempus  imperium  apud 
historicus  initium  duco.  Ut 
Cyrus  virtus  in  hie  bellum  sum 
insignis,  ita minis  feiicitas  usns 
sum.  Croesus  supero,  et  regius 
urbs  Sardes  expugno;  post  hie 
totus  regio  inter  mare  Aegaeus 
et  Euphrates  perdomo.  Baby- 
lon urbs  munitissimus  subigo 
regnumque  is  administratis 
avunculus  suus  Cyaxares,  Da- 
rius Medus  etiam  dictus,  tra- 
ditus,  ipse  in  Persia  regressus 
sum.  Post  fere  biennium,  Cy- 
axares, necnon  Cambyses,  rex 
Persia,  mortuus.  Cyrus  totus 
imperium  adminisi ratio  susei- 
pio;  qui  per  septem  annus  te- 
neo.  Annus  hie  septem  pri- 
mus, et  ante  Christus  534,  edic- 
tum  suus  promulgo,  qui  Ju- 
daeuspatria  restituo.  Regnans 
Cyrus,  vivo  Daniel  propheta, 
qui  imperator  ille  complexus 
sum. 

Pauei  exinde  annus,  ut  He- 
rodotus narro,  Cyrus  Scytha 
bellum  infero,  et  Tomyris  regi- 
na  filius  cum  exercitus  caedo. 
At  brevis  et  fallax  sum  fructus 
victoria.  Cyrus,  recens  victo- 
ria eJatus,  in  iniquus  locus  pro- 
gredior,  ubi  insidiae  hostis  ipse 
cum  omnis  copiae  concido. 
Xenophon  autem  aio,  Cyrus 
domus  latum  functus  sum,  an- 
nus ae;as  septuagesimus,  et 
Pasargada  in  Persia  sepultus 
sum,  Cambyses  filius  heres  im- 
perium relictus;  qui,Psammi- 
nitus  victus,  paternus  regnum 
Aegyptus  adjicio.  Imperium 
Persicus  annus  2*28  duro.  Cy- 
rus regno  annus  30,  Cambyses 
7,  Darius  Hystaspis 36,  Xerxes 
21,  Artaxrrxes  Longimanus, 
Ahasuerus  sacer  literae  dictus, 
et  qui  Esther  regina  habeo, 
41,  Darius  Nothus  11),  Artax- 
erxes Mnemon  46,  Ochus  21 
Arses  2,  DariusCedomannus  G 


CHAP.  vnr. 


EPITOMIZED. 


227 


CHAP.  VIII. 

From  the  liberation  of  the  Jews  by  Cyrus,  to  (he  overthrow  of  the  Persian 
empire  by  Alexander  the  Great,  including  204  years. 


Tarquinius  Superbus,  the  seventh 
and  last  of  the  Roman  kings,  de- 
rived his  surname  from  his  beha- 
viour. He  slighted  the  authority  of 
the  senate  in  the  management  of  the 
government.  He  finished  the  temple 
of  Jupiter  which  had  been  begun  by 
his  father;  he  subdued  the  Volsci ; 
and  took  Gabii  by  the  artful  conduct 
of  his  son  Sextus.  He  is  said  to  have 
purchased  the  Sibylline  books  from 
the  Cumean  Sibyl.  At  last  he  was 
turned  out  of  the  city,  and  his  king- 
dom too,  for  a  rape  committed  by  his 
son  upon  Lucretia,  a  woman  of  qual- 
ity, in  the  23d  year  of  his  reign,  in 
the  68th  Olympiad,  and  before  Christ 
506.  The  regal  power  obtained  at 
Rome  under  seven  kings,  almost  242 
years. 

2.  Afterthe  expiration  of  the  kings, 
two  consuls  were  created  annually 
at  Rome.  Brutus  and  Collatinus  were 
the  first  consuls.  Brutus,  upon  the 
discovery  of  a  conspiracy  against 
the  public  liberty,  punished  the  con- 
spirators, among  whom  were  two  of 
his  own  sons,  with  death. 

3.  About  the  same  time  a  like  in- 
cident delivered  the  Athenians  from 
tyranny.  Hipparchus,  the  son  of 
Pisistratus,  had  debauched  Harmo- 
dius' sister.  Whereupon  Harmodius 
slays  the  tyrant.  Being  forced  with 
torture,  by  Hippias,  the  tyrant's  bro- 
ther, to  name  those  that  were  acces- 
sary to  the  murder,  he  named  the 
tyrant's  friends;  who  were'all  imme- 
diately put  to  death  by  the  tyrant. 
The  citizens,  roused  by  his  magna- 
nimity, banishing  Hippias,  restored 
themselves  to  liberty.  They  erected 
a  statue  to  Harmodius. 

4.  Cambyses,  king  of  the  Persians, 
caused  his  brother  Smerdis  to  be  as- 
sassinated, because  he  had  dreamed 
that  he  saw  him  on  the  throne.  Cam- 
byses died  soon  after  of  a  wound  by 
his  own  sword  dropping  accidentally 


Tarqjjinius  Superbus,  Sep- 
timus atque  ultimus  Romanuj 
rex,ex  factum  cognomen  traho. 
Senatus  auctoritas  in  admin  is- 
trandus  respublica  negiigo.  Ju- 
piter templum  a  pater  inchoa- 
tus  exstruo ;  Voh>cus  arma  do- 
mo  :  Gabii  Sextus  filius  dolus 
capio.  A  Sibylla  Cumanus  li- 
ber Sibyllinus  emo  dico.  Tan- 
dum,  ob  stuprum  Lucretia,  no- 
bilissimus  foemina,  a  filius  il- 
latus,  et  urbs,  et  regnum  ejectus 
sum,  annus  regnum  23,  Olym- 
pian 68,  ante  Christus  natus 
506.  Regnatur  Roma  a  sep- 
tem  rex  annus  prope  242. 


Post  rex  expulsns,  bini  quo- 
tannis  consul  Roma  creo.  Bru- 
tus et  Collatinus  primus  consul 
sum.  Brutus,  conjuratio  con- 
tra libertas  patefactus,  conju- 
ratus,  in  qui  sum  filius  is  duo, 
mors  multo. 

Atheniensis  per  idem  tempus 
par  causa  tyrannislibero.  Hip- 
parchus, Pisistratus  natus, 
Harmodius  soror  violo.  Itaque 
Harmodius  tyrannus  obtrunco. 
Ab  Hippias,"  tyrannus  frater, 
nomino  caedes  conscius  tor- 
mentum  coactus,  tyrannus 
amicus  nomino;  qui  omnis 
statim  a  tyrannus  interfieio. 
Hie  virtus  excitatuscivis,  Hip- 
pias pulsus,  sui  in  libertas  as- 
sero.    Harmodius  statua  pono. 


Cambyses,  rex  Persa,  frater 
suus  Smerdis  interficiendus  eu- 
ro, quod  per  quies  is  regno  vi- 
deo. Paulo  post  Cambyses, 
gladius  e  vagina  delapsus,  vul- 
neratus  intereo.  Patizithes 


£28 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


chap.  vm. 


out  of  the  sheath.  Patizithes,  one  of 
the  Magi,  concealing  the  death  of 
Smerdis,  put  up  his  own  brother 
Oropastes  in  his  room,  who,  person- 
ating Smerdis,  obtained  the  sove- 
reignty. But  the  imposture  being 
soon  discovered,  the  pretended  king, 
with  his  brother,  was  taken  off  by 
the  grandees  of  Persia. 

5.  The  grandees  who  had  de- 
spatched Oropastes,  agreed  among 
themselves  to  come  to  the  palace  be- 
fore sunrise,  and  that  he  whose 
horse  neighed  first,  should  be  king. 
The  horse  of  Darius,  the  son  of 
Hystaspis,  neighed  first,  and  pro- 
cured his  owner  the  kingdom. 

6.  Darius  Hystaspisbeing  thus  cre- 
ated king  of  the  Persians,  granted 
leave  to  the  Jews  to  finish  the  temple 
of  Jerusalem ;  the  prophet  Haggai  at 
the  same  time  encouraging  them 
thereto.  Babylon,  which  had  revolted 
from  the  Persians,  he  recovered  by 
the  artifice  of  his  friend  Zopyrus.  For 
he,  having  cut  off  his  nose  and  ears, 
made  the  Babylonians  believe  he  had 
fled  over  to  them,  on  having  been 
barbarously  used  by  Darius.  Accord- 
ingly he  betrayed  the  city,  with  which 
they  intrusted  him,  to  Darius. 

7.  Tarquinius  Superbus,  being  ba- 
nished from  Rome,  implored  the  as- 
sistance of  Porsenna,  king  of  the  He- 
trusci ;  who,  waging  war  with  the  Ro- 
mans,possessed  himself  of  the  Janicu- 
lum.  Horatius  Codes  alone  sustain- 
ed the  assaults  of  the  enemy  on  the 
Sublician  bridge,  for  a  considerable 
time,  till  the  bridge  was  cut  down  be- 
hind him.  Then  he  plunged  into  the 
Tiber,  and  swam  over  safe  to  the  Ro- 
mans, amidst  the  darts  of  the  enemy. 
Cloelia  too,  a  Roman  lady,  one  of  the 
hostages,  having  eluded  her  keepers, 
swam  over  the  Tiber, amidst  the  darts 
of  the  Hetrusci.  Moreover,  Mutius 
Scaevola.in  order  to  deliver  his  coun- 
try from  the  enemy's  blockade,  con- 
veys himself  into  their  camp,  and,  in- 
stead of  the  king,  by  mistake  kills  his 
secretary.  Bein^  carried  before  the 
king  to  be  examined,  he  thrusts  his 
right  hand  into  the  fire,  and  burns  ir ; 
and  at  the  same  time  declares  to  the 


tin  us  e  magus,  celatus  mors 
Smerdis,  frater  suus  Oropastes 
pro  is  suppono,  qui,  sui  Smer- 
dis sum  simulans,  regnum  po- 
tior. Sed  fraus  cito  patefactus, 
pseudo-rex,  cum  frater,  a  Persa 
princeps  confodio. 


Princeps,  qui  Oropastes  ne- 
co,  inter  sui  paciscor,  ut  ad  re- 
gia  ante  sol  ortus  venio,  et  ut 
is,  qui  equus  hinnitus  primus 
edo,  rex  sum.  Equus  Darius, 
Hystaspis  filius,  hinnitus  pri- 
mus edo,  et  dominus  regnum 
pario. 

Darius  Hystaspis  rex  Persa 
sic  creatus,  Judaeus  potestas 
templum  Hierosolyma  absol- 
vendus  facio;  adhortans  simul 
Haggai  propheta.  Babylon, 
qui  a  Persa  descisco,  Zopyrus 
amicus  dolus  recipio.  Gluippe 
is,  nasus  sui  et  auris  desectus, 
fides  facio,  Babylonius,  sui,  a 
Darius  crudeliter  tractatus,  ad 
is  confugio.  Itaque  urbs,  suus 
fides  ab  ille  creditus,  Darius 
prodo. 

Tarquinius  Superbus  Roma 
exactus,  Porsenna  Hetruscus 
rex  auxilium  imploro ;  qui,  bel- 
lum  Romanus  illatus,  Janicu- 
lum  occupo.  Hostis  impetus 
Horatius  Cocles  tamdiu,  susti- 
neo  in  Sublicius  pons  solus, 
quoad  pons  a  tergum  rescindo. 
Inde  in  Tiberis  desilio,  atque 
inter  hostis  telum  incolumis  ad 
Romanus  trano.  Cloelia  quo- 
que,  virgo  Romanus,  unus  ex 
obses,  elusus  custos,  Tiberis  in- 
ter Hetruscus  telum  trano.  Mu- 
tius porro  Scaevola,  ut  patria 
obsidio  hostis  eximo,in  is  castra 
sui  insinuo,  per  error  scriba  pro 
rex  obtrunco.  Ad  tribunal  rex 
retractus,  dextra  foculus  inji- 
cio,  atque  exuro ;  simulque  rex, 
trecenti  Romanus  idem  ratio 
in  caput  is  conjuro,  denuncio. 
Itaque  Porsenna,  pax  cum  R<>- 
manus  factus,  domus  tedeo. 


CHAP.  Till. 


EPITOMIZED. 


229 


K^Z,  that  300  Romans  had  in  like 
!nanner  taken  an  oath  to  murder  him. 
Whereupon  Porsenna,making  peace 
with  the  Romans,  returned  home. 

8.  After  this  the  Latins  made  war 
upon  the  Romans,  under  the  conduct 
of  Tarquin's  son-in-law ;  against 
whom  Posthumius  being  made  dicta- 
tor, vanquished  them  in  a  memorable 
battle  at  the  lake  Regillus.  It  is  said 
the  gods,  particularly  Castor  and  Pol- 
lux, were  present  in  this  battle,  and 
were  seen  to  right  on  white  horses, 
in  the  year  of  the  city  255.  Gelo  at 
that  time  reigned  in  Syracuse. 

8.  Darius  also,  king  of  the  Persians, 
endeavouring  to  reinstate  Hippias  in 
his  kingdom,  made  war  upon  Athens. 
Miltiades,  general  of  the  Athenians, 
quickly  meets  him  at  Marathon,  with 
a  small  body  of  men.  Ten  thousand 
Athenians  encountered  two  hundred 
thousand  Persians.  Darius'  army 
was  routed  and  put  to  flight,  in  the 
year  before  the  birth  of  Christ  490. 

10.  Rome,  delivered  from  foreign 
enemies,  was  well  nigh  ruined  by  in- 
testine divisions.  The  commons,  ha- 
rassed by  the  senators  and  usurers, 
vWthdrew  to  the  Sacred  Mount  on  the 
r  her  side  of  the  Anio  ;  but  were  ap- 
peased by  the  persuasions  of  Mene- 
nius  Agrippa,  and,  upon  obtaining 
the  protection  of  tribunes  of  the  peo- 
ple against  the  patricians,  returned 
into  the  city. 

11.  Martins  Coriolanus,  having 
been  forced  from  the  city  by  the  spite 
of  the  tribunes,  went  over  to  the  vol- 
sci,  and  made  war  upon  his  country. 
He  so  broke  the  power  of  the  Ro- 
mans, that  they  were  obliged  to  sue 
for  peace,  by  sending  his  mother  Ve- 
'uria  to  him.  Coriolanus  yielded  to 
h's  mother's  entreaties,  and  the  Vol- 
sci  w^re  afterwards  quite  reduced 
by  Sspiuius  Cassius.  But  Cassius, 
after  this,  elated  with  his  mighty  suc- 
cess, and  aiming  at  sovereignty,  was 
thrown  headlong  from  the  Tarpeian 
rock,  in  the  year  of  the  city  268. 

12.  About  the  same  time  Aristides, 
surnamed  the  Just,  was  banished 
Athens.  But  being  soon  restored,  he 
assisted  Themistocles  in  the  Persian 


Latinus  deinde,  dux  Tar- 
quinius  gener,  bellum  Roma- 
nus  infero ;  contra  qui,  Posthu- 
mius dictator  factus,  ad  lacus 
Regillus  insignispraelium  vin- 
co.  Fero  deus,  nempe  Castor 
et  Pollux,  hie  praelium  inter- 
sum,  et  ex  albus  equus  pugno 
visus  sum,  annus  urbs  255. 
Gelo  turn  Syracusae  regno. 

Darius  quoque,  Persa  rex, 
Hippias  in  pristinus  regnum 
restituo  conatus  Athenae  bel- 
lum infero.  Miltiades,  Athe- 
niensis  dux,  ad  Marathon  cum 
parvus  manus  celeriter  occur- 
ro.  Cum  ducenti  Persa  mille 
decern  Atheniensis  mille  dimi- 
co.  Darius  exercitus  fususfu- 
gatusque,  annus  ante  Christus 
natus  490. 

Liberatus  Roma-  externus 
hostis,  intestinus  discord  ia 
pene  concido.  Plebs,  a  pater 
ac  foenerator  vexatus,  in  Sacer 
mons  trans  Anio  secedo;  sed 
Menenius  Agrippa  oratio  de- 
lenio,  et,  tribunus  plebs  prae- 
sidium  adversus  pater  accep- 
tus,  in  urbs  remigro. 


Martius  Coriolanus,  tribunus 
invidia  ab  urbs  pulsus,  ad  Vols- 
cus  sui  recipio,  et patria  bellum 
infero.  Romanus  opes  adeo 
frango,  ut,  Veturia  mater  ad  is 
ablegatus,  pax  peto  cogo.  Co- 
riolanus maternus  precis  cedo, 
et  Volscus  postea  a  Spurius 
Cassius  penitus  debellatus  sum. 
At  Cassius  exinde,  magnus 
successus  elatus,  et  regnum 
arTectans,  de  rupes  Tarpeius 
praecinitatus  sum,  annus  urbs 
2G8. 

Sub  idem  tempus  Aristides, 
cognomentum  Justus,  Athenae 
exulo.  Brevi  autem  restitutus, 
Themistocles,  qui  opera  ejec- 


230 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP.  VIII, 


war,  by  whose  interest  he  had  been 
expelled,  sacrificing  private  wrongs 
*o  the  good  of  his  country. 

13.  At  Rome  the  Fabian  family,  to 
ease  their  country  of  trouble,  peti- 
tioned for  the  entire  management  of 
the  Veientian  war  to  themselves. 
They  defeated  the  Veientes  several 
times.  Being  now  victorious,  they 
were  almost  utterly  destroyed  by  a 
stratagem  of  the  enemy ;  above  300 
of  the  Fabii  were  cut  off  in  one  day. 

14.  Xerxes,  the  son  of  Darius  Hys- 
taspis,  heir  to  his  father's  crown  and 
inveterate  enmity  to  the  Greeks,  hav- 
ing built  a  bridge  of  boats  over  the 
Hellespont,  and  digged  through 
Mount  Athos,  invaded  Greece  with 
an  army  of  two  millions  of  men.  At 
the  straits  of  Thermopylae, Leonidas, 
king  of  the  Spartans,  with  a  handful 
of  men,  made  a  dreadful  slaughter  of 
his  troops,  till,  spent  with  killing,  he 
fell  victorious  above  heaps  of  slain 
enemies.  The  Athenians,  in  the 
mean  time,  quitting  their  city,  equip- 
ped a  fleet  of  200  ships.  Accordingly, 
Xerxes  having  found  Athens  desert- 
ed, burnt  it.  But  his  fleet,  consisting 
of  2000  sail  and  upwards,  being  de- 
feated near  Salamis,  and  put  to  flight 
by  the  contrivance  and  valour  of 
Themistocles,  the  Athenian  admiral, 
he  marched  off  in  great  dismay  to- 
wards Thrace,  in  order  to  cross  the 
Hellespont:  but  finding  his  bridge 
broken  down  by  the  violence  of  the 
storms,  he  passed  over  in  a  Ashing 
boat,  and  continued  his  flight  to  Sar- 
dis  in  the  year  of  Rome  268,  and 
before  Christ  480. 

15.  The  year  following,Mardonius, 
who  had  been  left  by  Xerxes  with 
300  thousand  men  to  prosecute  the 
war,  met  with  a  mighty  overthrow  at 
Plataea  from  the  Greeks,  under  the 
conduct  of  Aristides  and  Pausanias. 
In  the  reign  of  Xerxes,  flourished 
Herodotus,  the  father  of  historians, 
about  GOO  years  later  than  Homer. 

16.  Gluinctius  Cincinnatus,  called 
<rom  the  plough  by  the  Romans  to 
the  dictatorship,  delivered  the  con- 
sal  M  in  ucius,  who  had  been  blocked 
up  by  the  Aequi  at  Algidum,  and 


tus  sum,  Persicus  bellum  ad- 
juvo,  privatus  injuria  patria 
condonatus. 

Roma  Fabius  gens,  ut  pa- 
tria molestia  libero,  bellum  sui 
Veientinusipseposco.  Veien- 
tes  saepe  vinco.  Jam  victrix 
ab  hostis  per  insidiae  pene  de- 
letussum;  amplius  300  Fabii 
unus  dies  cado. 


Xerxes,  Darius  Hystaspts 
Alius,  paternus  regnum  atque 
odium  in  Graecus  heres  junc- 
tus  navis  Hellespontus,  Athos- 
que  mons  perfossus,  Graecia 
cum  2000  armatus  mille  inva- 
do.  Is  Leonidas,  rex  Spar- 
tiates,  parvus  manus.  ad  Ther- 
mopylae angustiae,  maximus 
infero  clades,  donee,  caedend- 
um  defatigatio,  super  strages 
hostis  corruo  victor.  Atheni- 
ensis  interim,  relictus  urbs, 
classis  200  navis  adorno. 
Xerxes  igitur  Athenae  vacuus 
nactus,  incendo.  Sed  classis 
duo  mille  navis,  et  amplius, 
Themistocles,  dux  Athenien- 
sis,  virtus  et  consilium  prope 
Salamis  fusus  ac  fugatus,  tre- 
pidus  Thracia  versus  discedo, 
ut  Hellespontus  trajicio :  cum 
vero  pons  tempestas  vis  solutus 
video,scapha  piscatorius  trans- 
mitto,  fugioque  continuo  Sar- 
dis,  annus  Roma  268,  et  ante 
Christus  480. 


Sequens  annus,  Mardonius, 
qui  cum  300  armatus  mille  a 
Xerxes  ad  persequendus  bel- 
lum relictus  sum,  magnus  ad 
Plataeae  calamitas  accipio  a 
Graecus,  Aristides  et  Pausani- 
as dux.  Xerxes  rex,  floreo  his- 
toria  pater  Herodotus,  annus 
prope  600  junior  Homerus. 

Gluinctius  Cincinnatus,  ab 
aratrum  ad  dictatura  a  Roma- 
nus  vocatus,  Minucius  consul 
ad  Algidum  obsessusab  Aequ- 
us  libero,  hostisque  sub  ju$;urn 


chap.  vm. 


EPITOMIZED. 


231 


caused  the  enemy  to^  pass  under  the 
yoke.  Cimon  also,  the  son  of  Mil- 
tiades,  having  with  the  like  good  con- 
duct vanquished  the  forces  of  Xerxes 
near  Cyprus,  restored  the  Greek  cities 
of  Asia  to  liberty.  Nor  was  Greece 
then  illustrious  for  its  generals  only, 
but  philosophers  also;  for  the  same 
age  produced  Heraclitus,  Democri- 
tus,  Anaxagoras,  and  several  others. 

17.  At  Rome,  about  300  years  after 
the  building  of  the  city,  instead  of  two 
consuls,  decemviri  were  created. 
They  compiled  a  body  of  laws  brought 
over  from  Greece,  and  particularly 
from  Athens.  These,  being  inscribed 
on  12  tables,  were  called  the  laws  of 
the  XII.  tables.  Within  a  few  years, 
by  the  lust  of  Appius  Claudius,  and 
the  outrages  of  his  colleagues,  the 
government  reverted  to  the  consuls. 

18.  Artaxerxes  Longimanus  grant- 
ed leave  to  Nehemiah,  his  cup-bearer, 
to  rebuild  the  walls  of  Jerusalem,  in 
the  year  before  the  birth  of  Christ 
445.  In  the  reign  of  Artaxerxes,  lived 
the  famous  naturalists  Empedocles, 
and  Parmenides,  Hippocrates  the 
physician,  Polycletus  and  Phidias, 
statuaries,  Xeuxis,  Parrhasius,  and 
Timantcs,  painters. 

19.  About  six  years  after  the  de- 
cemviral  power  was  abolished,  mili- 
tary tribunes  with  consular  authority 
began  to  be  created  at  Rome.  The 
censors  too  were  then  first  made  for 
holding  the  census.  Cornelius  Cos- 
sus,  a  military  tribune,  having  slain 
Tolumn)  us  king  of  the  Ve  ientes  with 
his  own  hand,  next  after  Romulus, 
presented  the  spolia  opima  to  Jupiter 
Feretrius. 

20.  The  same  year  that  the  mili- 
tary tribunes  were  created  at  Rome, 
the  Peloponnesian  war  broke  out  in 
Greece,  which  spreading  itself  over 
all  Greece,  continued  27 years.  Thu- 
cydides,  having  been  forced  into  ba- 
nishment by  Pericles,  the  incendiary 
of  the  war,  wrote  the  history  of  it. 

21.  A  few  years  after,  the -seat  of 
the  war  was  transferred  into  Sicily. 
The  Athenians,  importuned  for  aid 
by  the  Catanenses,  engaged  in  a  war 
against  the  Syracusans,  in  the  reign  of 


mitto.  Cimon  quoque,  Mil- 
tiades  filius,  Xerxes  copiae  ad 
Cyprus  par  virtus  devictus, 
Graecus  Asia  urbs  in  libertas 
assero.  Nec  vero  imperator 
turn,  sed  etiam  philosophus, 
Graecia  floreo ;  idem  enim 
aetas  Heraclitus,  Democritus. 
Anaxagorus,  aliusque  complu- 
res  effundo. 

Roma,  annus  post  urbs  con- 
ditus  circiter  300,  pro  duo  con- 
sul decemviri  creatus.  Hie 
lex  e  Graecia,  ac  potissimum 
Athenae,  petitus,  conscribo. 
Hie,  quoniam  tabula  duodecim 
mandatus  sum,  lex  XII.  tabula 
appeliatus.  Pauci  annus,  prop- 
ter Appius  Claudius  libido, 
collegaque  impotentia,  res  ad 
consul  redeo. 

Artaxerxes  Longimanus,  Ne- 
hemias,  pincerna  suus,  potes- 
tas  murus,  Hierosolyma  refici- 
endum  facio,  annus  ante  Chris- 
tus  natus  445.  Artaxerxes  reg- 
nans,  Empedocles  et  Parme- 
nides physicus,  Hippocrates 
medicus,  Polycletus  et  Phidias, 
statuarius,  Xeuxis,  Parrhasius, 
et  Timantes,  pictor,  clarussum. 

Sex  fere  annus  post  sublatus 
decemviri  potestas,  tribunus 
miles  consularis  potestas  Ro- 
ma creo  coepi.  Censor  quo- 
que turn  primum  ad  census 
agendus  creatus.  Cornelius 
Cossus,  tribunus  miles,  Tolum- 
nius  Veientes  rex  suus  manus 
necatus,  spolia  opimus  Jupiter 
Feretrius,  alter  ab  Romulus, 
fero. 

Idem  annus  qui  tribunus 
miles  Roma  creatus  sum,  bel- 
lum  Peloponnesiacus  exardeo 
in  Graecia,  qui  totus  pervaga- 
tus  Graecia,  annus  duro  27.  Is 
bellum  Thucydides,  a  Pericles, 
helium  excitator,  in  exilium 
ejectus,  historia  mando. 

Pauci  interjectus  annus,  bel- 
lum in  Sicilia  transeo.  Athe- 
niensis,  Catanensis  opisimplo- 
rans,  bellum  adversus  Syracu- 
sanus  suscipio,  Darius  Nothus 


232 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP.  UK 


Darius  Nolhns,  king  of  the  Persians. 
The  first  attempts  of  the  Athenians 
in  this  war  were  very  successful,  but 
the  issue  proved  fatal  to  them.  The 
generals  of  the  Athenians  were  Al- 
cibiades,  Nicias,  and  Lamachus. 

22.  But  at  Athens  the  study  of  the 
liberal  arts  was  in  high  repute.  Then 
flourished  Aristophanes,  Cratinus, 
and  Eupolis,  comic  poets  ;  Sophocles 
and  Euripides,  tragic  poets;  Praxite- 
les, the  famous  statuary ;  Gorgiasand 
other  sophists  in  great  numbers;  and 
Socrates,  the  father  of  philosophers. 
But  Diagoras,  denying  the  existence 
of  the  gods,  was  banished  from  A- 
thens,  a  reward  being  offered  by  the 
government  ifany  one  would  kill  him. 

23.  The  Galli  Senones,  during  the 
reign  of  Tarquinius  Priscus,  having 
driven  out  the  Tuscans,  had  seized 
upon  that  part  of  Italy  which  was  af- 
terwards called  Cisalpine  Gaul.  This 
people,  incensed  by  QU  Fabius,  the 
ambassador  of  the  Roman  people,  at 
the  siege  of  Clusium,  a  town  of  the 
Hetrusci,  turned  their  arms  against 
the  Romans,  and,  having  cut  oft"  their 
forces  at  the  river  Allia,  fell  upon  the 
city,  under  their  leader  Brennus,  took 
and  destroyed  it  wilh  fire  and  sword. 
Rome  was  burnt  in  the  year  3G5  after 
it  was  built. 

24.  About  those  times  a  calamity  of 
much  the  like  nature  befel  Athens. 
Lysander,  general  of  the  Lacedemo- 
nians, assisted  by  the  power  of  Per- 
sia, having  vanquished  Conon,  and 
brought  the  Athenians  very  low,  took 
Athens  itself,  demolished  its  walls, 
and  appointed  thirty  commissioners 
to  govern  the  state ;  who,  tyrannizing 
cruelly  over  the  citizens,  were  turn- 
ed out  by  Thrasybulus,  four  years 
after  the  taking  of  the  city,  and 
Athens  restored  to  its  liberty. 

25.  About  the  same  time  flourished 
Ctesias  of  Cnidus,  who,  having  been 
taken  prisoner  in  the  wars  of  Cyrus 
against  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  king  of 
the  Persians,  was  very  honourably 
treated  by  the  king  on  account  of  his 
skill  in  physic,  and  wrote  the  history 
of  the  Persians.  At  the  same  time 
Vived  Archytas  of  Tarentum,  and 


rex  Persa.  Hie  bellum  prae- 
clarus  initium,  exitus  Atheni- 
ensis  calamitosus  sum.  Dux 
Atheniensis  sum  Alcibiades, 
Nicias,  et  Lamachus. 

Athenae  autem  bonus  ars 
studium  vigeo.  Aristophanes, 
Cratinus  et  Eupolis,  comicus 
poeta  ;  Sophocles  et  Euripides, 
tragicus ;  Praxiteles  statuarius 
insignis;  Gorgias  aliusque  so- 
phista  quam  plurimus;  et  So- 
crates, philosophus  parens,  tuna 
floreo.  Diagoras  autem,  deus 
sum  negans,  Athenae  exulo, 
praemium  publice  propositus, 
si  quis  is  occido. 

Gallus  Seno,  Tarquinius 
Priscus  regnans,  Italia  pars, 
qui  Gallia  Cisalpinus  postea 
dictus  sum,  Thuscus  expulsus, 
occupo.  Hie,  in  oppugnatio 
Clusium,  Hetruscus  oppidum, 
a  GL  Fabius  legatus  populus 
Romanus  irritatus.  in  Roma- 
nus  arma  verto,  is  copiae  ad 
Allia  flu  men  caesus,  urbs, 
Brennus  dux,  invado,  captus 
ferrum  flammaque  populor. 
Roma  incensus  annus  post- 
quam  conditus  sum  3G5. 

Consimilis  per  is  tempus 
Athenae  casus  excipio.  Ly- 
sander, Lacedaemonius  dux, 
opes  Persicus  adjutus,  cum, 
Conon  victus,  Atheniensis 
frango,  ipse  Athenae  capio, 
murus  diruo,  et  triginta  vir 
respublica  praepono;  qui  hi 
civis  crudeliter  grassans,  a 
Thrasybulus,  quartus  post  urbs 
captus  annus,  ejectus  sum,  et 
liberias  Athenae  restitntus. 

Sub  idem  tempus  floreo  Cte- 
sias Cnidius,  qui,  bellum  Cyrus 
contra  Artaxerxes  Mnemon, 
Persa  rex,  captus,  propter  me- 
dendum  scientia,  magnus  in 
honor  ab  rex  rum  habitus,  et 
Persa  scribo  historia.  Idem 
tempestas  Archytas  Tarenti- 
n  us,  itemque  Antisthenes,  Aris- 


CHAP,  vm, 


EPITOMIZED. 


233 


likewise  Antisthenes,  Aristippus, 
Xenophon,  Plato,  Isocrates,  disci- 
ples of  Socrates. 

26.  In  those  times  flourished  seve- 
ral famous  generals;  at  Athens, 
Iphicrates,  Chabrias,  Thrasybulus, 
and  Timotheus;  amongst  the  The- 
bans,  Pelopidas,  and  Epaminondas, 
a  man  of  an  illustrious  character, 
not  only  for  military  glory,  but  like- 
wise for  his  skill  in  philosophy,  and 
integrity  of  life. 

27.  At  Rome,  Camillus,  created 
dictator  in  his  absence,  having  rais- 
ed an  army,  advanced  to  the  city, 
expelled  the  Gauls,  and  utterly  de- 
stroyed their  whole  army.  Rome 
within  a  year,  by  the  generous  acti- 
vity of  Camillus,  was  reared  up 
anew.  Lucius  Sextius,  who,  after  a 
long  dispute,  was  the  first  consul 
made  from  among  the  plebeians,  put 
an  end  to  the  creation  of  military 
tribunes.  A  city  Praetor,  and  two 
Curule  Aediles,  were  created. 

28.  Epaminondas,  having  cut  off 
Cleombrotus,  king  of  the  Lacedemo- 
nians, together  with  his  army,  at 
Leuctra,  fell  in  battle,  fighting  with 
great  bravery  against  Agesilaus,  at 
Mantinea.  With  him  fell  the  glory 
of  the  Thebans.  The  martial  cha- 
racter of  the  Lacedemonians  like- 
wise died,  upon  the  introducing  of 
gold,  and  along  with  it  avarice,  by 
their  general  Lysander. 

29.  From  the  Greeks  the  martial 
spirit  passed  to  the  Carthaginians, 
who  subdued  Sardinia  with  their 
arms;  and  having  vanquished  Dio- 
nysius,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  took  se- 
veral towns  from  the  Syracusans. 
Not  long  after,  Dionysius  being  kill- 
ed by  his  subjects,  left  the  sovereign- 
ty to  his  son  Dionysius ;  who  bekg 
at  last  driven  from  Syracuse  for  his 
unparalleled  extravagance,  by  Dion 
the  disciple  of  Plato,  set  up  a  school 
at  Corinth  ;  whilst  Isocrates,  Demos- 
thenes' master,  as  yet  taught  rheto- 
ric at  Athens. 

30.  The  arts  of  war  in  the  mean 
time  were  in  great  lustre  at  Rome. 
T.  Manlius,  upon  a  challenge  in  the 
Gallic  war,  slew  a  Gaul  of  prodi- 

X 


tippus,  Xenophon,  Plato,  Iso- 
crates, Socrates  discipulus,  ex- 
isto. 

Clarus  quoque  per  idem  tem- 
pus  imperator  existo;  Athenae 
quidem,  Iphicrates,  Chabrias, 
Thrasybulus,  et  Timotheus; 
apud  Thebanus,  Pelopidas,  e*" 
Epaminondas,  vir,  non  solum 
res  militaris  gloria,  sed  etiam 
philosophia  laus,  et  vita  inte- 
gritas,  illustris. 

Camillus  Roma,  dictator  ab- 
sens  factus,  colleetus  copiae, 
urbs  advenio,  Gall  usque  inde 
abjicio,  et  universus  is  exerci- 
tus  penitus  deleo.  Roma  in- 
tra annus,  Camillus  benefi- 
cium,  novus  urbs  sto.  Lucius 
Sextius,  post  longus  certamen, 
primus  e  plebs  consul  factus, 
finis  tribunus  miles  creandus 
atfero.  Praetor  urbanus,  et 
Aedilis  Curulis  duo  creo. 

Epaminondas,  Lacedaemo- 
nius  rex  Cleombrotus  cum  ex- 
ercitus  ad  Leuctra  caesus,  ad 
Mantinea  cum  Agesilaus  forti- 
ter  pugnan*  cado.  Cum  is  The- 
banus virtus  occido.  Lacc- 
daemonius  quoque  laas  belli- 
cus  concido,  invectus  a  Lysan- 
der dux,  cum  aurum,  avaritia. 


A  Graecv.s  adCarthaginien- 
sis  beilicus  virtus  transeo,  qui 
Sardinia  arma  domo  ;  et  Dio- 
nysius, Syracusae  tyrannus, 
superatus,  multus  Siculus  op- 
pidum  adimo.  Haud  ita  mul- 
to  post,  Dionysius  interfectus 
a  suus,  tyrannis  Dionysius  fi- 
lms relinquo;  is,  ob  singularis 
nequitia,  demum  a  Dion,  Pla- 
to auditor,  ejectus  Syracusae, 
ludus  aperio  Corinthus;  do- 
cens  etiam  turn  Athenae  rhe- 
torica  Isocrates,  magister  De- 
mosthenes. 

Roma  interea  ars  beilicus 
eniteo.  T.  Manlius,  bellum 
Gallicus  Gallus  eximius  pro- 
ceritas  in  oculus  uterque  exer* 


\ 


234                        ANCIENT  HISTORY  chap,  vm, 

gious  stature  in  the  face  of  both  ar-  citus,  ex  provocatio,  occido, 
mies,  and  was  called  Torquatus,  from  et  ex  torquis  qui  Gallus  cervix 
the  chain  which  he  took  from  the  detraho,  Torquatus  dictussuin. 
Gaul's  neck.  Valerius  too  killed  a  Valerius  item  Gallus  par  mag- 
Gaul  of  like  size,  by  the  assistance  nitudo  obtrunco,  corvus  prae- 
of  a  raven,  which  perching  on  his  sidium,  qui  in  is  galea  insi- 
helmet,  had  annoyed  his  antagonist  dens,  hostis  ala  rostrumque 
with  his  wings  and  beak,  and  got  the  terreo,  et  cognomen  Corvinus 
surname  of  Corvinas.  adipiscor. 

31.  Alexander  the  Great  was  born  Annus  post  Roma  conditus 
at  Pella,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  in  392,  Olympias  106,  et  ante 
the  year  after  the  building  of  Rome  Christus  natus  356,  in  oppi- 
392,  in  the  106th  Olympiad,  and  be-  dum  Macedonia  Pella,  Alex- 
fore  the  birth  of  Christ  356;  his  fa-  ander  Magnus  natus  bum;  qui 
ther  Philip,  king  of  the  Macedoni-  pater  Philippus,  rex  Macedo, 
ans,  subdued  the  Illyrians,  took  se-  lllyriussubigo,  multusde  Athe- 
veral  cities  from  the  Athenians  and  niensis  aliusque  Graecus  urbs 
other  Greeks,  and  would  have  made  capio,  totusque  Graecia  poti- 
himself  master  of  all  Greece,  had  he  tus  sum,  nisi  Demosthenes 
not  been  opposed  by  Demosthenes  orator  adversarius  habeo.  De- 
the  orator.  Finally,  being  created  nique,  ad  bellum  Persicus  ad- 
general  of  Greece,  for  managing  the  ministrandus  Graecia  dux  cre- 
Persian  wrar,  he  was  slain  by  Pausa-  atus,  a  Pausanias,  qui  injuria 
nias,  whose  ill  usage  he  had  neglect-  vindico  negligo,  interficio, 
ed  to  revenge,  in  the  reign  of  Ochus,  Ochus  rex  Persa. 

king  of  the  Persians. 

32.  In  the  mean  time,  the  war  with  Samniticus,  interim,  bellum 
the  Samniies  proved  very  grievous  existo  sane  gravis  ac  diutur- 
and  lasting.  War  was  declared  nus.  Pro  Carnpanus,  qui  sui 
against  the  Samnites  in  favour  of  the  in  fides  populus  Romanus  tra- 
Campani,  who  had  put  themselves*  do,  bellum  Samnis  indictus, 
under  the  protection  of  the  Roman  ac  varie  gestus  sum.  Lati- 
people,  and  was  carried  on  with  va-  nus  bellum  accedo ;  qui  bel- 

-rious  success.    To  it  was  added  the  lum,  T.  Manlius  Torquatus, 

war  with  the  Latins  ;  in  which  war,  consul,  filius,  quod  contra  edic- 

T.  Manlius  Torquatus,  the  consul,  turn  cum  hostis  pugno,  secu- 

beheaded  his  own  son,  for  engag-  ris  percutio.     Idem  bellum 

ing  the  enemy  contrary  to  orders.  Decius  Mus,  inclinatus  acies 

In  the  same  war  Decius  Mus,  upon  Romanus,   sui  pro  exercitus 

the  Roman  troops  giving  ground,  de-  devoveo.    Navis  Antiates  bel- 

voted  himself  for  the  army.    The  lum  captus,  Roma  subductus 

ships  of  the  Antiates  taken  during  sum,  atque  is  rostrum  sugges- 

the  war,  were  brought  to  Rome,  and  turn  in  Forum  extructus  ador- 

with  their  beaks  the  gallery  in  the  no;  Diogenes  Cynicus,  Antis- 

Forum  was  adorned ;  whilst  Dk>-  thenes,  Aristoteles,  Xenocra- 

genes  the  Cynic,  and  scholar  of  An-  tes,  Speusippus,  Plato  audit 

tisthenes,  also  Aristotle,  Xenocrates,  or,  docens  in  Graecia. 
Speusippus,  disciples  of  Plato,  taught 
in  Greece. 

33.  Alexander  the  Great  in  his  Alexander  Magnus  puer 
youth  studied  under  Aristotle ;  while  Aristoteles  opera  do;  adoles- 
yet  very  young  he  conquered  the  centulus  Illyricus  Thraxque 
Thracians  and  Illyrians,  destroyed  perdomo,  Thebae  everto,  A- 
Thebes,  and  received  Athens  upon  thenae  in  deditio  accipio.  In- 
surrender.    After  this,  supported  by  de,  junctus  Thessalus  Grae- 


CHAP.  IX. 


EPITOMIZED. 


235 


the  confederate  arms  of  the  Greeks 
and  Thessalians,  he  passes  over  into 
Asia  to  the  Persian  war.  He  defeats 
Darus  Codomannus,  king  of  the 
Persians,  first  at  Granicus,  and  a  se- 
cond time  at  Issus. 

34.  Moreover,  Alexander  having 
\aken  Tyre,  invaded  Judea.  But 
*eing  received  in  a  friendly  manner 
it  Jerusalem  by  Jaddus  the  high 
priest,  he  offered  sacrifices  in  the 
lemple.  Having  made  himself  mas- 
ter of  Egypt,  he  builds  the  city  of 
Alexandria,  calling  it  by  his  own 
name.  In  fine,  he  passes  the  Eu- 
phrates, conquers  Darius  a  third  time 
at  Arbela,  and  having  taken  Baby- 
lon, transfers  the  empire  from  the 
Persians  to  the  Macedonians,  in  the 
fourth  year  of  his  reign,  in  the  112th 
Olympiad,  in  the  year  of  Rome  418, 
and  before  Christ  330. 

* 

CHAP.  I 


cusque  arma  adjutus,  ad  Per- 
sic us  bellum  in  Asia  trajicio. 
Darius  Codomannus,  Persa 
rex,  primo  ad  Granicus,  ite- 
rum  ad  Issus  supero. 

Alexander,  porro,  captus  Ty- 
rus,  Judaea  invado.  Sed  Hie- 
rosolyma  ab  Jaddus  summus 
sacerdos  amice  acceptus.  in 
templum  victima  immolo.  Ae- 
gyptus  potitus,  Alexandria  urbs 
a  sui  conditus,  ex  suus  nomen 
appello.  Denique  Euphrates 
transeo,  Darius  tertio  ad  Arbe- 
la vinco,  et,  Babylon  captus, 
imperium  a  Persa  ad  Macedo 
traduco,  annus  regnum  quar- 
tus,  Olympias  112,  annus  Ro- 
ma 418,  et  ante  Christus  330. 


From  the  overthrow  of  the  Persian  en 
last  successor  of  Alexander  the  Grec 
when  Rome  became  the  mistress  of  the 

The  Macedonian  empire  being 
thus  erected,  Alexander  marches  in- 
to India,  and,  after  conquering  many 
nations,  returns  to  Babylon ;  where 
he  died,  in  the  12th  year  of  his  reign, 
being  33  years  old,  in  the  year  be- 
fore the  birth  of  Christ  323.  In  his 
reign  flourished  the  historians  Theo- 
pompus,  Megasthenes,  and  Hecatae- 
us. 

2.  Upon  the  demise  of  Alexander, 
many  princes  started  up  in  the  room 
of  one.  Ptolemy,  the  son  of » Lagus, 
called  also  Ptolemy  Soter,  reigned 
in  Egypt,  Eumenes  in  Cappadocia, 
Antigonus  in  Asia,  Lysimachus  in 
Thrace,  Seleucus  at  Babylon.  Cas- 
sander  having  put  to  death  Alexan- 
der's son,  and  his  mother  Olympias, 
seized  upon  the  kingdom  of  Macedo- 
nia. At  the  same  time  Menander, 
the  comic  poet,  Crantor,  the  disciple 
of  Xenocrates,  and  Crates  of  Dio- 
genes, Epicurus,  and  Zeno,  the  fa- 
ther of  the  Stoics,  as  also  Theophras- 
tus,  were  in  great  reputa  ion. 


ipire  to  the  defeat  of  Perseus,  the 
j  in  Greece,  by  Aernilius  Paulus, 
world ;  comprehending  163  years. 

Macedonicus  imperium  ita 
constitutes,  Alexander  in  In- 
dia pergo,  et,  multus  natio  de- 
victus,  Babylon  revertor;  ubi, 
annus  33  natus,  excedo  e  vita, 
annus  regnum  12,  et  ante 
Christus  natus  323.  Is  reg- 
nans,  Theopompus,  Megas- 
thenes, et  Hecataeus,  histori- 
cus,  floreo. 

Alexander  mortuus,  multus 
pro  unus  rex  existo.  Ptole- 
maeus,  Lagus  fit i us,  Ptolemae- 
us  Soter  etiam  dictus,  in  Ae- 
gyptus,  Eumenes  in  Cappado- 
cia, Antigonus  in  Asia,  Lysi- 
machus in  Thracia,  Seleucus 
Babylon,  regno.  Cassander, 
Alexander  Alius  ac  mater 
Olympias  interfectus,  regnum 
Macedonia  occupo.  Idem 
tempestas,  Menander,  comi- 
cus  poeta,  Crantor  Xenocra- 
tes, et  Crates  Diogenes  disci- 
pulus,  Epicurus,  et  Zeno,  Stoi- 
cus  parens,  itemque  Theo- 
phrastus,  nomen  habeo. 


236 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP.  IX, 


2.  About  the  time  of  Alexander's 
death,  Appius  Claudius,  the  censor, 
paved  the  Appian  way  at  Rome. 
About  the  same  time  the  Tarentine 
war  was  kindled  up,  occasioned  by 
their  insulting  the  Roman  ambassa- 
dors. In  which  war  the  integrity 
and  courage  of  Curius  and  Fabri- 
cius,  with  respect  to  Pyrrhus  king  of 
Epire,  who  had  come  to  the  assist- 
ance of  the  Tarentines,  were  re- 
markably eminent.  Curius  Denta- 
lus  having  defeated  him  in  battle, 
drove  him  at  last  out  of  Italy,  and 
forced  the  Tarentines  to  surrender, 
about  483  years  after  the  building  of 
the  city. 

4.  After  the  death  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  the  regal  government  con- 
tinued in  Egypt  for  the  space  of 
near  275  years.  Ptolemy  Soter,  the 
beginning  of  whose  reign  is  to  be 
computed  from  the  year  before 
Christ  304,  for  the  successors  of  Alex- 
ander long  disclaimed  the  title  of 
king,  ruled  20  years,  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus  38,  Ptolemy  Euergetes  25, 
Ptolemy  Philopater  17,  Ptolemy  E- 
piphanes  24,  Ptolemy  Philometor 
So,  Ptolemy  Physcon  29,  Ptolemy 
Lathurnus  or  Soter  36,  Alexander 
15,  Ptolemy  Auletes  14,  Q.ueen  Cle- 
opatra 22. 


5.  Agathocles,  the  tyrant  of  Sy- 
racuse, besieged  by  the  Carthagi- 
nians, passes  over  privately  with  his 
fleet  into  Africa ;  by  which  means 
he  drew  off  the  enemy  to  the  de- 
fence of  their  own  country.  Hav- 
ing made  peace  with  the  Carthagi- 
nians, he  makes  himself  absolute 
master  of  Sicily.  He  was  succeed- 
ed by  Hiero,  who,  for  his  great  mo- 
deration, was  honoured  with  the  ti- 
tle of  king  by  the  Syracnsans.  He 
gave  occasion  to  the  first  Punic  war 
with  the  Romans. 

6.  About  405  years  after  the  build- 
ing of  the  city,  the  Roman  people 
having  subdued  almost  all  Italy,  pass- 
ed over  into  Sicily,  to  succour  the 
Mamertini  their  allies,  against  Hie- 
ro and  the  Carthaginians.  Accord- 


Roma,  sub  Alexander  mors, 
Appius  Claudius,  censor,  Ap- 
pius via  sterno.  Sub  idem 
tempus  bellum  Tarentinus,  ob 
legatus  populus  Romanus  vio- 
latus,  excitatus  sum.  Qui 
bellum  adversus  Pyrrhus,  E- 
pirus  rex,  qui  Tarentinus  aux- 
ilium  venio,  Curius  et  Fabri- 
cius  integritas  ac  virtus  eniteo 
Curius  Dentatus  denique,  Pyr- 
rhus devictus,  Italia  expello,  et 
Tarentinus  ad  deditio  compel- 
lo,  annus  ab  urbs  conditus  cir- 
citer  483. 


Post  mors  Alexander  Mag- 
nus, per  spatium  fere  275  an- 
nus in  Egyptus  regnatur.  Pto- 
lemaeus  Soter,  qui  regnum 
initium  ab  annus  ante  Chris- 
tus  304  supputandus  sum, 
Alexander  enim  successor  a 
nomen  rex  din  abstineo,  annus 
20  impero,  Ptolemaeus  Phila- 
delphia 38,  Ptolemaeus  Euer- 
getes 25,  Ptolemaeus  Philopa- 
ter 17,  Ptolemaeus  Epiphanes 
24,  Ptolemaeus  Philometor  35, 
Ptolemaeus  Physcon  29,  Pto- 
lemaeus Lathurnus  sive  Soter 
36,  Alexander  15,  Ptolemae- 
us Auletes  14,  Cleopatra  regi- 
na  22. 

Agathocles,  Syracusae  ty- 
rannus,  a  Poenus  obsessus,  oc- 
culte  cum  classis  trajicio  in 
Africa;  ita  hostis  ad  defen- 
dendus  patria  avoco.  Pax 
cum  Carthaginensis  factus,  Si- 
cilia  imperium  potior.  Hie 
Hiero  succedo,  qui,  propter 
summus  moderatio,  rex  a  Sy- 
rac usa nus  a  p pel  1  a t u s  sum .  Hie 
primus  bellum  Punicus  occa- 
sio  Romanus  do. 


Populus  Romanus,  annus, 
post  urbs  conditus,  circiier 
495,  domitus  toins  paene  Ita- 
lia, ut  Mamertinus  socius  con- 
tra Hiero  et  Carthaginensis 
auxilium  fero,  iransmitto  in 


CHAP.  HL, 


EPITOMIZED. 


237 


ingly  the  Romans,  under  their  gene- 
ral Appius  Claudius,  vanquished  Hi- 
ero;  and  having  worsted  the  Car- 
thaginians, received  several  towns 
of  Sicily  upon  surrender.  After  this 
C.  Duilius  first  gained  a  naval  victo- 
ry over  the  Carthaginians.  The  seat 
of  the  war  was  immediately  carried 
into  Africa,  under  the  command  of 
Attilius  Regulus.  He  having  taken 
Tunis,  and  other  towns  of  the  Car- 
thaginians, laid  siege  to  Carthage. 
But  being  worsted  by  Xantippus, 
general  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  who 
came  to  the  assistance  of  the  Car- 
thaginians, he  fell  into  the  hands  of 
his  enemies.  Regulus  being  after- 
wards sent  to  Rome  to  negotiate  a 
peace,  advised  the  Romans  to  make 
no  peace  with  the  Carthaginians.  He 
himself  returning  to  Carthage,  in 
consequence  of  the  engagements  he 
had  come  under  to  the  enemy,  was 
put  to  death  in  the  most  cruel  man- 
ner imaginable.  Finally,  the  consul 
Luctatius  humbled  the  power  of  the 
Carthaginians  in  a  sea-fight,  and 
granted  them  a  peace.  The  first  Pu- 
nic war  being  ended  in  the  24th  year, 
the  temple  of  Janus  was  shut  a  se- 
cond time.  About  the  same  time 
the  consul  Marcellus,  having  killed 
Viridomarus,  king  of  the  Insubres, 
with  his  own  hand,  was  the  third 
that  presented  the  opima  spolia  to 
Jupiter.  C.  Flaminius  the  censor 
paved  the  Flaminian  way. 

7.  In  Greece,  Aratus,  Cleanthes, 
and  Chrysippus,  disciples  of  Zeno, 
Arcesilas  too,  and  Demetrius  Phale- 
reus,  the  scholar  of  Theophrastus, 
left  illustrious  monuments  of  their 
parts  and  learning,  during  the  reign 
of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  in  Egypt, 
who  furnished  the  famous  library  at 
Alexandria  ;  and,  in  order  to  render 
it  the  more  complete,  procured  the 
sacred  books  from  Eleazar,  the  high 
priest  of  Jerusalem,  and  caused  them 
to  be  translated  into  Greek,  in  the 
year  before  Christ  277.  In  the  mean 
time  the  Parthians  revolted  from  the 
dominion  of  the  Macedonians.  Ar- 
saces  was  the  first  king  of  Parthia  ; 


Sicilia.  Romanus  igitur,  Ap- 
pius Claudius  dux,  Hiero  vin- 
co  ;  et,  Poenus  profligatus,  op- 
pidum  Sicilia  complures  in  de- 
ditio  accipio.  C.  Duilius  inde 
victoria  navalis  de  Poenus  pri- 
mus reporto.  Mox,  Atilius 
Regulus  imperator,  bellum  in 
Africa  transeo.  Is,  Tunetum 
aliusque  Poenus  oppidum  cap- 
tus,  Carthago  obsideo.  Ve- 
rum  a  Xantippus,  Lacedae- 
monius  dux,  qui  Poenus  sub- 
sidium  venio,  victus,  in  po- 
testas  hostis  venio.  Roma 
postea  Regulus  missus  de  pax 
petendus,  Romanus  suadeo, 
ne  pax  cum  Poenus  fio.  Ipse, 
ne  datus  hostis  fides  fallo,  Car- 
thago reversus,  omnis  crucia- 
tus  neco.  Luctatius  denique, 
consul,  navalis  praelium  Car- 
thaginiensis  opes  frango,  pax- 
que  do.  Bellum  primus  Pu- 
nicus  vigesimus  quartus  annus 
confectus,  Janus  iterum  clau- 
sus  sum.  Per  idem  tempus 
Marcellus  consul,  Viridoma- 
rus, Insubres  rex,  suus  manus 
interfectus,  tertius  spolium 
opimus  Jupiter  fero.  C.  Fla- 
minius, censor,  via  Flaminius 
munio. 


In  Graecia,  Aratus,  Clean- 
thes, et  Chrysippus,  Zeno  au- 
ditor, Arcesilas  qnoque,  et  De- 
metrius Phalereus,  Theophras- 
tus discipulus,  praeclarus  in- 
genium  ac  doctrina  monumen- 
tum  relinquo,  regnans  in  Ae- 
gyptus  Ptolemaeus  Philadel- 
phus, qui  celeberrimus  Alex- 
andria bibliotheca  instruo;  et, 
ut  sum  cumulatus,  ab  Eleaza- 
rus,  summus  pontifex  Hiero- 
solyma,  sacer  liber  impetro,  et 
Graece  vertendus  euro,  annus 
ante  Christus  277.  Interea 
Parthus  a  Macedo  imperium 
deficio.  Primus  in  Parthia  reg- 


228 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


HAP.  IX. 


from  him  the  other  kings  of  the 
Parthians  were  called  Arsacidae. 

8.  The  tranquillity  of  Rome,  after 
the  first  Punic  war,  lasted  scarce  24 
years.  Saguntum,  a  city  in  Spain, 
in  alliance  with  the  Roman  people, 
having  been  destroyed  by  Annibal 
the  Carthaginian  general,  gave  rise 
to  the  second  Punic  war.  Annibal 
leaving  his  brother  Asdrubal  in 
Spain,  marches  over  the  Alps  into 
Italy.  Cornelius  Scipio  meets  him  at 
Ticinum ;  but  narrowly  escaped  him- 
self, with  the  loss  of  his  army.  Fla- 
minius,  with  a  more  terrible  stroke, 
is  cut  off  with  his  army  by  Annibal 
at  the  lake  Thrasymene.  Q,.  Fabius 
Maximus  checked  the  enemy's  ca- 
reer a  little  by  waving  battle  ;  hence 
he  was  called  Cunctator.  But  a  sig- 
nal overthrow  was  received  at  Can- 
nae, a  village  of  Apulia,  by  the  rash- 
ness of  Terentius  Varro.  So  great 
was  the  number  of  the  slain,  that  a 
bushel  of  gold  rings,  which  had  been 
taken  from  the  hands  of  the  Roman 
knights,  was  sent  to  Carthage.  But 
the  following  year,  M.  Claudius 
Marcellus,  fighting  a  successful  bat- 
tle at  Note,  made  it  appear  that  An- 
nibal could  be  conquered. 

9.  Hieronymus,  the  son  of  Hiero, 
king  of  Syracuse,  had  revolted  to 
Annibal.  Whereupon  the  consul 
Marcellus  made  war  upon  the  Syra- 
cusans,  and  takes  the  city  of  Syra- 
cuse by  surprise  in  the  night,  which 
had  been  long  defended,  no  less  by 
the  inventions  of  Archimedes,  than 
the  arms  of  the  citizens.  The  mo- 
deration of  the  conqueror  heighten- 
ed the  glory  of  the  conquest.  He 
spared  the  city  and  the  inhabitants. 
In  fine,  Laevinus  made  Sicily  the 
first  province  of  the  Roman  people. 

10.  Cornelius  Scipio,  yet  very 
young,  is  sent  into  Spain  by  the  Ro- 
mans. He  takes  New  Carthage,  and 
drives  Asdrubal  out  of  Spain.  There 
too  he  struck  up  a  league  with  Masi- 
nissa.  But  Claudius  Nero  cut  off 
Asdrubal  at  the  river  Metaurus,  as 
he  was  going  into  Italy  to  join  for- 
ces with  his  brother  Annibal.  And 
Scipio  passed  over  into  Africa,  on 


no  Arsaces;  unde  caeter  Par- 
thus  rex  Arsacidae  diclus. 

Roma,  post  primus  bellum 
Punicus,  vix  24  annus  requies. 
Saguntum,  urbs  in  Hispania, 
amicus  populus  Roman  us,  ab 
Annibal,  Poenus  dux,  deletus, 
secundus  bellum  Punicus  prin- 
cipium  sum.  Annibal,  Asdru- 
bal frater  in  Hispania  rel ictus, 
per  Alpes  in  Italia  descendo. 
Is  Cornelius  Scipio  ad  Tici- 
num occurro;  sed,  amissus  ex- 
ercitus,  ipse  aegre  evado.  Fla- 
minius  deterior  exitus  ab  An- 
nibal ad  lacus  Thrasymenus 
cum  exercitus  caedo.  Q..  Fa- 
bius Maximus  hostis  cunctan- 
dum  nonnihil  reprimo;  unde 
ipse  Cunctator  diclus  sum. 
Sed  Terentius  Vario  temeri- 
tas  insignis  ad  Cannae,  Apu- 
lia vicus,  clades  acceptus. 
Caesus  multitudo  tantus  sum, 
ut  aureus  annulus,  qui  Roma- 
nus  eques  man  us  detract  us 
sum,  modius  Carthago  mitto. 
At  annus  sequens,  M.  Claudius 
Marcellus,  ad  Nola  secundus 
praelium  factus,  doceo  Anni- 
bal possum  supero. 

Hieronymus,  Hiero  films, 
Syracusae  rex,  ad  Annibal  de- 
scisco.  Cluare  Marcellus  con- 
sul Syracusanus  bellum  infe- 
ro,  urbs  Syracusae,  non  minus 
Archimedes  ingenium,  quam 
civis  arma,  diu  defensus,  noc- 
tu  de  improviso  capio.  Vic- 
toria gloria  augeo  moderatio 
victor.  Urbs  et  civis  parco. 
Laevinus  denique  Sicilia  pri- 
mus populus  Romanus  provin- 
cia  facio. 

Cornelius  Scipio,  adhuc  ado- 
lescentulus,  a  Romanus  in  His- 
pania mitto.  Is  Carthago  No- 
vus  capio,  et  Asdrubal  ex  His- 
pania fugo.  Foedus  quoque 
ibi  cum  Masinissa  ftrio.  At 
Claudius  Nero  Asdrubal,  in 
Italia  ad  conjm.gendus  cum 
frater  Annibal  copiae  veniens, 
ad  Metaurus  tinmen,  opprimo. 


CHAP.  IX. 


EPITOMIZED. 


239 


design  to  draw  off  the  enemy,  who 
still  kept  fast  by  Italy.  He  cuts  off 
Hanno  the  general  of  the  Carthagi- 
nians with  his  army,  and  having  con- 
quered Syphax  their  ally  in  battle, 
took  him  prisoner. 

11.  In  the  16th  year  of  the  war, 
Annibal  was  recalled  into  Africa,  by 
the  Carthaginians.  He  encounters 
Scipio ;  being  defeated,  makes  his 
escape  from  the  battle,  and  giving 
up  all  for  lost,  flies  into  Asia.  Car- 
thage was  entirely  subdued  in  the 
year  of  Rome  560,  just  188  years  be- 
fore the  birth  of  Christ. 

12.  From  Africa,  Scipio  got  the 
surname  of  Africanus,  being  the  first 
that  was  dignified  with  the  name  of 
a  vanquished  nation.  He  greatly 
honoured  Ennius  the  epic  poet,  with 
whom  the  comedians  Naevius,  Cae- 
cilius,  Plautus,  are  reckoned  nearly 
contemporary. 

13.  The  peace  with  Carthage  was 
succeeded  by  the  Macedonian  war, 
which  was  undertaken  for  the  Athe- 
nians their  allies,  and  carried  on  with 
various  success  for  ten  years.  At 
last  this  war  was  ended  by  Ctuinc- 
tius  Flaminius,  by  the  entire  con- 
quest of  Philip  king  of  Macedonia, 
and  liberty  restored  to  all  Greece, 
in  the  year  of  the  city  552. 

14.  After  this  Antiochus,  king  of 
Syria  and  Asia,  made  war  upon  the 
Romans,  at  the  instigation  of  Anni- 
bal. But  Antiochus  being  defeated 
both  by  sea  and  land,  by  L.  Scipio, 
sued  for  peace  ;  which  was  granted 
him  on  these  terms  :  That  he  should 
quit  all  Asia,  and  surrender  up  Anni- 
bal ;  who,  to  prevent  his  falling  into 
the  hands  of  his  enemies,  swallowed 
poison,  and  died,  in  the  year  of  the 
city  581.  From  Asia  L.  Scipio  re- 
ceived the  surname  of  Asiaticus.  In 
those  times  Livy  the  writer  of  trage- 
dies was  accounted  famous. 

15.  About  the  same  time,  M.  Ful- 
vius  having  taken  Ambracia,  the  re- 
sidence of  Pyrrhus  king  of  the  Epi- 
rots,  conquered  the  Aetolians ;  L. 
Posthumius  Albinus  subdued  the  Lu- 
sitani,  Appius  Pulcher  the  Istri ;  Ae- 
milius  Paulus  reduced  Perseus  king 


Scipio  autem,  ut  haerens  Ita- 
lia hostis  abstraho,  transmitto 
in  Africa.  Hanno  Poenus  dux 
cum  exercitus  caedo;  Syphax 
is  socius,  acies  victus,  capio. 

Annibal  a  Carthaginiensis, 
annus  bellum  16,  in  Africa  re- 
voco.  Signum  cum  Scipio 
confero;  victus,  e  praelium  fu- 
gio;  res  desperatus,  in  Asia 
profugio.  Carthago  penitus 
subactus  annus  post  Roma  con- 
ditus  560,  ante  Christus  natus 
omnino  188. 

Scipio,  ex  Africa,  Africanus 
cognomen  deporto,  primus  no- 
men  devictus  a  sui  gens  nobi- 
litatus.  Idem  Ennius  poeta 
epicus  in  honor  habeo,  qui 
Naevius,  Caecilius,  Plautus, 
comicus,  fere  acqualis  nume- 
ro. 

Pax  Punicus  bellum  Mace- 
donicus  excipio,  qui  pro  Athe- 
niensis  amicus  susceptus,  per 
decern  annus  varie  gero.  De- 
nique  a  Gtninctius  Flaminius 
Philippus  Macedonia  rex  de- 
bellatus,  hie  bellum  confectus 
sum,  et  Graecia  universus  li- 
bertas  restitutus,  annus  ab  urbs 
conditus  552. 

Antiochus  deinde,  rex  Asia 
ac  Syria,  Annibal  impulsus, 
bellum  Romanus  infero.  Ve- 
rum  a  Lucius  Scipio  terra 
mareque  Antiochus  superatus, 
pax  peto;  qui  hie  conditio  da- 
tus :  Ut  Asia  excedo,  et  Anni- 
bal dedo;  qui,  ne  in  hostis  po- 
testas  venio,  haustus  venenum 
intereo,  annus  urbs  581.  L. 
Scipio  ex  Asia  cognomen  A- 
siaticus  refero.  Hie  tempus 
Livius  tragoedia  scriptor  cla- 
rus  habeo/ 

Sub  idem  tempus  M.  Ful- 
vius,  captus  Ambracia,  Pyr- 
rhus rex  Epirota  sedes,  Aetolus 
domo;  L.  Posthumius  Albi- 
nus Lusitanus,  Appius  Pulcher 
Ister  snbigo ;  Aemilius  Pau- 
lus,  Perseus  Macedonia  rex, 


240 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP.  X, 


of  Macedon,  the  last  successor  of 
Alexander  the  Great  in  Greece,  and 
led  him  in  triumph  to  Rome,  in  the 
year  of  the  city  581,  and  before 
Christ  1G7.  Rome  now  began  to  be 
accounted  the  mistress  of  the  world. 

16.  Much  about  the  same  time 
bloody  wars  were  carried  on  in  Ju-. 
dea  by  the  Maccabees,  against  An- 
tiochus  and  Demetrius,  with  various 
success. 


ultimus  in  Graecia  Alexander 
Magnus  successor,  debello,  ai- 
que  in  triumphus  Roma  duco, 
annus  urbs  581,  et  ante  Chris- 
tus  167.  Roma  jam  terra  or- 
bis  domina  habeo  coepi. 

Idem  fere  tempus,  atrox  bel- 
lumin  Judaea,  a  Maccabaeus, 
contra  Antiochus  et  Demetri- 
us, varie  gestus  sum. 


CHAP.  X. 


From  the  defeat  of  Perseus  to  the  birth  of  Christ,  or  the  beginning  oj  t/ie 
Christian  era\  including  167  years. 


The  Carthaginians,  disregarding 
treaties,  and  making  war  upon  Ma- 
sin  issa,  gave  occasion  to  the  third 
Punic  war.  Wherefore,  by  the  per- 
suasion of  M.  Cato,  a  war  is  com- 
menced against  them.  At  last,  be- 
ing quite  vanquished,  in  the  fourth 
year  of  it,  by  P.  Scipio,  they  surren- 
dered themselves  at  discretion.  Car- 
thage was  levelled  with  the  ground, 
after  it  had  stood  above  700  years, 
in  the  year  from  the  buildingof  Rome 
602.  The  same  Scipio  made  Panae- 
tius  the  philosopher,  Polybius  the  his- 
torian, Terence  the  comic  poet,  his 
intimate  friends.  These  gentlemen 
in  their  old  age  were  succeeded  tw 
Pacuvius  and  Accius,  tragic  poets, 
and  Aristarchus  the  grammarian. 

2.  About  these  times  *the  Corin- 
thians had  beaten  the  ambassadors 
of  the  Roman  people,  and  engaged 
the  Achaeans  to  join  them  as  con- 
federates in  the  war.  Whereupon  L. 
Mummius  the  consul,  having  receiv- 
ed Achaia  upon  surrender,  destroy- 
ed Corinth,  after  it  had  stood  952 
years,  in  the  year  of  Rome  602. 
About  the  same  time  Q..  Fabius  in  a 
great  measure  recovered  Lusitania, 
which  had  been  seized  upon  by  Vi- 
riatus  the  robber.  P.  Scipio  too,  14 
years  after  the  destruction  of  Car- 
thage, razed Numantia  in  Spain,  with 
the  same  army  which  had  before 
been  often  routed  by  the  Numan- 
tians.  Of  such  importance  was  a 
general  and  discipline. 


Carthaginiensis,  neglectus 
foedus,  bellumque  Masinissa 
illatus,  tertius  bellum  Punicus 
occasio  do.  Itaque  is,  suasor 
M.  Cato,  bellum  infero.  Q,uar- 
tus  demum  annus  a  P.  Scipio 
debellatus,  deditio  facio.  Car- 
thago solum  aequo,  cum  jam 
sto  annus  amplius  septingenti, 
annus  a  Roma  conditus  602. 
Idem  Scipio  Panaetius  philo- 
sophus,  Polybius  historicus, 
Terentius  comicus  poeta,  fa- 
miliaris  habeo.  Hie  senex  suc- 
cedo  Pacuvius  et  Accius,  tra- 
gicus  poeta,  et  Aristarchus 
grammaticus. 


Connthus  sub  is  tempus  le- 
gatus  populus  Romanus  pulso, 
et  Achaeus  sui  bellum  socius 
adjungo.  Itaque  L.  Mummius 
consul,  Achaia  in  deditio  ac- 
ceptus,  Corinthus,  cum  jam 
annus  952  sto,  deleo,  annus 
Roma  602.  Per  idem  tempus 
Q.  Fabius  Lucitania,  a  Viria- 
tus  latro  occupatus,  magnus  ex 
pars  recipio.  P.  Scipio  quo- 
que,  decimus  quartus  annus 
post  Carthago  eversus,  Nu- 
mantia in  Hispania  everto, 
idem  exercitus  qui  a  Numan- 
tinus  saepius  fugatus  antea 
sum.  Tan  turn  valeo  dux  H 
disciplina. 


CHAP.  X. 


EPITOMIZED. 


21! 


3.  A  bloody  sedition,  in  the  mean 
time,  broke  out  at  Rome.  Tib.  Sem- 
pronius  Gracchus  embroiled  the 
state,  by  preferring  the  agrarian  law, 
forbidding  any  person  to  possess 
above  500  acres  of  land.  Whereup- 
on he  was  killed  in  the  capitol  by 
Scipio  Nasica.  And  not  long  after, 
his  brother  C.  Gracchus,  attempting 
the  same,  was  slain  by  L.  Opimius 
the  consul,  and  together  with  him 
Fulvins  Flaccus,  a  gentleman  of  con- 
sular dignity.  About  the  same  time, 
Attains,  king  of  Phrygia,  made  the 
Roman  people  his  heir,  in  the  year 
of  the  city  615. 

4.  One  Eunus,  a  Syrian,  having 
broken  prison  in  Sicily,  and  drawn 
together  a  vast  multitude  of  slaves 
from  the  country,  gave  the  Roman 
commanders  several  great  over- 
throws. At  last  he  was  routed  by 
P.  Rupilius  the  consul,  in  the  year 
of  the  city  G17.  Then  flourished 
Lucilius  the  satirist. 

5.  After  this  the  Jugurthine  war 
broke  out.  Jugurtha,  king  of  Nu- 
midia,  and  grandson  of  Masinissa, 
had  dispossessed  his  brothers,  the 
sons  of  Micipsa,  of  their  kingdom. 
The  lat:er  implored  the  protection 
of  the  Roman  people.  Accordingly 
war  is  waged  with  Jugurtha;  who 
being  at  last  driven  from  his  domin- 
ions by  C.  Marius,  fled  to  Bocchus, 
king  of  Mauritania  ;  by  him  he  was 
delivered  up  bound  to  L.  Sylla,  Ma- 
rius' quaestor,  much  about  the  same 
time  that  Cicero  was  born,  in  the 
year  after  the  building  of  the  city 
043.  Marius,  continuing  several 
years  in  the  consulship,  cut  off  the 
Cimbri,  Teutones,  and  other  barba- 
rous nations,  who  were  breaking  in 
upon  Italy. 

G.  In  the  mean  time,  fresh  disturb- 
ances broke  out  at  Rome.  Satur- 
ninus,  a  tribune  of  the  people,  a  tur- 
bulent fellow,  exasperated  the  senate 
against  him,  by  forcibly  passing  the 
agrarian  law.  Whereupon  he  was 
murdered  in  a  concourse  of  the  Pa- 
tricians rushing  upon  him.  Soon  af- 
ter Livius  Drusus,  attempting  the 


Roma,  interea,  atrox  sedilio 
ortus  sum.  Tib.  Sempronius 
Gracchus,  agrarius  lex  latus, 
ne  quis  amplius  quingenti  ager 
jugerum  possideo,  respublica 
turbo.  Itaque  a  Scipio  Nasi- 
ca in  capitolium  caedo.  Kec 
multo  post,  C.  Gracchus  fra- 
ter,  idem  conatus,  a  L.  Opi- 
mius consul  obtrunco,  et  una 
cum  is  Fulvius  Flaccus  consu- 
laris.  Per  idem  tempus  Atta- 
lus,  rex  Phrygia,  moriens,  po- 
pulus  Romanus  instituo  heres, 
annus  urbs  615. 

Eunus  quidam,  Syrus,  ef- 
fractus  in  Sicilia  ergastulum, 
contractusque  agrestis  servi- 
tium  ingens  manus,  clades  im- 
perator  Romanus  magnus  et 
multus  infero.  Ad  ultimum, 
a  P.  Rupilius  consul  profliga- 
tus  sum,  annus  urbs  617,  vi- 
gens  satiricus  poeta  Lucilius. 

Jugurthinus  bellum  inde  ex- 
ortus  sum.  Jugurtha,  Numi- 
dia  rex,  Masinissa  nepos,  fra- 
ter,  Micipsa  Alius,  regnumeji- 
cio.  Hie  populus  Romanus 
fides  imploro.  Itaque  Jugur- 
tha bellum  infero;  qui  deni- 
que  regnum  pulsus  a  C.  Ma- 
rius, ad  Bocchus,  Mauritania 
rex,  confugio  ;  ab  is  L.  Sylla, 
quaestor  Marius,  vinctus  tra- 
do,  idem  fere  tempus  qui  na- 
tus  sum  Cicero,  annus  post 
urbs  conditus  643.  Marius, 
continuatus  per  complures  an- 
nus consulatus,  Cimbri,  Ten- 
tones,  aliusque  barbarus  natio, 
in  Italia  irrumpens,  delco. 


Novus  interim  turba  Roma 
exortus  sum.  Saturninus,  tri- 
bunus  plebs,  homo  turbulentus, 
agrarius  lex  per  vis  latus,  sena- 
tus  in  sui  concito.  Itaque,  con- 
cursus  in  is  optimates  factus, 
neco.  Idem  paulo  post  Livius 
Drusus  magnus  opes  conatus, 
domus  suus  occisus  sum. 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP.  X. 


same  thing  with  a  greater  power, 
was  assassinated  at  his  own  house. 

7.  After  this  the  social  war  was 
lightel  up  in  Italy.  The  Marsi,  Pi- 
centes,  Peligni,  Samnites,  Lucani, 
and  other  nations  of  Italy,  finding 
they  could  not  obtain  the  freedom 
of  the  city  by  gentle  methods,  endea- 
voured to  compass  it  by  force  of 
arms.  At  last  being  conquered  by 
Cn.  Pompey,  and  other  command- 
ers, they  sued  for  peace.  Together 
with  the  peace,  the  freedom  of  the 
city  was  spontaneously  conferred  on 
them.  About  the  same  time,  Aris- 
tobulus,  the  high  priest,  received  the 
ensigns  of  royalty,  in  Judea,  almost 
482  years  after  Zedekiah  the  last 
king  of  Judea. 

8.  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus,  had 
dispossessed  Ariobarzanes,  king  of 
Cappadocia,  and  Nicomedes  king  of 
Bithynia,  ailies  of  the  Roman  peo- 
ple, of  their  respective  kingdoms. 
War  was  declared  against  him  under 
the  conduct  of  L.  Sylla.  Upon  this 
a  civil  war  was  kindled  up  in  Italy: 
C.  Marius,  envying  Sylla,  his  old 
lieutenant,  so  large  a  field  of  glory, 
brought  it  about  by  means  of  Sulpi- 
tius,  a  tribune  of  the  people,  that  the 
management  of  the  war  was  com- 
mitted to  himself.  Upon  this  head, 
Marius  being  forced  from  the  city  by 
Sylla,  withdrew  into  Africa.  Sylla, 
marching  into  Asia,  fought  with 
great  success  against  Mithridates. 
He  recovered  Bithynia,  Cappadocia, 
and  Asia,  in  the  year  of  the  city  663. 

9.  Marius,  in  the  mean  time,  by 
the  assistance  of  L.  Cinna  the  con- 
sul, breaks  into  Rome  with  an  army. 
Sylla  brings  over  his  victorious  for- 
ces out  of  Asia,  and  having  van- 
quished Marius'  party,  fills  the  city 
and  Italy  with  slaughter  and  blood- 
shed, the  proscription  of  citizens 
being  then  first  set  on  foot.  Sylla, 
about  four  years  after,  consumed  of 
the  lousy  disease,  died  in  the  year 
of  the  city  671. 

10.  Sertorius,  a  general  of  the  Ma- 
rian faction,  had  seized  upon  Spain, 
and  concluded  an  alliance  with  Mi- 


Socialis  deinde  bellum  ar- 
deo  coepi  Italia.  Marsi,  Pi- 
centes,  Peligni,  Samnites,  Lu- 
cani, aliusque  populus  Italia, 
cum  civitas  impetro  non  pos- 
sum, arma  extorqueo  tento. 
Denique  a  Cn.  Pompeius  ali- 
usque imperator  domitus,  pax 
peto.  Civitas  ultro  cum  pax 
datus.  In  Judaea  per  idem 
tempus  Aristobulus,  pontifex 
maximus,  regius  insigne  acci- 
pio,  annus  post  Zedechias,  nl- 
timus  Judaea  rex,  prope  482. 


Mithridates,  rex  Pontus,  Ari- 
obarzanes Cappadocia,  et  Ni- 
comedes Bithynia,  rex,  ami- 
cus populus  Romanus,  regnum 
suus  exturbo.  Is  bellum  indic- 
tus,  dux  L.  Sylla.  Ex  is  civi- 
lis  bellum  in  Italia  cxcitatus 
sum  :  C.  Marius,  tantus  gloria 
seges  Sylla,  legatus  olim  suus. 
invidens,  ago  per  Sulpitius,  tri- 
bunus  plebs,  ut  is  bellum  sui 
mando.  Is  ob  res  Marius  urbs 
pulsus  a  Sylla,  secedo  in  Afri- 
ca. Sylla  in  Asia  profectus 
adversus  Mithridates,  bene 
pugno.  Bithynia,  Cappado- 
cia, Asia,  recipio,  annus  urbs 
663. 


Interea,  Marius,  L.  Cinna 
consul  adjuvans,  Rcma  cum 
copiae  irrumpo.  Sylla  victor 
exercitus  ex  Asia  transporto, 
et  profligalus  Marianus  pars, 
urbs  et  Italia  strages  compleo, 
proscriptio  civis  turn  prim  una 
inductus.  Sylla,  quatuor  ex- 
inde  circiter  annus,  pedicula- 
ris  morbus  confectus,  intereo, 
annus  urbs  671. 

Sertorius,  Marianus  pars 
dux,  Hispania  occupo,  socie- 
tasque  cum  Mithridates  coeo. 


CHAP.  X, 


EPITOMIZED. 


243 


thridates.  &.  Metellus  and  Cn.  Pom- 
pey waged  war  against  him  with  va- 
rious success.  At  last  Sertorius  be- 
ing murdered  by  his  own  men,  Spain 
was  recovered,  in  the  year  of  the  ci- 
ty 675. 

11.  At  the  same  time  slaves  and 
pirates  raised  disturbances.  One 
Spartacus,  with  above  70  gladiators, 
having  made  his  escape  from  a  fenc- 
ing school  at  Capua,  and  drawn  to- 
gether a  numerous  body  of  forces, 
routed  the  Roman  armies  several 
times.  At  last  he  was  cut  off  by  M. 
Crassus.  And  Cn.  Pompey,  after- 
wards called  Pompey  the  Great,  sub- 
dued the  pirates,  who,  at  the  instiga- 
tion of  Mithridates,  infested  the  seas, 
in  the  year  of  the  city  682. 

12.  Mithridates  having  been  rein- 
forced with  fresh  succours,  renewed 
the  war  in  Asia.  Lucullus,  after  he 
had  brought  him  very  low  by  seve- 
ral battles,  hemmed  him  in  within 
Pontus.  At  the  same  time  Metellus, 
having  reduced  the  island  of  Crete 
under  the  dominion  of  the  Roman 
people,  was  named  Creticus.  After 
this  Cn.  Pompey  stripped  Mithridates 
of  his  kingdom ;  and  admitted  Ti- 
granes,  his  confederate  in  the  war, 
to  a  surrender;  taking  from  him  Sy- 
ria and  Phoenicia.  He  reduced  Pon- 
tus into  the  form  of  a  province,  in 
the  year  of  the  city  684. 

13.  Aristobulus  and  Hyrcanus,  the 
sons  of  Alexander,  king  of  the  Jews, 
disputing  about  the  succession  to  the 
crown,  Pompey  came  into  Judea  in 
the  character  of  an  umpire,  to  de- 
cide their  differences ;  but  being  pro- 
voked by  Aristobulus,  he  takes  Jeru- 
salem by  storm,  demolishes  the  walls, 
enters  the  holy  recesses  of  the  tem- 
ple, but  meddles  with  nothing  sa- 
cred. He  made  Judea  tributary  to 
the  Roman  people,  and  carried  Aris- 
tobulus with  him  to  Rome,  in  the 
year  before  Christ  63. 

14.  Whilst  the  Roman  empire  was 
extending  itself  over  all  Asia,  Rome 
itself  was  well  nigh  ruined  by  an  in- 
testine war.  L.  Catiline,  having 
raised  an  army  in  Etruria,  had  enter- 


Contra  hie  CI.  Metellus  et  Cn. 
Pompeius  varius  eventus  pug- 
no.  Sertorius  demum  a  suus 
occisus,  Hispania  recipio,  an- 
nus urbs  675. 

Servus  ac  pirata  idem  tem- 
pestas  turba  commoveo.  Spar- 
tacus, cum  amplius  70  gladia- 
tor, Capua  ludus  elapsus,  mag- 
nus  copiae  contractus,  Roma- 
nus  exercitus  non  semel  fun- 
do.  Ad  extremum  a  M.  Cras- 
sus opprimo.  Pirata  quoque, 
qui  a  Mithridates  solicitatus 
mare  infesto,  Cn.  Pompeius, 
postea  Pompeius  Magnus  dic- 
tus,  perdomo,  annus  urbs  682. 

Mithridates  novus  copiae  m- 
structus,  bellum  in  Asia  reno- 
vo.  Is  Lucullus,  mult  us  prae- 
liura  fractus,  in  Pontus  com- 
pello.  Idem  tempus  Metellus, 
Creta  insula  in  ditio  populus 
Romanus  redactus,  Creticus 
appellatus  sum.  Cn.  inde 
Pompeius  Mithridates  regnum 
spolio;  Tigranes,  bellum  so- 
cius,  in  deditio  accipio;  isque 
Syria  ac  Phoenice  adimo. 
Pontus  in  provincia  forma  re- 
digo,  annus  urbs  684. 


Pompeius,  Aristobulus  et 
Hyrcanus,  Alexander,  rex  Ju- 
daeus,  filius,  de  regnum  dissi- 
dens,  in  Judaea  ad  is  contro- 
versia  tollendus  arbiter  venio  : 
sed  ab  Aristobulus  irritatus, 
Hierosolyma  vis  capio,  murus 
diruo,  in  templum  adytum  in- 
gressus,  sacer  nihil  attingo. 
Judaea  stipendiarius  populus 
Romanus  facio,  Aristobulus 
sui  cum  Roma  duco,  annus  an- 
te Christus  63. 

Dum  imperium  Romanus 
totus  Asia  propago,  Roma  ipse 
intestinus  bellum  paene  dele- 
tus  sum.  L.  Catilina,  exerci- 
tus in  Etruria  comparatus,  cum 


244 


ANCIENT  HISTOItt 


CHAP.  X. 


ed  into  a  conspiracy  with  Lentulus, 
the  praetor,  Cethegus,  and  other  se- 
nators, to  massacre  the  consuls  and 
the  senate,  and  set  fire  to  the  city. 
This  conspiracy  was  discovered  and 
crushed  by  M.  Tullius  Cicero,  the 
consul,  and  Catiline  cut  off  with  his 
army  by  C.  Antonius.  in  the  year  of 
the  city  686.  Cicero  three  years  af- 
ter was  forced  into  banishment  by  P. 
Clodius,  for  having  put  to  death  the 
conspirators.  But  within  16  months, 
he  was  recalled  with  great  glory. 
The  same  man  was  highly  illustri- 
ous for  his  eloquence ;  whilst  M. 
Varro  the  philologist,  Sallust  the  his- 
torian, Lucretius  and  Catullus,  poets, 
were  much  esteemed  at  Rome.  Cae- 
sar Augustus  was  likewise  born  this 
year. 

15.  About  the  same  timeC.  Julius 
Caesar  attached  Cn.  Pompey  to  his 
interest  by  marriage,  having  taken  to 
wife  his  daughter  Julia.  He  won  over 
M.  Crassus  to  himself  and  to  Pompey. 
A  combination  of  three  leading  men 
being  thus  formed,  the  province  of 
Gaul  is  decreed  to  Caesar,  Spain  to 
Pompey,  and  the  management  of  the 
Parthian  war  committed  to  Cras- 
sus. 

16.  Crassus  marching  into  Asia, 
plundered  the  temple  of  Jerusalem  of 
its  sacred  treasure,  fought  the  Parthi- 
ans  to  great  disadvantage,  and  lost 
bis  army,  together  with  his  son.  At 
last  he  himself  being  trapanned  un- 
der pretence  of  an  interview,  is  slain 
by  the  enemy. 

17.  But  Caesar  constrained  the 
Helvetii  to  return  to  their  country; 
overthrew  Ariovistus,  king  of  the 
Germans,  the  disturber  of  Gaul ; 
subdued  the  Aquitani,  Gauls,  and 
Belgae;  and  conquered  Germany 
and  Britain.  Meanwhile  his  wife 
Julia  dying,  Caesar's  power  appear- 
ed to  Pompey  and  the  senate  exor- 
bitant, and  dangerous  to  the  state ; 
wherefore  he  is  ordered  to  disband 
his  army.  From  those  beginnings 
broke  out  the  civil  war,  about  699 
years  after  the  building  of  the  city. 

18.  Caesar  marches  with  an  hos- 


Lentulus,  praetor,  Cethegus, 
aliusque  senator,  de  caedes  con- 
sul ac  senatus,  deque  inflam- 
mandus  urbs,  conjuro.  Is  con- 
juratio  a  M.  Tullius  Cicero, 
consul,  patefactus  et  oppressus 
sum,  Catilina  a  C.  Antonius 
cum  exercitus  caesus,  annus 
urbs  686.  Cicero  triennium 
post  a  P.  Clodius,  ob  supplici- 
um  conjuratus,  ejicio  in  exili- 
um.  Sed  mensis  16  summus 
cum  gloria  reduce  Idem  elo- 
quentia  gloria  floreo;  cum  M. 
Varro,  philologus,  Sallusiius, 
historicus,  Lucretius  et  Catul- 
lus, poeta,  Roma  in  honor 
sum.  Hie  quoque  annus  Cae- 
sar Augustus  natus  sum. 

Sub  idem  tempus  C.  Julius 
Caesar,  Cn.  Pompeius,  Julia 
filia  in  matrimonium  accep- 
tus,  aflinitas  sui  devincio.  M. 
Crassus,  et  Pompeius,  et  sui 
concilio.  Tres  princeps  con- 
spi ratio  sic  factus,  Caesar 
Gallia,  Pompeius  Hispania 
decerno,  Crassus  bellum  Par- 
thicus  mando. 

Crassus  in  Asia  profectus, 
tempium  Hierosolymitanus  sa- 
cer  pecunia  spolio,  adversus 
Parthus  male  pugno,  exercitus 
cum  filius  amitto.  Demum  ipse, 
per  species  colloquium,  ab 
hostis  circumventus,  occido. 

Caesar  autem  Helvctius  in 
patria  suus  compello  ;  Ariovis- 
tus, German  us  rex,  vexator 
Gallia,  profligo;  Aquitanus, 
Gallus,  et  Belga  subigo;  Ger- 
mania  quoque  et  Britannia  do- 
mo.  Uxor  Julia  interim  mor- 
tuus,  Caesar  potentia  nimius  et 
periculosus  respublica,  Pompe- 
ius et  senatus  visus  sum  ;  itaque 
exercitus  demitto  jubeo.  Ex 
hicce  initium  coortus  sum  be)" 
lum  civilis,  annus  post  urbs 
conditus  circiter  699. 

Caesar  infest  us  Roma  sg- 


CHAP.  X* 


EPITOMIZED. 


245 


tile  army  to  Rome,  enters  the  city 
that  had  been  abandoned  by  the  no- 
oility,  causes  himself  to  be  declared 
dictator,  and  pillages  ihe  treasury. 
After  this  having  forced  Pompey  out 
of  Italy,  he  drove  his  lieutenants 
Afranius  and  Petreius  out  of  Spain, 
and  returned  again  to  Rome.  He 
passed  over  immediately  into  Greece, 
still  prosecuting  the  war  against 
Pompey.  The  seat  of  the  war  being 
carried  to  Pharsalia,  Pompey  re- 
solves to  reduce  Caesar  rather  by 
famine,  intercepting  his  provisions, 
than  by  fighting  him.  But  constrain- 
ed by  the  pressing  instances  of  the 
nobility,  he  engaged  the  enemy,  and 
being  defeated,  makes  his  escape 
with  the  loss  of  his  army.  Pompey 
going  into  Egypt  is  slain  by  the  or- 
der of  king  Ptolemy,  to  whom  he 
fled  for  protection,  in  the  58th  year 
of  his  age. 

19.  Caesar  arrived  at  Alexandria 
in  pursuit  of  Pompey ;  and  as  he  was 
endeavouring  to  settle  the  differences 
betwixt  Ptolemy  and  his  sister  Cleo- 
patra, had  like  to  have  been  cut 
off  by  that  king ;  but  he  set  fire  to 
his  fleet,  to  prevent  its  falling  into 
the  hands  of  his  enemies.  By  which 
flames,  that  famous  library  of  Alex- 
andria, collected  by  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus,  was  burnt  down.  But  at 
length,  after  the  conquest  and  death 
of  Ptolemy,  he  delivers  up  the  king- 
dom to  Cleopatra. 

20.  After  this  he  vanquished  Phar- 
naces  the  son  of  Mithridates,  who 
had  broke  in  upon  the  territories  of 
the  Soman  people,  at  one  push ;  so 
that  he  seemed  to  have  conquered 
the  enemy  almost  before  he  saw 
them.  Then  he  subdued  Juba,  king 
of  Mauritania,  who,  at  the  persua- 
sion of  Scipio  and  Cato,  was  renew- 
ing the  civil  war  in  Africa.  Cato, 
that  he  might  not  fall  into  the  hands 
of  Caesar,  despatches  himself  at  Uti- 
ca,  whence  he  has  been  called  Uti- 
censis. 

21.  In  the  mean  time  war  was  le- 
vied in  Spain,  by  Cneius  and  Sextus, 
the  sons  of  Pompey  the  Great.  Cae- 
sar goes  thither  with  his  army,  comes 


men  contendo,  in  urbs  nobili- 
tas  vacuus  ingressus,  sui  dicta- 
tor dicendus  euro,  aerarium 
compilo.  Inde  Pompeius  Ita- 
lia pulsus,  Afranius  et  Petre- 
ius is  legatus  expello  Hispa- 
-nia,  ac  Roma  denuo  revertor. 
Mox  Pompeius  bellum  peree- 
quens,  transmitto  in  Graecia. 
Bellum  ad  Pharsalia  delatus, 
Pompeius,  interclusus  comme- 
atus  Caesar,  fames  potius 
quam  ferrum,  vinco  statuo. 
Sed  nobilitas  vox  coactus,  cum 
hostis  confligo,  amissusque  ex- 
ercitus  victus  aufugio.  Pom- 
peius in  Aegyptus  profectus, 
Ptolemaeus  rex,  ad  qui  confu- 
gio,  jussu  neco,  annus  aetas 
quinquagesimus  octavus. 


Caesar  Pompeius  seeutus, 
Alexandria  appello;  et  cum 
Ptolemaeus  atque  Cleopatra 
is  soror  controversia  compo- 
no  conor,  ab  idem  rex  paene 
oppressus  sum.  Sed  classis 
suus,  ne  venio  in  hostis  potes- 
tas,  incendo.  Glui  incendium, 
nobilissimus  ille  Alexandria 
bibliotheca,  a  Ptolemaeus  Phi- 
ladelphus  instructus,  contlagro. 
At  victus  tandem  extinctusque 
Ptolemaeus,  regnum  Cleopa- 
tra trado. 

Pharnaces  inde  Mithridates 
filius,  qui  in  populus  Romanus 
finis  irrumpo,  primus  impetus 
debello;  prope  ut  ante  vinco 
hostis,  quam  video,  videor. 
Juba  deinde,  Mauritania  rex, 
Scipio  et  Cato  auctor,  civilis 
beilum  in  Africa  instaurans, 
devinco.  Cato  ne  in  potes- 
tas  Caesar  venio,  Utica  mors 
sui  ipse  concisco,  ex  qui  Uti- 
censis  sum  appellatus. 


Interea  in  Hispania,  a  Cnei- 
us et  Sextus,  Pompeius  Mag- 
nus filius,  bellum  apparo.  Eo 
Caesar  cum  exercitus  conten- 


Y 


24G 


ANCIENT  HISTORY 


CHAP.  X. 


to  a  genera!  action,  overthrows  the 
Fompeys  at  Munda,  a  city  of  Spain. 
Cneius  was  slain  in  a  tower  to  which 
he  had  fled. 

22.  The  republican  government 
being  thus  subverted,  Caesar  was 
declared  perpetual  dictator  by  the 
senate.  He  reformed  the  year  by 
intercalary  days,  according  to  the 
judgment  of  astronomers,  and  call- 
ed the  month  duiniilis,  from  his 
own  name,  July.  After  this,  being 
elated  with  pride,  he  began  to  slight 
the  senate,  and  aspire  to  sovereign 
power.  Wherefore,  in  the  fifth  year 
of  his  dictatorship,  he  was  slain  in 
the  senate-house  by  Brutus,  Cassius, 
and  the  other  conspirators,  being 
despatched  by  three  and  twenty 
wounds,  in  the  year  of  the  city  706, 
and  before  Christ  42. 

23.  M.  Anthony  the  consul,  stir- 
ring up  the  people,  at  Caesar's  fune- 
ral, against  the  deliverers  of  their 
country,  threw  all  into  confusion ; 
he  overawed  the  senate  by  an  armed 
force,  and  seized  upon  Cisalpine 
Gaul:  whereupon  war  is  resolved 
on  against  him  by  the  senate,  at  the 
persuasion  of  Cicero.  The  consuls 
Hirtius  and  Pansa,  as  likewise  Oc- 
tavius,  Julius  Caesar's  heir,  and  his 
sister's  grandson,  advanced  to  Muti- 
na,  at  the  head  of  three  armies,  and 
coming  to  an  engagement  with  An- 
thony, obtained  the  victory. 

24.  That  victory  cost  the  Roman 
people  dear.  The  consuls  being 
slain,  the  three  armies  subjected 
themselves  to  the  command  of  Octa- 
vius  alone ;  who  marching  his  forces 
to  Rome,  procured  himself  the  con- 
sulate from  the  senate  by  main  force, 
being  a  youth  about  20  years  of  age. 
Anthony  mean  time  had  fled  into 
Transalpine  Gaul,  to  M.  Lepidus, 
master  of  the  horse,  and  clapped  up 
a  treaty  with  him.  Octavius,  created 
commander-in-chief  by  the  senate  in 
the  war  against  Anthony  and  Lepi- 
dus, betrays  his  trust,  and  enters  into 
an  association  with  both. 

25.  Accordingly,  the  triumvirate 
being  formed,  130  senators  were  pro- 


do,  acies  decerno,  Pompeius 
ad  Munda,  Hispania  urbs,  vin- 
co.  Cneius  in  turris,  quo  con- 
fugio,  occido. 

Respublica  sic  oppressus, 
Caesar  dictator  perpetuus  a 
senatus  decretus  sum.  Annus 
de  mathemalicus  sententia, 
intercalatus  dies,  corrigo,  et 
Gluintilis  mensis  suus  nomen 
Julius  appello.  Proinde  inso- 
lentia  elatus,  senatus  contem- 
no,  ac  regnum  atfecto,  coepi. 
Ergo  quintus  dictatura  annus, 
a  Brutus,  Cassius,  caeterque 
ccnjuratus,  in  curia  23  vulnus 
confectus,  intereo,  annus  urbs 
TOG,  et  ante  Christus  42. 


M.  Antonius  consul,  in  fu- 
nus  Caesar,  plebs  in  patria  li- 
berator concitatus,  turbo  om- 
nis;  arma  senatus  opprimo 
Gallia  Cisalpinus  invado.  Ita- 
que  bellum  contra  is  a  senatus 
Cicero  auctor,  decerno.  Hir- 
tius et  Pansa  consul,  itemqu* 
Octavius,  Julius  Caesar  soroi 
nepos,  ac  heres,  cum  tres  ex- 
ercitus  ad  Mutina  proficiscor 
et  signum  cum  Antonius  coU 
latus,  victoria  refero. 


Magnum  is  victoria  popul us 
Romanus  sto.  Consul  occi- 
sus,  exercitus  tres  unus  Octa- 
vius pareo;  qui,  copiae  Roma 
adductus,  consulatus  a  sena- 
tus, adolescens  annus  20  natus, 
extorqueo.  Antonius  interim, 
in  Gallia  Transalpinus,  ad  M 
Lepidus,  magister  eques,  con- 
fugio,  et  cum  is  societas  ineo 
Octavius,  bellum  contra  An  to 
nius  et  Lepidus  a  senatus  prae. 
positus,  fides  piudo,  amicitia 
que  cum  uterque  jungo. 


Triumviratus  igitur  institu- 
tus,  130  senator  a  triumviri 


CHAP.  X. 


EPITOMIZED. 


247 


scribed  by  *he  triumviri ;  in  the  num- 
ber of  whom  was  Cicero.  By  these 
three  men  too.  the  globe  of  the  earth 
was  divided,  as  if  it  had  been  their 
patrimonial  estate.  The  East  and 
Greece  fell  to  Anthony,  Africa  to 
Lepidus,  Italy  and  the  West  to  Oc- 
tavius.  Sicily  was  allotted  to  Sex- 
tus  Pompey,  who  was  master  of  a 
very  powerful  fleet ;  then  flourished 
Diodorus  Siculus  the  historian. 

26.  Octavius  having  been  adopted 
into  the  family  of  Caesar,  was  call- 
ed Caesar  Octavianus.  Octavianus 
and  Anthony  now  publicly  declaring 
themselves  the  avengers  of  Caesar 
thedictator, began  to  levy  war  against 
M.  Brutus  and  C.  Cassius.  A  battle 
was  fought  at  Philippi,  a  city  of  Thes- 
saly.  Brutus  and  Cassius  being  de- 
feated, laid  violent  hands  on  them- 
selves. Sextus  Pompey,  warring 
against  Octavianus,  was  vanquished 
in  a  sea-fight  by  his  admiral  M.  Agrip- 
pa,  and  fled  into  Asia,  where  he  died 
soon  after,  in  the  reign  of  Herod, 
king  of  Judea. 

27.  Anthony  having  divorced  Oe- 
tavia,the  sister  of  Caesar  Octavianus, 
had  married  Cleopatra,  queen  of 
Egypt;  and,  in  order  to  make  her 
mistress  of  the  world,  made  war  up- 
on Octavianus:  a  naval  engagement 
ensuing  at  Actium,  Octavianus  gain- 
ed the  victory,  and  pursuing  the  ei.e- 
my,  laid  siege  to  Alexandria.  An- 
thony, thinking  his  affairs  desperate, 
despatches  himself;  Cleopatra,  imi- 
tating him,  died  by  the  poison  of  an 
asp,  in  the  year  of  the  city  719. 

28.  Caesar  Octavianus,  in  the  12th 
year  after  the  triumvirate  was  set  on 
foot,  being  now  lord  of  the  world, 
had  the  title  of  Augustus  bestowed 
on  him  by  the  senate.  He  gave  his 
name  to  the  month  of  August,  which 
before  was  called  Sextilis.  Having 
procured  peace  by  sea  and  land,  he 
shut  the  temple  of  Janus  for  the 
third  time.  He  had  an  affectionate 
regard  for  the  poets  Virgil  and  Ho- 
race ;  shewed  a  great  esteem  for  the 
historians  T.  Livy  and  Strabo.  He 
banished  Ovid  into  Pontus.  Their 


proscriptus;  ex  qui  numerus 
Cicero  sum.  Orbis terra, qua- 
si patrimonium,  a  triumviri 
quoque  divisus.  Oriens  et 
Graecia  Anton i us,  Africa  Le- 
pidus, Italia  et  Occidens  Octa- 
vius, obvenio.  Sextus  Pom- 
peius,  qui  classis  plurimum  va- 
leo,  Sicilia  assignatus  sum; 
Diodorus  Siculus  historicus 
turn  vigens. 

Octavius  in  familia  Caesar 
adoptatus,  Caesar  Octavianus 
dictus  sum.  Octavianus  et  An- 
tonius  sui  Caesar  dictator  ul- 
tor  nunc  profitens,  M.  Brutus 
et  C.  Cassius  bellum  persequor 
coepi.  Ad  Philippi,  Thessalia 
urbs,  pugnatur.  Brutus  et  Cas- 
sius victus,  manus  sui  affero. 
Sextus  Pompeius  cum  Octa- 
vianus contendens,  a  M.  A- 
grippa,  is  dux,  navalis  praelium 
superatus,  in  Asia  profugio, 
ubi  paulo  post  mors  obeo,  He- 
rodes  rex  Judaea. 

Antonius,  Octavia  Caesar 
Octavianus  soror  repudiatus, 
Cleopatra,  Aegyptus  regina, 
in  matrimonium  duco;  qui,  ut 
orbis  terra  domina  constituo, 
Octavianus  bellum  infero: 
commissus  apud  Actium  prae- 
vium navalis,  Octavianus  vic- 
toria pario,  et,  hostis  insecu- 
tus,  Alexandria  obsideo.  An- 
tonius, res  desperatus,  sui  ma- 
nus afTero  ;  is  imitatus  Cleopa- 
tra, aspis  venenum  intereo, an- 
nus urbs  719. 

Caesar  Octavianus,  annus 
post  triumviratus  institutus  12, 
res  potitus,  Augustus  a  senatus 
appellatussum.  Augustus  men- 
sis,  qui  antea  Sextilis  dico,  no- 
men  do.  Pax  terra  mareque 
partus,  Janus  tertio  claudo. 
Virgiiius  et  Horatius,  poeta, 
complexus  sum  ;  T.  Livius  et 
Strabo,  historicus,  in  honor 
habeo.  Ovidius  in  Pontus  re- 
lego.  Hie  aequalis  Gt.  Curtius, 
historicus,  Tibullus  ac  Proper- 
tins,  poeta,  sum.    Caesar  Au- 


243  ANCIENT  HISTORY  EPITOMIZED.       chap.  x. 


contemporaries  were  Gtnintus  Cur- 
tius  the  historian,  Tibailus  and  Pro- 
pertius  poets.  Caesar  Augustus 
reigned  12  years  in  conjunction  with 
the  triumviri,  and  44  alone.  He  died 
at  Nola,  in  the  76th  year  of  his  age, 
and  of  the  city  762;  leaving  Rome, 
as  he  himself  boasted,  reared  of  mar- 
ble instead  of  bricks. 

29.  In  the  year  of  the  world  4004, 
in  the  year  of  Rome  748,  in  the  194th 
Olympiad,  and  14  years  before  the 
deathof  Augustus,JESUSCHRIST, 
the  eternal  Son  of  God,  was  born 
of  the  Virgin  Mary,  sent  from  hea- 
ven to  expiate  the  divine  wrath ; 
who,  at  33  years  of  age,  being  cru- 
cified by  the  Jews,  made  an  atone- 
ment for  the  sins  of  men  with  his 
own  blood,  in  the  19th  year  of  the 
reign  of  Tiberius  Caesar. 


gustus-  annus  regno  cum  trium- 
viri 12,  solus  44.  Mors  obeo 
Nola,  annus  aetas  76,  et  urbs 
762;  Roma,  ut  ipse  glorior,  e 
lateritius  marmoreus  relin- 
quens. 


Annus  mundus  4004,  annus 
Roma  748,  Olympias  194,  et 
annus  ante  excessus  Augustus 
14,  JESUS  CHRISTUS,  ae- 
ternus  Deus  Filius,  e  Maria 
Virgo  editus  sum,  e  coelum 
missus  piaculum  coelestis  ira ; 
qui,  33  annus  natus,  a  Judaeus 
in  crux  actus,  suus  sanguis  sce- 
lus  humanus  luo,  annus  impe- 
rium  Tiberius  Caesar  19. 


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